Yale Department of Psychiatry Presents: "Understanding and Addressing Racism as a Fundamental Determinant of Health"

July 30, 2020

Information

Yin Paradies, PhD, MPH, MA, Professor and Chair, Race Relations; Deputy Director, Research, Alfred Deakin Research Institute for Citizenship and Globalization, Deakin University, Australia

ID5426

To CiteDCA Citation Guide

00:00Actually, uhm in person with us
00:02in 2015 where he presented at
00:04grand rounds in the Department
00:06of psychiatry on the same topic.
00:09Racism as a fundamental
00:10determinant of Health.
00:11And this was just after he and
00:14colleagues had published a systematic
00:16review and meta analysis on
00:17racism as a determinant of Health.
00:20And there was one for adults in a
00:23separate review and meta analysis that
00:25they had done for children and young people.
00:28So after his talk a few of us in the
00:31psychology and psychiatry training program.
00:34Consulted with him in our continuing
00:37efforts to think about how we
00:39address and educate about racism
00:41in our training program apartment,
00:43and hopefully we may have opportunities I
00:46don't know to rekindle that collaboration.
00:49But that was a wonderful collaboration
00:51that we had started so doctor parodies
00:54is Professor and chair in race relations
00:57and deputy director of research at the
01:00Alfred Deacon Research Institute for
01:02citizenship and global is globalization.
01:05At Deacon University in Australia,
01:07he conducts research on the health,
01:10social and economic effects of racism
01:13as well as anti racism theory policy
01:16and practice across diverse settings
01:19which include online in workplaces,
01:22schools, University Universities,
01:23housing the arts and health.
01:26He also teaches and undertakes
01:28research in indigenous knowledge,
01:30is he's authored 200 publications
01:33and has been awarded $28,000,000.
01:35In funding.
01:36He is an invited reviewer for 110
01:40journals and has assess grants for
01:44the National Science Foundation, USA,
01:47Israel by National Science Foundation,
01:50Australian Research Council,
01:52New Zealand,
01:53Mars and Fun Council Swish
01:56National Science Foundation,
01:58and the Austrian science farmed.
02:01He has over 9000 Google Scholar
02:04Citations and an h-index of 48.
02:07Um,
02:08and since he was here last,
02:10he and his colleagues have continued to
02:12contribute to the literature on racism and
02:15anti racism as a determinant of Health,
02:18and I thought it would be great to
02:20have him here to update us on the
02:23state of the research knowledge
02:25and practice as it relates to the
02:28impact of racism and also how we come
02:31back that anti racism work before
02:33I turn it over to Doctor Parities.
02:36We are recording the talk today.
02:38And he will spend about 45 minutes
02:41on his talk,
02:42and then we'll have about 15
02:44minutes for questions.
02:45But you can certainly send questions
02:47and comments in the chat feature,
02:49so I'm going to turn it over
02:51to doctor Perry's.
02:53Thanks Cindy, thanks very much
02:57for inviting me an introduction.
03:00Uh, this will be a different talk
03:03to the one I gave a when I was
03:06in person there five years ago.
03:08Uh, we have done some extra weird.
03:10We haven't really updated
03:11the middle analysis yet.
03:12We're working on updates to
03:14those actually at the moment.
03:16Uh, but I haven't been published yet,
03:18but I will be talking about
03:20some other things and obviously
03:22lots happened in the last five
03:25years and the relevance of this.
03:27Really is highlighted now with the
03:30rise of the prominence of black life
03:33matters and these sorts of affix of
03:36covered in these sorts of things.
03:39So hopefully we can talk about
03:42some of the implications of the
03:45literature in Question Time.
03:47Feel free to ask.
03:49I'm happy to take questions as I go now.
03:51The logistics of that might be tricky,
03:54but there's a chat function that
03:56I'll keep an eye on that might be
03:58one of the easiest ways to take
04:01some discussion as we go along.
04:03OK, uh,
04:04hopefully the sound is good and the
04:07slides are working, so that's good.
04:09So today I'm going to, uh, hopefully.
04:12I talked about 40 minutes or so and
04:16I'll start by discussing what is racism.
04:19How do we measure it?
04:21Different approaches to that?
04:23How does it work as a determinant of health?
04:27And then I'll start talking about
04:30some of the important ways we
04:32can address racism in society.
04:33Define and conceptualize it.
04:35Or could.
04:35Some antiracism printing and approaches
04:37to how that works and policy and practice.
04:40And then look beyond right?
04:43Antiracism,
04:44uh,
04:44to the broader social context
04:47in which racism occurs and in
04:51which we can address it through
04:54transformations more widely.
04:56So what is racism?
04:58Or there's many ways of defining it?
05:02I tend to find it as really quite
05:06as socially embedded concept.
05:08That's about.
05:10Life chances that people have essentially
05:13whatever opportunities in life.
05:14What access do we have to resource?
05:17Is social, physical,
05:19spiritual anything you want to think of?
05:22And how do those?
05:24How does that access those
05:26opportunities lost life chances?
05:28Impacted by Rs.
05:29Now raise our culture, ethnicity,
05:31those various ideas which tend to be.
05:35Bound up, you know the use of rice language,
05:39for example.
05:40So in what ways does society
05:43structure itself that are unfair,
05:46unavoidable that create inequality's
05:48disparities across races?
05:49And how are these expressed
05:52through our own internal attitudes,
05:55beliefs,
05:55behaviors that we interact into personally
05:58and also IT systems and institutions?
06:01How they structured?
06:03How do they operate?
06:05In ways that create these
06:08other women is available and if
06:10there is various across race.
06:12And that some of the questions that then
06:15of course impact on health outcomes.
06:18So often people talk about in
06:21the in the literature they talk
06:24about 3 levels of racism.
06:27Internalize level of racism is really just
06:30those will views that we have beliefs,
06:32attitudes,
06:33implicit, explicit.
06:34And then there's the interpersonal
06:36realm where
06:37this is played out a lot between individuals.
06:40And as I said, system level affects
06:43institutional organizational level effects,
06:44which are very powerful but
06:47often difficult to measure.
06:49And we'll talk about.
06:51Some measurement approach is coming up soon.
06:55This is from Google G.
06:58Uh, UCLA and.
07:00It's important really to think about.
07:03The visible and invisible aspects of racism,
07:08obviously.
07:08A lot of racism is underground in the
07:11sense that it's unacknowledged and addressed.
07:14It continues to be maintaining perpetrated,
07:16by the way that we structure
07:19our systems in societies.
07:20So we may talk about micro aggressions,
07:23hate crimes, everyday sights.
07:25But underneath that,
07:26there's the way the media portrays
07:29different racial groups the way just
07:31generally discourse in society tends
07:33to in for your eyes or create a sense
07:37of superiority among other groups.
07:39So it's both sides.
07:40It's a power relation that is a creation
07:43of both oppression and privilege.
07:46So we have other things, of course.
07:49Mass incarceration, political representation.
07:50Uh, segregation, morbid redlining many.
07:54Often.
07:54Unacknowledged unexamined and not
07:57discussed enough aspects of racism
08:00that tend to be institutional.
08:03That's the most in visible and
08:07invisible ized aspects of racism.
08:10So how do we measure racism?
08:13Often in the literature at least?
08:16Uh,
08:16these are some of the ways that it happens.
08:20There's work on ideologies,
08:22so a simulationist color, blindness,
08:24multiculturalism, Poly, Culturalism.
08:25There's many approaches to
08:27understanding ideologies.
08:28And of course,
08:30in more recent decades,
08:31approaches to white privilege
08:33to become more popular will talk
08:36about some of those as well.
08:39We can measure ethnocentrism,
08:40different forms of beliefs.
08:42Uh,
08:43motivations that people have in relation
08:45to race a sensualism intentions behavior.
08:50Contact the extent of contact between
08:53people of different racial backgrounds.
08:56There's other approaches,
08:57a measuring,
08:58I guess.
08:59Endorsement of traits that people might
09:01have often called semantic differentials,
09:04stereotypes many different stereotypes
09:06that can be assessed and measure.
09:09This is through explicit self
09:11reporting surveys and those sorts of
09:14things social distance from others,
09:16how comfortable people are with having
09:19neighbors of different races, workplaces,
09:21bosses, intimate relationships,
09:23these sorts of things.
09:24And then there's affect or emotional.
09:27Uh, expressions and representations,
09:30so anxiety hostility.
09:33Ideas of trust. Newer work.
09:35Looking at denial of racism
09:37and tolerance of racism.
09:38So whether or not people.
09:41Not so much whether they have
09:43breasts tattoos themselves,
09:43but to what extent did they tolerate
09:45racism in their in their lives?
09:47Will they confront racism when it happens?
09:49Will they let it go?
09:51Those sorts of things?
09:53And of course there's lots of work
09:56on implicit measures as well,
09:59so we have this classic response
10:01latency task through to save
10:04the Harvard Implicit Project.
10:06There's other approaches, subliminal priming.
10:10A skin conductance, heart rate, voice,
10:13speech, Micro Facial Expressions,
10:15and various word completion and
10:17sorting and unscrambling tasks,
10:20and also some work on your image Ng.
10:24Assessing the impacts in the
10:26brain when you exposed to various
10:28racial stimuli through mris
10:30in these sorts of things,
10:32so there's lots of. All of these
10:34have been done in studies on racism.
10:37Not very much, but they've certainly
10:40been explored in the literature.
10:42So implicit in it,
10:44sometimes called unconscious bias,
10:46is of course very.
10:49Well known these days.
10:51Quite popular approach.
10:52It's important it's it's this debate
10:54about whether it's unconscious.
10:56Certainly that's not entirely clear
10:59what unconscious means in this context.
11:02And to the extent that people have.
11:04Uh, some ability to control,
11:06or at least change results
11:08on their on implicit tests.
11:10And of course there's ways of
11:12combating the link between these
11:14sort of associations in the mind.
11:16The implicit racism and the
11:18behavioral outcomes of those.
11:20The decision making effects.
11:21But there has been quite a bit
11:24of work on this on this topic,
11:26and we have seen its impacts on.
11:30Healthcare provision for example,
11:32also in judicial and legal context.
11:34There's been work on implicit racism.
11:37It's not.
11:38It's not 100% the link between the
11:41implicit biases and behavior is the
11:44correlation is more like 0.3 to 0.4.
11:48But it does definitely have an effect
11:50and its with some with investigating
11:53as an approach to anti racism.
11:56And how do we combat implicit bias which
11:59is wide spread around the world focused on?
12:03Negative associations with
12:04non white people generally,
12:06so we'll talk about that later.
12:10How do people measure the impacts
12:13of racism in the literature?
12:15Well,
12:15there's many ways of doing that as well.
12:19Often the most common method really
12:21just asking people in surveys about
12:23their exposure to racism an separately
12:26about their health outcomes or
12:29measuring physical manifestations
12:30of health outcomes directly.
12:32Um, there's also ordered studies.
12:36So, for example, sending out CVS for jobs.
12:42With different names that that kind of UM,
12:46activate different ideas of
12:48rice in the healthcare context,
12:50there's been old and start order
12:53studies done where patients present
12:55at family doctors, for example,
12:57with scripted conditions,
12:59and we assess whether differences
13:01in recommended treatment based
13:03on the race of patient.
13:05These are examples of audit
13:07studies that that can be done.
13:10Experiments really.
13:11Is diary or ecological momentary
13:14assessment methods so regular multiple
13:16daily assessments and there's various
13:19approaches to implicit measures including.
13:22With the you associate yourself
13:24as a victim of racism and uh,
13:27and whether that has health outcomes for you.
13:30So not just your implicit racism,
13:33racial biases,
13:34but your own views of yourself as a
13:37victim or target implicitly of racism.
13:40Direct impact measures.
13:42Of course, that's really common as well,
13:45so racism can be subtle and
13:48difficult to not only measure,
13:50but for people to actually perceive so.
13:54Uh, there are biases in measuring.
13:57For example, self reported racism on surveys.
13:59People don't always see racism
14:01or perceive it when it happens,
14:04and always willing to report it.
14:06Various reasons to do with their
14:08own self esteem, for example.
14:11So there are problems with that.
14:13The ambiguity of racism,
14:15social norms against reporting it,
14:17and so we tend to get under
14:20reporting of racism
14:21in in surveys. That's generally what
14:24the evidence shows in most cases.
14:27So I mentioned ordered studies that have
14:30been done in many different contexts,
14:33including health care,
14:34housing in employment, seeking employment,
14:36especially finance and transport on buses,
14:39and these sorts of things.
14:41It's a powerful method,
14:43and it's quite useful for determining
14:46the level or prevalence of racism.
14:49Not so much for delving into the
14:52mechanism by which racism happens. Uhm,
14:54other ways of indirect measure of racism?
14:57There's obviously mortgage redlining
14:59and various other financial approaches.
15:01There's been work on Google searches,
15:03the extent of Google,
15:05the density of Google,
15:07searches for racial slurs in
15:09specific geographical areas,
15:10and that impact of that on public
15:13health outcomes in those areas.
15:15Very interesting work there.
15:17Another online work segregation,
15:18of course incarceration rates.
15:20Levels of hate crimes.
15:21Historical lynching in areas that a recent
15:24paper that Nancy Krieger published on that.
15:27Police stopping and searching
15:28financial sanctions.
15:29So there's lots of kind of.
15:32What we're looking for there
15:34really are differentials,
15:35often by race in those outcomes and how
15:38that may affect at an ecological level,
15:41and how that may affect broader
15:43area level health outcomes.
15:45Interesting,
15:45important work to complement some of
15:48the more direct survey approaches.
15:50Social and economic pressures
15:53varies of course,
15:55taken often as evidence of racism once again.
16:00I guess explanations but.
16:01This is this is the reason we
16:03know racism happens in the food
16:05box and then we want to study it.
16:08Just some of the factors that
16:10you probably aware of,
16:12particularly in relation to
16:13black lives matters.
16:14Recently.
16:15You know black men are two and
16:17a half times more likely to be
16:20killed by police than white men.
16:23We have major differences in how some
16:25household income between black and
16:27white households, but much more stark,
16:30is the disparity in wealth.
16:31So black about there's only
16:339% that of white worth.
16:36It's a very very much lower,
16:38uh, extent of employment in
16:40universities or colleges.
16:416% of user presses,
16:42the Black 3% at now,
16:44why its own more than a 98% of
16:47private land in United States.
16:49So when you have this level of
16:51social and economic disparities,
16:53these are also going to impact
16:55on how that comes in,
16:57of course are generally
16:58important in their own right,
17:00regardless of their health impacts.
17:02And difficult to address through
17:05public health mechanisms so.
17:08One of the reasons we gonna talk beyond
17:10health later in the presentation as well.
17:13So there's lots of work
17:15on the ubiquity of racism.
17:18It's happens everywhere in life for people,
17:21uhm?
17:22Of minority groups And Americans,
17:26many other or groups in the in the US.
17:30So just about any part of life you'll see
17:33racism happening and it's been studied.
17:37Not only in every walk of life,
17:40but actually while walking, literally.
17:42So there's a couple of studies,
17:44one in Portland on basically the dangers
17:47of being a black pedestrian crosswalks.
17:49Much.
17:50Less respect from cars
17:52passing by Las Vegas study
17:55also was done. Doing that one.
17:58That showed the same sort of thing.
18:01You should watch out if you're a
18:03black pedestrian 'cause you're.
18:04Chances of being run over a higher.
18:08This is a obviously a
18:12diagrammatic representation of.
18:15Some of the pathways between
18:16racism and ill health,
18:18and then we'll talk about the evidence
18:20for some of these in following slides.
18:23So we have.
18:24Obviously we have couple of few main
18:27mechanisms are the stress of racism,
18:29and that's where in tear impacts
18:32allostatic load these sort of
18:35things on the body and the mind.
18:37And also, there's the, UM,
18:40reduced access and quality and utility of
18:43resources and services in society that,
18:46through various social determinants,
18:48also produce negative mental
18:51and physical health outcomes so.
18:53It suppresses them is about
18:55reducing opportunities,
18:56but also creates a lot of stress for
18:59those individuals separate but related.
19:02And there is how that comes had been
19:05measured in relation to the impact of racism.
19:08And importantly,
19:09people have have thought about.
19:11As I mentioned in the title
19:13of this presentation,
19:14to what extent is races in a
19:17fundamental determinant of health
19:18so fell in and Link Classic scholars
19:20looking at fundamental determinants?
19:22Talk about?
19:24The various pathways through which
19:26systemic racism in particular
19:28produces racial disparities in health.
19:30So what they're trying to say is it's
19:33not just about socioeconomic status.
19:36It's not just about segregation.
19:38It's not about any one mechanism.
19:40If you address that racism will
19:42find another way of impacting,
19:45our house is basically what they're saying.
19:48So even if we illuminated,
19:50if we addressed somehow the 98% of
19:53property product property owned by whites.
19:56There would be other ways that racism
19:59produces differences in opportunities,
20:01Annette.
20:02If you tell you historical analysis
20:04of racism, you see that happening.
20:05It's it's.
20:06It's more fundamental in the sense that.
20:09It's about power differences in
20:11society and the way that that powers
20:14manifest depends on time and place.
20:17Which urine?
20:20So more broadly than that,
20:22even,
20:22uh,
20:22it's important to think about the kind
20:25of theories that can help us understand
20:28these power differences differentials.
20:30This forms of oppression and privilege,
20:33the two sides of the racism,
20:35a coin.
20:37And this is interesting paper that
20:40was published recently looking at
20:42things like critical race theory.
20:44Critiques with color blindness.
20:46Black and material feminist theories.
20:49Intersectionality is quite
20:50important these days,
20:51looking at beyond racism to its
20:54intersection with sexism and Classism
20:57and heteronormativity in these ideas.
21:00Uh,
21:00also postcolonial theories will talk
21:04later about Coloniality and colonization.
21:07Very important part of the history
21:09of racism in the contemporary
21:11manifestations of racism as well.
21:14So what can we learn from these
21:16various theories in terms of
21:18understanding racism as historically
21:20and socially and geographically
21:22located in situated as fluid,
21:24an contextual in that sense of
21:26fundamentally having various
21:28mechanisms that lead from racism
21:30to health and social outcomes?
21:31What are some indigenous perspectives
21:33on these aspects as well?
21:35And the inseparability of the
21:37different levels of voices,
21:39and they're useful to consider theoretically,
21:41but there. Cool.
21:43Inter related, in an empirical sense.
21:47All people are part of the solution.
21:50I think that's a pretty
21:52good takeaway message.
21:53So broad impacts of racism,
21:55not surprising. Uh now,
21:57I guess would be the impacts are everywhere.
22:02So beyond health,
22:03we're talking about the cohesion of
22:06societies were talking about the.
22:09Health of democracies?
22:11We're talking about education
22:13and lower lower impacts and
22:16effects and benefits of Education.
22:19Judy racism within education systems.
22:22Of course, violence and conflict.
22:25We've seen plenty of that in recent months,
22:29especially conflict and the
22:31importance of protesters.
22:33Form of anti racism is definitely
22:36something will mention an upcoming slides.
22:40A compromise social and civic
22:42participation and of course,
22:43economic effects.
22:44Uh, many people interested in Economics
22:47and there's plenty of evidence that,
22:50while cultural diversity and racial
22:52diversity is good for organizations and
22:55economies and productivity and creativity,
22:57innovation.
22:58These benefits are absent or when
23:02racism is is present within.
23:05Uh, these particular organizations
23:08or institutions or societies.
23:10This is the matter analysis
23:12we did about five years ago,
23:15so we're doing some updates of some of
23:18this work at the moment, but basically.
23:22Is this good evidence of?
23:25Correlations between racism and mental
23:28health and physical health outcomes
23:30often stronger for mental health outcomes,
23:33some differences across racial groups in
23:36terms of the strength of these associations.
23:40Uh, and then when you do a subgroup
23:42analysis of longitudinal studies,
23:44you find similar effects so well you
23:47better able to establish causality,
23:49racism proceeding health outcomes.
23:51You get larger.
23:53The same impacts, um,
23:56somewhat weaker correlations so.
23:58There's been several 100 now, uhm?
24:03Over 500 certainly studies
24:04on racism in health,
24:06and it's fairly consistent results that,
24:09yeah,
24:09we can find these associations.
24:12In various study designs and
24:14some subtleties in terms of.
24:17Who's impacted and how?
24:21As also work on internalize racism.
24:24Which shows some similar impacts.
24:31A question from Sam.
24:33Have we seen studies exploring the
24:35ways in which racist views can impact
24:37the mental health of individuals
24:39holding strong racist views?
24:40Yes, there has been work on that topic.
24:43I think I mentioned that in upcoming slide.
24:45But yes, essentially.
24:48There's been work on a few things. One is.
24:52The broader ecological impacts of.
24:56Living in areas with high levels of
24:59racism that one and another one more
25:02specifically on individuals who hold
25:04races fused having reduced health
25:06outcomes in terms of mental health.
25:09It's not a lot of studies on that topic.
25:11Probably a dozen or so,
25:13but it has been dust the woman has done.
25:15So that's a form of internalize racism.
25:18Often, internalize racism is taken to Maine.
25:22Negative views held about your own group
25:26among, for example, black Americans.
25:28But actually it also another form
25:31of channels.
25:32Racism is racist attitudes
25:33towards other groups.
25:34So most of this work is about
25:37negative views about your own group.
25:39So yeah, there's been.
25:41A number of outcomes that have
25:44been associated with internalize
25:46racism of that sort.
25:49Recent meta analysis on
25:51internalize racism found.
25:52Robust correlations with negative
25:55mental and physical health outcomes.
25:58Different work on systemic racism so.
26:02It's a fairly still developing field of work,
26:06I would say,
26:08but work on segregation
26:10associated with breast cancer.
26:12There is in fact some pre
26:15term birth incarceration,
26:16historical redlining,
26:17racism on Twitter,
26:19mortgage discrimination once again
26:21related to cancer disparities and
26:23work on historical lynching and waste
26:26circumference and telomere length.
26:28So there's lots of interesting
26:31outcomes as well.
26:33Importantly,
26:33there's also work on early
26:35life course origins of racism,
26:37so we know that infants as young as three
26:41months can discriminate in terms of their.
26:44Attention and span of attention towards.
26:48Faces of different racial racial groups so.
26:52They basically have different
26:53attendant attendant levels of
26:55attention depending on the racial
26:56group whose faces they're looking at,
26:58so that's where things start.
27:004 year olds can favor
27:01their own group in Group.
27:03Favoritism has been measured there,
27:05and six year olds can hold negative
27:07attitudes towards other groups.
27:09And Russia urges continued to
27:11develop through middle childhood,
27:13including development of social
27:15desirability bias is or In other words.
27:18The ability to hide Russia attitudes
27:21when asked on surveys, for example.
27:24That happens from about age 8 onwards.
27:29So it's something that often people
27:31think that children are innocent
27:33of racism or some such thing.
27:35But actually children are just learning
27:37all about their social environment,
27:39including visual cues from an early age.
27:43Here's a question,
27:48uhm?
27:51Yes. Uh, this is a question
27:57about Jane Elliott's experiments.
27:59Uh-huh does they? Do they speak to
28:01the malleability of Russian racism?
28:04Yes, certainly hum.
28:06Who work on creating racism by developing
28:10groups within a one day course or something?
28:15There's plenty of I guess,
28:17social psychology work,
28:18more specifically on what's called
28:20the minimal group paradigm whereby.
28:23You create groups based on usually
28:25made up stories about how many dots
28:28you can see in a picture or something.
28:31And yes,
28:32you can create quite easily and quickly.
28:35In Group favoritism and out group derogation
28:40in constructed groups it tells us.
28:43I guess it tells us how easily humans
28:46discriminant and also how quickly we are.
28:48Affected by social groupings really, and so.
28:54Uh, the persistence of those effects,
28:56of course, are very much up for debate.
28:59But Yes, there is malleability.
29:00We are conditioned through decades of
29:02growing up in these sort of societies,
29:05but certainly they can change,
29:07and there's plenty of opportunities
29:09for that through into racism.
29:11Uh. Activities and approaches.
29:15Up groups and down groups. Yes yes.
29:22Discrimination between groups.
29:25So basically not simply just so
29:27discrimination between groups
29:29in an impressive.
29:30Power structured sort of way
29:32does happen and can be created.
29:34And, uh,
29:35combat it as well through common in
29:38Group identity approaches and various.
29:41Other ideas in social psychology
29:43will talk about some of this.
29:45If we have time times getting away already,
29:48so uh, impacts of racism on children.
29:51Many and varied,
29:52similar to for adults in the
29:54reviews on that topic.
29:56Um?
29:56Yes, and and can also be impacted through
29:59what's called vicarious forms of racism.
30:02So raises an experience by
30:04caregivers or parents can impact.
30:06Of course,
30:07high flow on effects to children as well so.
30:10That's important to remember
30:12that it's not just directly,
30:14it's sort of indirect impacts of racism,
30:17so let's talk about anti racism.
30:20And to racism is really a focus
30:22on those forms of advantage
30:24and privilege in society.
30:26Oppression,
30:27what can we do about those those
30:29particular forms of social organization
30:31that create the up groups and down
30:34groups in groups and out groups
30:37and historically in manifest and
30:39maintain those so it's different from
30:41some other approaches to diversity,
30:43training and so forth which are more
30:46about understanding minority groups.
30:47This is about understanding often about
30:50understanding privileged groups in society.
30:53So there's lots of approaches to Anti Racism.
30:56We have the prejudice reduction
30:59approaches that community harmony,
31:00creating harmony,
31:01social cohesion,
31:02lots of work in organizations.
31:04I'll mention some of the challenges of
31:07those coming up conflict resolution
31:09and of course collective action
31:11and social change through things
31:14like protests and social movements.
31:16Very important approaches to enter racism.
31:20Trying to create their structural
31:22changes that underpin racism.
31:24Some principles of Antiracism
31:26you can work with, uh,
31:29with reviewed previously.
31:31Obviously,
31:32raising awareness of the issues
31:34important and creating that motivation
31:37for people to take racism seriously.
31:39Um,
31:39addressing a stereotypes that are
31:41false through accurate information.
31:43Activating everything in perspective,
31:44taking so you can understand where other
31:47people are coming from in their life,
31:50experiences that.
31:51Justin was sticking point for many people.
31:54Activating of egalitarian values.
31:56You know social justice ideas.
31:58If you're not interested in social justice.
32:01If you're more into hierarchies,
32:03social dominance,
32:04these sort of things that can be
32:06hard to bring people on board with.
32:09Angie racism work.
32:11The contact integrate contact hypothesis,
32:14of course tells us about the importance of.
32:18Not so much the abstract,
32:21but the practical everyday
32:23interactions and relationships
32:24with people of diverse backgrounds.
32:27A social norms and of course accountability.
32:30I how do we foster accountability
32:33interpersonally within their own minds
32:35and bodies and souls and so forth,
32:38and also organizationally weird
32:40institutions player role in creating
32:43an authorizing environment for
32:45anti racism or an environment
32:47that's permissive of racism?
32:49So we need to own our implicit racism,
32:52of course,
32:53and that's really just about understanding
32:56that we do have those implicit
32:58associations that are created biases in
33:01their minds are now ways of operating.
33:04So let go of the false sense of objectivity.
33:08But be aware, be mindful alot of work shows
33:12mindfulness is important and motivation so.
33:15Detecting being aware of implicit racism,
33:18being motivated to break the link
33:21between that implicit racism,
33:23annual behavior or your interactions,
33:26your decision making which comes through
33:29that mindfulness in that motivation.
33:31It's hard to eliminate implicit bias,
33:34but it's easier to interrupt
33:37its relationship to. Uh,
33:40disparities created through the way you act.
33:44So effective interpersonal anti
33:45racism is really as I said,
33:48a lot of reflection and mindfulness.
33:51And trying to.
33:53Create that in others.
33:54So this is about when
33:56you see racism happening.
33:57What is your tolerance of racism?
33:58So there's a new scale that's been
34:00developed on Torrance addresses,
34:01and if you have a load tolerance of racism,
34:04you'll want to act when you.
34:06When you experience that in
34:07your personal life from others.
34:09Whether it's directed at you
34:10or somebody else.
34:11So helping people to reflect on their values.
34:14Their behaviors.
34:15Often people don't want
34:17to be considered racist,
34:18so that's useful in terms of these
34:21interpersonal interventions.
34:22Questing the Lydia for example.
34:25Stereotypes or decisions made
34:27highlighting alternatives,
34:28engaging with the motions of your
34:31own and others, and basically.
34:34Thinking of various approaches
34:35that don't involve necessarily
34:37confronting the perpetrators.
34:39So how can you support targets of
34:41racism in the moment after the
34:44moment before the next moment?
34:46What sort of organizational mechanisms
34:48can you bring to bear on these effects?
34:51Not the first place you need to go
34:54necessarily, but it's important as well.
34:58So being an effective anti racist
35:00alloy or as some people have said,
35:03accomplice being an anti racist
35:05accomplice because.
35:06You're disrupting the system as it is.
35:09It's not a matter of.
35:12Um interest system is not a matter
35:15of supporting the status quotes
35:17very much against the rice is
35:20deeply embedded racer systems that
35:22we have in society so.
35:25You need to understand your own views
35:27and feelings and your own culture.
35:29Urine, racial background and how
35:30society works in terms of the
35:32fundamental embeddedness of racism.
35:34Uhm, you can take up space with
35:36intent determination, but also with
35:38humility and respect for people of car.
35:40Certainly you want to be
35:42challenging whiteness and systemic
35:44racism wherever you can find it.
35:46Also, interpersonal racism and
35:47your own internalize racism.
35:49Uh, we're going to talk about
35:51majority in a minute.
35:53We're going to think about,
35:55uh, when we doing this work?
35:57What are the underlying narratives
35:59that people are working with?
36:01So not just what they've
36:02behaved like in a moment,
36:04but what are their beliefs about houses?
36:07Studies sure do work,
36:08and how they need to change,
36:10if at all so.
36:12It's about clarity of what your values are,
36:14what you're trying to achieve.
36:16How you go about the process is
36:18just as important as the outcome,
36:19so that's where the humility
36:21and respect comes in.
36:22What are you striving for inclusion?
36:25In politics, for example,
36:27transformation of systems such
36:30as education or are you looking
36:33to make certain things obsolete,
36:35so this is calls to abolish
36:39police departments.
36:40That's an important part of anti
36:42racism that wasn't on the table before,
36:45but we need to think about what
36:47can be about inclusion.
36:49What could be addressed, transformation,
36:51what is about innocence?
36:53The retiring of certain aspects of.
36:56Systems or entire systems themselves.
36:59This is an interesting,
37:00uh,
37:01sort of administrative racism
37:03cycle that someone talked about
37:05that had much time to get into it.
37:08But basically what they're saying
37:10is within organizations.
37:11People are nervous about race.
37:13They don't really know what to do,
37:16and they often end up reducing
37:19producing a colorblind solution.
37:21Uh,
37:22to whatever races problem there encountering,
37:25and that's often a mistake.
37:27Color blindness is not very effective
37:30form of anti racism and what they're
37:33suggesting is actually if people
37:35have higher levels of racial cognizance,
37:38they can avoid colorblind approaches
37:41and use other methods that are
37:44more specifically focused on.
37:46Raising awareness and addressing
37:48racism without.
37:50That kind of technical colorblind solution.
37:54If I root causes and changing systems
37:57in Morris, cognizant ways essentially.
37:59This is some recent review that it's just.
38:03It's also a bit much to get into.
38:06I've got much time, but.
38:09Essentially, there are these
38:11things called back last effects,
38:13so unintended consequences of of the.
38:16In this case we're talking about kind of
38:19diversity or antiracism interventions.
38:22In organizations so.
38:27So the signal is things like,
38:30um underrepresented groups
38:32are treated fairly and.
38:35Therefore,
38:35this can lead to people underestimating
38:38anti minority discrimination.
38:39So you produce the signal in your
38:42organization welfare organization.
38:43It can actually make it difficult
38:45for people then to go against that
38:48script and talk about discrimination
38:50within the organization.
38:52Other approaches include the
38:54idea of what happens when you
38:56engage in affirmative action,
38:58when you signal that you're doing that work.
39:02Does this produce unrealistic expectations?
39:04If the signal that what you're
39:06trying to attempt in what you've
39:08actually achieved a different?
39:10Um, what else we got here? Uh, Yes.
39:13The idea is that positive outcomes
39:16for minorities are unearned,
39:18so the impacts on minorities of
39:20inclusion in organizations can be
39:22underestimated or under examined and
39:24other members of the organization
39:27can therefore have stereotypes
39:29about deservedness in terms of that
39:31inclusion within organization.
39:33So it's an interesting review.
39:35I would recommend having a closer look at it.
39:40Hum. Is a question of some sort.
39:49Should answer versus inference on repaired
39:52of solutions proposed by victimized groups.
39:55Important reparations.
39:59Well, I think. Reparations are.
40:07It depends on what once again.
40:12Your interest in. Hum.
40:16I guess inclusion versus transformation
40:18versus obsolescence of aspects of systems.
40:21I think reparations are not very
40:24fundamental in terms of changing those.
40:28It eliminates a particular
40:30pathway in some ways.
40:33But it's not regenerative and dynamic
40:35way of engaging in Anti Racism.
40:38What are the what are the underlying
40:41system effects that produce the need to
40:44Adzharia just in terms of these reparations,
40:47how can you change socioeconomic systems
40:50more fundamentally so that you don't have to?
40:54Engaging reparations in the future.
40:56Certainly at this point in time they useful
40:58to address historical disadvantages, but.
41:01I just feel like there's something
41:03deeper that needs to be done in
41:05the systems that create that will
41:07constantly regenerate these problems.
41:10If we don't think about that more deeply,
41:13it's hard.
41:15Reparations is about repairing
41:16transformation well, OK,
41:17if we're going to define reparations
41:19about as about transformation,
41:21then sure, I'm all for it.
41:24Repair Not so useful transformation
41:28very much useful idea. Um?
41:33I don't think reparations capture
41:34that for me as much,
41:35but certainly if that's what we mean,
41:37yes, let's do it.
41:38Transforming is really the key.
41:40Uh.
41:41Yeah,
41:41I have some other slides about broader
41:44impacts of I guess social transformations.
41:48If there's time for that,
41:50which probably not.
41:52So here's another kind of idea of.
41:55So beyond this kind of
41:57diversity interventions and the
41:58battleship fit backlash effects.
42:00What type of organizations
42:01do we want to have?
42:02This is a question that people ask so.
42:05This is a chart.
42:06This is a very busy table once again,
42:09but the important point is.
42:11They're talking about the difference
42:13between growth oriented organizations
42:15and post growth oriented organizations,
42:17so.
42:17Guess what I'm saying here is I'm
42:20bringing in here is ideas of uhm?
42:22What are the underlying values
42:24of the organizations that we
42:25work in that we engage in?
42:27Is it about competition?
42:28Is it about capitalism of
42:31some form commodification?
42:33An idea of.
42:38Merritt and often unrealistic idea of.
42:44Everyone has a fair level playing
42:46field to work with in terms of Merit.
42:48And what does it look like if you
42:50have a different sort of organization
42:53that's more about Corporation?
42:55Self sufficiency,
42:56less focused on private ownership,
42:58more about collective forms of ownership,
43:00different forms of marketplaces.
43:02So yes, what is it?
43:03This is what I'm talking about in
43:06terms of transformation.
43:07What is it that we could do, for example,
43:11in the recreations framework that works
43:13towards ideas of post growth organizations?
43:16More about networking and clergy ality.
43:18Listopad competition,
43:19they sort of ideas, ideas of scale.
43:22How do we scale up or down in ways
43:25that there are Igala Terrian that are
43:28geared towards Equity and equality?
43:30We don't often think about that in
43:33in a growth paradigm of scaling.
43:35All right, uh, let me see what else I've got.
43:40I feel like.
43:42I am running out of time.
43:47Yeah, OK,
43:48I'm gonna just go with a couple more
43:51slides and then get some questions so.
43:54When I'm talking about post growth
43:56when I'm talking about is understanding
43:59basic concepts of meritocracy,
44:00for example level playing fields,
44:02what are these mean in that
44:05in the world that we live in,
44:07how are these deeply impacting
44:10racial disparities so?
44:11An example.
44:12If 100 randomly selected people
44:15representing global diversity
44:16owned 70% of the world's worth,
44:18would this constitute a
44:19fair and just society?
44:20Well, you know in terms of racial.
44:24Inequality's it would but.
44:27I guess I mean what I'm saying is if.
44:30The wealthy were rationally to this.
44:32Would that be enough?
44:34It wouldn't be enough in terms
44:36of transforming the impacts on
44:38on life chances for many people.
44:41And Andrew Shea isn't economists.
44:44He puts in a different way.
44:47Equal opportunities.
44:47Policies do not render the unequal
44:50opportunities presented by organizations.
44:52Rains of jobs equal.
44:55They merely try to make access
44:57to these unequal opportunities.
44:59Discrimination flip free.
45:00So what is saying is.
45:02And what this whole side is saying is
45:04to what extent are these hierarchies
45:07in societies in organizations
45:09something that we need to address?
45:11Do we just distribute on a fairly
45:13racial groups across these hierarchies,
45:16which are implicitly oppressive,
45:18or do we have to fund,
45:20do have to focus on these these
45:23hierarchies themselves as drivers of
45:26more fundamental levels of oppression?
45:28And how does this relate to race?
45:31And how does this relate to racial
45:34movements which are seeking,
45:36for example,
45:37abolishment of police departments?
45:39OK,
45:40one question from the chat.
45:45No, that's not a question that's a comment.
45:49Alright, Oh, I don't know.
45:51We run out of time.
45:52Yeah, OK, one last point,
45:54I want to make this is this is Charles Mills.
45:58Very important, a black political theorist.
46:02He tells us that racism is based on.
46:06White misunderstandings.
46:07This is one of the most important
46:10parts of racism, misrepresentation,
46:11invasion and self deception
46:13on matters related to race.
46:16So this is I think not just a word problem,
46:19despite what Charles is telling us.
46:20It's a problem for all of us.
46:23What the problem is,
46:24is that we don't really see properly
46:27how the system works to keep
46:29reproducing racism in why a small
46:31and large ways throughout our lives,
46:33and this is what I'm suggesting is
46:36that we need to focus more deeply on.
46:39Every day and institutional mechanisms
46:41for the reproduction of racism.
46:44So what are you saying is
46:46that people don't understand?
46:47The world that produce,
46:49and particularly this is important,
46:52particularly people who
46:53experienced privilege,
46:54including White privilege.
46:56They are unaware willfully
46:58ignorant of how that happens.
47:00So one of the most important
47:03achievements of white supremacy in
47:05United States is this failure and
47:08elsewhere is this failure to comprehend.
47:11Hell boy.
47:12Our achievements in life and
47:14not because of our own skills,
47:16abilities and merits because of.
47:18In many cases,
47:19and in many ways it is because of.
47:22The systems of privilege and
47:25oppression that are set up to
47:28benefit some and not benefit others.
47:31I feel like there was another
47:33question in chat coming up here.
47:37OK, and that leads us to, of course,
47:44white fragility so. One of the.
47:49Crawler ease of the work on.
47:51Of course the invisibility of white
47:54privilege is the denial an invasion of.
47:57White privileged and that comes up in
48:00Roma D'angelo's work on white fragility.
48:02Now, the table a little bit too busy.
48:05But basically there are challenges to.
48:09Being up front about whiteness about
48:12white supremacy about racial oppression
48:14and those challenges are to do with a lot
48:17of the fundamental aspects of societies
48:19like both in Australia and United States.
48:22Social democracies of various sorts.
48:24And boxes more generally.
48:26So a lot of those things here are these
48:29challenges that they list on the on
48:31the right hand side of this table.
48:34So challenges to objectivity that
48:35we have as individuals,
48:36challenges to individualism itself. Um,
48:39challenges to the audience of meritocracy.
48:42Uh, to the authority of just what authority?
48:46But the authority of systems in societies.
48:49To the centrality of whiteness,
48:52and it's all all of these things
48:55are meant to be implicit.
48:57In terms of the kind of operation
48:59of what supremacy,
49:00but they're not when they're challenged.
49:02Therefore we get these,
49:03uh, these these impact.
49:05X of white fragility.
49:08And it makes it difficult to
49:10talk about racial issues,
49:12and that's where your color
49:14blindness comes in.
49:15And then it's that serves to further
49:18maintain. Very broad technical.
49:22None rice cognizant approaches
49:26to addressing interests him so.
49:30These challenges is what I'm saying and and.
49:33We can't be too focused on one system.
49:36We have to think in a sort of system
49:39wide society wide approach to.
49:42Bringing forth ideas of whiteness
49:44bring forth ideas of racial oppression
49:46and thinking deeply about those
49:48those those racial disparities
49:49that I mentioned before you know,
49:51in property and wealth.
49:53In access to education and in
49:57the participation of.
49:59Producing what education is,
50:01for example in societies.
50:04Right, I'm going to stop there be'cause.
50:08I'm running out of time.
50:10And some of the other stuff that I
50:13had leftover is a little bit too.
50:15Complex to talk about in three minutes.
50:18OK,
50:18So what are some questions that people have?
50:22Let me just? Leave that there to think about.
50:27I'm open to questions.
50:30About any of the topics.
50:34Excellent talk,
50:35thank you so
50:37much. My name is Christopher feels
50:40I'm a postdoc research fellow
50:42and molecular it psychiatry.
50:45We're currently looking at how can
50:48we center reparative solutions on
50:52a conversation about reparations
50:54and psychiatry to help move us
50:57forward to an anti racist culture.
51:00So far there's been this
51:03focus on interpersonal and.
51:05Internalize racism,
51:06but as you were staying with
51:09the Jane Elliott experiment,
51:11she focused on the system so she
51:14was able to rapidly change those
51:17interpersonally internalize feelings
51:18by changing the actual social
51:22structure which also affected
51:24the children's performance.
51:26Academic performance.
51:27So reflecting performance in
51:29a meritocracy as well, so.
51:31If yell has a commitment to a
51:35public commitment to century,
51:37the reparations movement and
51:39giving recognition to the National
51:42Movement for reparations for black
51:45American descendants of slavery that
51:47will have a chain reaction across
51:50other institutions that will also
51:53begin to recognize that movement,
51:55and it may have a domino effect
51:59across the country to forward this.
52:02Much needed discussion on atonement and
52:05recognition of passing ongoing are wrongs,
52:08and the social dominance that is perpetuated.
52:12To the present day.
52:15So,
52:15uh,
52:16yell psychologist Jennifer
52:17Richardson was she did a study
52:20where she showed that there is a
52:24strong misunderstanding and strong
52:26connection between racism and well.
52:29So I was curious what are your
52:32opinions on how important is
52:34for these institutions to really
52:37begin to recognize reparations
52:39movements and begin to release?
52:43Enter the repair work that is.
52:46That black people in our senior.
52:48It's much needed because is the
52:50decentering of preparations itself.
52:51Sort of an active racism.
52:53I feel that it is sort of a devaluation.
52:56Is the black people.
52:58The victims are saying,
52:59hey,
53:00we need this movement and this
53:02is what we need to be repaired
53:04in to be made whole and then it
53:07gets sort of devalue.
53:08That itself gives value.
53:11Well, that's I mean.
53:13This entering a black perspectives
53:16is exactly what we should be doing,
53:19and there's so many ways to do that.
53:23That so it's, you know it's all about.
53:27I think it's all about transformation
53:29of systems as I've said.
53:31So where are the black voices and
53:34perspectives in institutions?
53:36Whatever they may be, how? Um?
53:41Ways that oppression occurs being surfaced.
53:47Bravely and with A view to illuminating them.
53:50How is that happening in
53:51educational and other institutions?
53:53I mean, and we do need critical mass.
53:56As you've said,
53:57we're doing need social movements that are.
54:00Really saying, look at this,
54:02this ongoing disparities,
54:03where have they been addressed?
54:05You know?
54:06And a lot of times changes
54:08being very incremental,
54:10and I think that the time for
54:12incremental changes over and we need
54:15those radical triple approaches that
54:17include reparations and many other.
54:19Framings of whatever framings
54:21people can engage with, you know,
54:23and so yeah,
54:25I agree.
54:25I agree with you on those and
54:27what and looking at the underlying
54:30whiteness of institutions and
54:32disciplines and professions
54:34and trying to do to make those
54:37connections between that and the
54:39deep racial disparities that exist it.
54:41It's all part of the same.
54:44Addressing the willful ignorance is really
54:48important. Getting around that willful
54:50ignorance because Charles Mills was the
54:53proposed that epistemology of ignorance,
54:56so it's sort of it is a willful ignorance, is
55:00a turning away so things so terms like Bipac,
55:04which all the people of color groups together
55:07when we all have our separate individual,
55:11very unique experiences with racism and also
55:14interconnected experiences with racism.
55:16So these individual approach is sort of
55:19like an affirmative action versus diversity.
55:22Affirmative action is. Well, sort of
55:26reparative justice approach to correcting.
55:29Will outcomes that heretofore had
55:33been perpetuated by slavery Jim Crow,
55:36segregation, redlining, and so forth.
55:39So, but diversity is more is is is
55:43sort of like a charity approach.
55:46It's it's, uh,
55:47looking at how can we increase innovative
55:50solution by having a diverse workforce
55:52that primarily made primarily benefit the
55:55white power structure or white majority.
55:58So it's sort of a different difference
56:01of focus.
56:02So, so it's important so you know the
56:05out the side side effect of having
56:08more innovative outcomes is nice,
56:10but it shouldn't be the focus.
56:12It should be a justice driven approach
56:15and that justice driven approach
56:16requires getting rid of that willful
56:19ignorance at Epistemologie.
56:21Baking Breads in and taking us an airing
56:23look at how social dominance not being
56:26afraid of social dominance theory,
56:29which was proposed by a black
56:31psychologist psychologist Jim Sidanius.
56:33So again,
56:34his work is not as well represented
56:36on Nancy Krieger or any of these
56:39white theorists on racism.
56:41I
56:41just want to make sure that other
56:43people have a chance to to ask
56:45questions and for those who are
56:47able to to stay a little past Seven.
56:49If you can do that, that would be great,
56:51but I want to make sure we
56:53have lots of other questions.
56:54I want to make sure that people get.
56:58So here's a question about the dangers
57:03of Recentering Whiteness, I think.
57:05It's a constant danger and I think
57:08white fragility is certainly.
57:10I mean, there's critiques of work on.
57:13I mean, as as we mentioned this work
57:15actually on the impacts of racism on white
57:18people both as victims and target list.
57:20In some research and as perpetrators.
57:22You know the health impacts were
57:24being perpetrator of racism.
57:26So you can think of many I guess.
57:30Dangers of that re centering
57:32right for white fragility,
57:35and I guess the emotive and emotional.
57:38Well, I was with what people
57:40who talk about an engaging are
57:43confronted by race are part of that.
57:46So it's the reason why it's important
57:50is be'cause. Well, we need to.
57:52We need allies. We need accomplices.
57:55We need white allies and white
57:58accomplices to do this antiracism work.
58:00Affectively, that's the main reason,
58:02so I think it needs to move quickly
58:05from an internally focused.
58:07You know, I'm guilty.
58:08Feel ashamed.
58:09I feel fragile as a white person,
58:11it needs to move quickly from that.
58:14To what action can I take now?
58:16The best way to alleviate
58:18those emotions anyway,
58:19is to act and promote an address and
58:22contribute to social justice outcomes.
58:24So it's a journey,
58:25but it needs to be a journey that
58:28isn't sort of stopped at that point.
58:31Be'cause Yes,
58:32if you do stop at that point you end
58:35up just navel gazing and Recentering
58:37Whiteness without then moving to.
58:39How can I be a good ally and
58:42accomplished given the the knowledge
58:44now that I have right fragility as one
58:48of the barriers to those effective,
58:50effective ever ship work.
58:52OK, another question.
58:54There is a question
58:56by a doctor robot about literature
58:59addressing structural racism
59:00in medical clinical settings.
59:03Yes, yes, uh, there is this.
59:06There's a few good review
59:08papers about that sort of thing.
59:11I've just gone up to my slide,
59:13which has my email address,
59:15so just email me about that.
59:17I'll send you through a few key
59:19readings that are really good
59:21in relation to that. Great.
59:23Anyone who wants to email about anything?
59:26That's my email address. Great.
59:30So I don't know if we have any questions
59:33in the chat that were left unanswered.
59:36I know that we're just about out of time.
59:39So when do you want to take a quick
59:42look there? Any questions there?
59:45I can't see any know and great night
59:49great. Well thank you so much for an
59:52excellent talks give us gives us a lot
59:55to think about and to work on within.
59:58Certainly our Department and the
60:00School of Medicine so we really
01:00:02appreciate your time and your ability
01:00:05to be here with us virtually.
01:00:09Thanks, thanks very much for
01:00:10the invitation. As I said,
01:00:11anyone feel free to get in touch.
01:00:13Happy to talk more about
01:00:15any of this stuff and.
01:00:17Provide any resources that are aware
01:00:20of? Yeah, absolutely.