Jon Koff, MD
Research & Publications
Biography
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Research Summary
The airways are continuously exposed to pathogens, allergens, toxins, and environmental contaminants. In addition to its role as a physical barrier, the airway epithelial surface represents a “battleground,” where the host intercepts signals from pathogens (e.g., viruses) and activates epithelial defenses to prevent infection. The defensive roles of the airway epithelium are crucial; the epithelium activates innate defense mechanisms and recruits inflammatory and immune cells to activate innate immune responses and to amplify adaptive immunity. Our research program focuses on elucidating airway epithelial inflammatory responses to viral infection. Utilizing both in vitro and ex vivo airway epithelial cell cultures and murine models, we have found novel signaling pathways which regulate viral infection. Currently, there are only limited therapies available to treat viral exacerbations of chronic airway diseases (e.g., asthma, COPD, and cystic fibrosis); therefore investigating novel viral mechanisms may provide targets for novel therapies. Recently, this work has progressed to investigate models of trained innate immunity in pulmonary disease.
In collaboration with Drs. Paul Turner and Ben Chan in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Yale, Dr. Koff's laboratory has investigated the potential therapeutic role of bacteriophages in lung disease. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. This research has developed a strategy to use phages to target specific bacteria and manipulate surviving bacteria to decrease antibiotic resistance and virulence. These studies include clinical research trials, translational- and laboratory-based projects to investigate phage therapy.
Coauthors
Research Interests
Asthma; Bacteriophages; Bronchiectasis; Cystic Fibrosis; Immunity, Innate; Influenza, Human; Lung; Viruses; Immunity, Mucosal; Respiratory Mucosa
Selected Publications
- A Novel Zinc (II) Porphyrin Is Synergistic with PEV2 Bacteriophage against Pseudomonas aeruginosa InfectionsGeyer J, Krupa K, Harris Z, Sun Y, Sharma L, Würstle S, Hu B, Stanley G, Rajagopalan G, Pellot E, Koff J, Robinson J. A Novel Zinc (II) Porphyrin Is Synergistic with PEV2 Bacteriophage against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections. Antibiotics 2023, 12: 735. PMID: 37107097, PMCID: PMC10135120, DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040735.
- IFN-γ Is Protective in Cytokine Release Syndrome-associated Extrapulmonary Acute Lung Injury.Sun Y, Hu B, Stanley G, Harris ZM, Gautam S, Homer R, Koff JL, Rajagopalan G. IFN-γ Is Protective in Cytokine Release Syndrome-associated Extrapulmonary Acute Lung Injury. American Journal Of Respiratory Cell And Molecular Biology 2023, 68: 75-89. PMID: 36125351, PMCID: PMC9817908, DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0117oc.
- Inhaled Bacteriophage Therapy for Multi-Drug Resistant Achromobacter.Winzig F, Gandhi S, Lee A, Würstle S, Stanley G, Capuano I, Neuringer I, Koff J, Turner P, Chan B. Inhaled Bacteriophage Therapy for Multi-Drug Resistant Achromobacter. The Yale Journal Of Biology And Medicine 2022, 95: 413-427. PMID: 36568830, PMCID: PMC9765334.
- Novel Approaches to Multidrug-Resistant Infections in Cystic FibrosisMurray T, Stanley G, Koff J. Novel Approaches to Multidrug-Resistant Infections in Cystic Fibrosis. Clinics In Chest Medicine 2022, 43: 667-676. PMID: 36344073, DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2022.06.008.
- 539 Single sequential bacteriophage therapy decreases Pseudomonas virulence in cystic fibrosis more than a cocktail approachStanley G, Chan B, Wuerstle S, Grun C, Kazmierczak B, Sun Y, Kortright K, Turner P, Koff J. 539 Single sequential bacteriophage therapy decreases Pseudomonas virulence in cystic fibrosis more than a cocktail approach. Journal Of Cystic Fibrosis 2022, 21: s300. DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(22)01229-2.
- 563 Novel porphyrin targets biofilm, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureusHarris Z, Geyer J, Sun Y, Hu B, Wuerstle S, Stanley G, Rajagopalan G, Robinson J, Koff J. 563 Novel porphyrin targets biofilm, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Journal Of Cystic Fibrosis 2022, 21: s313-s314. DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(22)01253-x.
- 415 Bacteriophages that treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections induce pro-inflammatory immune responses in the cystic fibrosis airway epitheliumZamora P, Reidy T, Armbruster C, Chan B, Koff J, Turner P, Van Tyne D, Bomberger J. 415 Bacteriophages that treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections induce pro-inflammatory immune responses in the cystic fibrosis airway epithelium. Journal Of Cystic Fibrosis 2022, 21: s240-s241. DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(22)01105-5.
- Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition Is Protective in Hyperoxia-Induced Lung InjuryHarris ZM, Sun Y, Joerns J, Clark B, Hu B, Korde A, Sharma L, Shin HJ, Manning EP, Placek L, Unutmaz D, Stanley G, Chun H, Sauler M, Rajagopalan G, Zhang X, Kang MJ, Koff JL. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition Is Protective in Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury. Oxidative Medicine And Cellular Longevity 2022, 2022: 9518592. PMID: 36193076, PMCID: PMC9526641, DOI: 10.1155/2022/9518592.
- I-SPY COVID adaptive platform trial for COVID-19 acute respiratory failure: rationale, design and operationsFiles DC, Matthay MA, Calfee CS, Aggarwal NR, Asare AL, Beitler JR, Berger PA, Burnham EL, Cimino G, Coleman MH, Crippa A, Discacciati A, Gandotra S, Gibbs KW, Henderson PT, Ittner CAG, Jauregui A, Khan KT, Koff JL, Lang J, LaRose M, Levitt J, Lu R, McKeehan JD, Meyer NJ, Russell DW, Thomas KW, Eklund M, Esserman LJ, Liu KD, Esserman L, Calfee C, Liu K, Coleman M, Matthay M, Beitler J, Mittel A, Asare A, Yen A, Jauregui A, Crippa A, Suarez A, Serra A, Amin A, Rosen A, Dzierba A, Discacciati A, Haczku A, Barker A, Weisman A, Daniel B, Morrissey B, Ittner C, Jones C, Creel-Bulos C, Angelucci C, Files D, Russell D, Ng D, Burnham E, Youssef F, Chaparro-Rojas F, Harris G, Barot H, Su H, Garcia I, Sutter J, Dodin J, McKeehan J, Lee J, Kazianis J, Reilly J, Koff J, Detelich J, Lang J, Muir J, Thomas K, Khan K, Gosek K, Nugent K, Gibbs K, Yee K, Rodrigues L, Macias L, Orr L, Boerger L, Rosario-Remigio L, Kufa L, Huerta L, Tanios M, Reyes M, Eklund M, LaRose M, Adelman M, Juarez M, Jung M, Meyers M, Sternlieb M, Cobb N, Aggarwal N, Mangalmurti N, Meyer N, Jones P, Berger P, Henderson P, Saban P, Marshall P, Robinson P, Yang P, Madahar P, Nair R, Sonti R, Lee R, Wunderink R, Wahab R, Lupu R, Lu R, Kumar S, Auld S, Fields S, Wong F, Gandotra S, Pearson S, Whealon S, Albertson T, Obermiller T, Oliver T, Darmanian A, Schicchi J, Martinez E, Sarafian F, Nguyen J, Weiler-Lisowski B, Wyatt J, Blevins D, Melendrez M, Lopez B, Tzehaie H, Amosu O, Simonson A, Patel C, Levitt J, Hardy E, Lindgren B, Peterfreund G, Landreth L, Parks L, Aggarwal N. I-SPY COVID adaptive platform trial for COVID-19 acute respiratory failure: rationale, design and operations. BMJ Open 2022, 12: e060664. PMID: 35667714, PMCID: PMC9170797, DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060664.
- Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Modulates Apoptosis in Hyperoxia-Induced Lung InjuryHarris Z, Sun Y, Joerns J, Clark B, Hu B, Korde A, Placek L, Unutmaz D, Stanley G, Chun H, Sauler M, Rajagopalan G, Zhang X, Kang M, Koff J. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Modulates Apoptosis in Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury. 2022, a2517-a2517. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a2517.
- Lipopolysaccharide Targeted Bacteriophage Therapy Deceases Lung Inflammation in Cystic FibrosisStanley G, Chan B, Kortright K, Sun Y, Rajagopalan G, Harris Z, Turner P, Koff J. Lipopolysaccharide Targeted Bacteriophage Therapy Deceases Lung Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis. 2022, a3452-a3452. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a3452.
- Bronchial epithelium epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity forms aberrant basaloid-like cells in vitroUthaya Kumar DB, Motakis E, Yurieva M, Kohar V, Martinek J, Wu TC, Khoury J, Grassmann J, Lu M, Palucka K, Kaminski N, Koff JL, Williams A. Bronchial epithelium epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity forms aberrant basaloid-like cells in vitro. American Journal Of Physiology - Lung Cellular And Molecular Physiology 2022, 322: l822-l841. PMID: 35438006, PMCID: PMC9142163, DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00254.2021.
- Clinical trial design during and beyond the pandemic: the I-SPY COVID trialCalfee C, Liu K, Asare A, Beitler J, Berger P, Coleman M, Crippa A, Discacciati A, Eklund M, Files D, Gandotra S, Gibbs K, Henderson P, Levitt J, Lu R, Matthay M, Meyer N, Russell D, Thomas K, Esserman L, Mittel A, Dzierba A, Madahar P, Serra A, Rosen A, Garcia I, Muir J, Schicchi J, Darmanian A, Wahab R, Gosek K, Auld S, Adelman M, Nugent K, Harris G, Creel-Bulos C, Yang P, Detelich J, Spainhour C, Cobb N, Sonti R, Orr L, Robinson P, Sarafian F, Martinez E, Jones P, Nguyen J, Obermiller T, Weiler-Lisowski B, Kufa L, Saba P, Wyatt J, Youssef F, Tanios M, Blevins D, Macias L, Suarez A, Reyes M, Jung M, Melendrez M, Rosario-Remigio L, Su H, Friedman E, Angelucci C, Chaparro-Rojas F, Sternlieb M, Sutter J, Whealon S, Nair R, Lopez B, Amosu O, Tzehaie H, Wunderink R, Patel C, Simonson A, Dodin J, Oliver T, Lupu R, Meyers M, Albertson T, Haczku A, Hardy E, Morrissey B, Juarez M, Pearson S, Lee R, Amin A, Jauregui A, Fields S, Ng D, Daniel B, Yee K, Jones C, Burnham E, McKeehan J, Ittner C, Reilly J, Mangalmurti N, Rodrigues L, Weisman A, Khan K, Wong S, Yen A, Peterfreund G, Kumar S, Marshall P, Huerta L, Lindgren B, Lee J, Barker A, Lang J, LaRose M, Landreth L, Parks L, Barot H, Koff J, Kazianis J, Boerger L. Clinical trial design during and beyond the pandemic: the I-SPY COVID trial. Nature Medicine 2022, 28: 9-11. PMID: 35058620, PMCID: PMC8922451, DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01617-x.
- 499: Bacteriophage therapy decreases cystic fibrosis lung inflammationStanley G, Modak M, Kortright K, Ott I, Sun Y, Korde A, Rajagopalan G, Chan B, Turner P, Koff J. 499: Bacteriophage therapy decreases cystic fibrosis lung inflammation. Journal Of Cystic Fibrosis 2021, 20: s235-s236. DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(21)01923-8.
- 514: Novel zinc porphyrin antibiotic shows activity against Pseudomonas in vivoHarris Z, Geyer J, Sun Y, Hu B, Stanley G, Rajagopalan G, Robinson J, Koff J. 514: Novel zinc porphyrin antibiotic shows activity against Pseudomonas in vivo. Journal Of Cystic Fibrosis 2021, 20: s243-s244. DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(21)01938-x.
- 347: Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages used therapeutically in cystic fibrosis interact differently with various types of mammalian cellsZamora P, Armbruster C, Chan B, Koff J, Turner P, Bomberger J. 347: Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages used therapeutically in cystic fibrosis interact differently with various types of mammalian cells. Journal Of Cystic Fibrosis 2021, 20: s166. DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(21)01771-9.
- Bacteriophage Decrease Cystic Fibrosis Lung InflammationStanley G, Modak M, Chan B, Ott I, Sun Y, Harris Z, Kortright K, Turner P, Koff J. Bacteriophage Decrease Cystic Fibrosis Lung Inflammation. 2021, a1215-a1215. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a1215.
- Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Modulates Apoptosis via ERK1/2 in Hyperoxia-Induced Lung InjuryHarris Z, Korde A, Sun Y, Hu B, Rajagopalan G, Stanley G, Joerns J, Clark B, Koff J. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Modulates Apoptosis via ERK1/2 in Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury. 2021, a4367-a4367. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a4367.
- Bacteriophage therapy for infections in CFChan BK, Stanley G, Modak M, Koff JL, Turner PE. Bacteriophage therapy for infections in CF. Pediatric Pulmonology 2021, 56: s4-s9. PMID: 33434411, DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25190.
- “Small” Intestinal Immunopathology Plays a “Big” Role in Lethal Cytokine Release Syndrome, and Its Modulation by Interferon-γ, IL-17A, and a Janus Kinase InhibitorKale SD, Mehrkens BN, Stegman MM, Kastelberg B, Carnes H, McNeill RJ, Rizzo A, Karyala SV, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Fretz JA, Sun Y, Koff JL, Rajagopalan G. “Small” Intestinal Immunopathology Plays a “Big” Role in Lethal Cytokine Release Syndrome, and Its Modulation by Interferon-γ, IL-17A, and a Janus Kinase Inhibitor. Frontiers In Immunology 2020, 11: 1311. PMID: 32676080, PMCID: PMC7333770, DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01311.
- Bacteriophage Therapy Decreases Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Lung InflammationStanley G, Chan B, Ott I, Mayo E, Harris Z, Sun Y, Hu B, Rajagopalan G, Turner P, Koff J. Bacteriophage Therapy Decreases Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Lung Inflammation. 2020, a2977-a2977. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a2977.
- Novel Imaging of Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury Implicates Epidermal Growth Factor ReceptorHarris Z, Chioccioli M, Joerns J, Clark B, Sun Y, Hu B, Stanley G, Rajagopalan G, Koff J. Novel Imaging of Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury Implicates Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. 2020, a5551-a5551. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a5551.
- IL-17A and IFN-gamma Play Distinct Roles in Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by a Staphylococcal SuperantigenRajagopalan G, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Sun Y, Hu B, Harris Z, Stanley G, Koff J. IL-17A and IFN-gamma Play Distinct Roles in Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by a Staphylococcal Superantigen. 2020, a7708-a7708. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a7708.
- Clinical Use of Inhaled Bacteriophages to Treat Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas AeruginosaKoff J, Chan B, Stanley G, Geer J, Grun C, Kazmerciak B, Turner P. Clinical Use of Inhaled Bacteriophages to Treat Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. 2019, a7381-a7381. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a7381.
- Phage Therapy: A Renewed Approach to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant BacteriaKortright KE, Chan BK, Koff JL, Turner PE. Phage Therapy: A Renewed Approach to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Cell Host & Microbe 2019, 25: 219-232. PMID: 30763536, DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.014.
- Respiratory syncytial virus activates epidermal growth factor receptor to suppress interferon regulatory factor 1-dependent interferon-lambda and antiviral defense in airway epitheliumKalinowski A, Galen B, Ueki I, Sun Y, Mulenos A, Osafo-Addo A, Clark B, Joerns J, Liu W, Nadel J, Dela Cruz C, Koff J. Respiratory syncytial virus activates epidermal growth factor receptor to suppress interferon regulatory factor 1-dependent interferon-lambda and antiviral defense in airway epithelium. Mucosal Immunology 2018, 11: 958-967. PMID: 29411775, PMCID: PMC6431552, DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.120.
- Aging Impairs Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis and Increases Influenza-Induced Mortality in MiceWong CK, Smith CA, Sakamoto K, Kaminski N, Koff JL, Goldstein DR. Aging Impairs Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis and Increases Influenza-Induced Mortality in Mice. The Journal Of Immunology 2017, 199: 1060-1068. PMID: 28646038, PMCID: PMC5557035, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700397.
- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Modulators: Implications for the Management of Depression and Anxiety in Cystic FibrosisTalwalkar JS, Koff JL, Lee HB, Britto CJ, Mulenos AM, Georgiopoulos AM. Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Modulators: Implications for the Management of Depression and Anxiety in Cystic Fibrosis. Journal Of The Academy Of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry 2017, 58: 343-354. PMID: 28576305, DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2017.04.001.
- Cystic FibrosisKoff J. Cystic Fibrosis. Clinics In Chest Medicine 2016, 37: i. DOI: 10.1016/s0272-5231(15)00164-1.
- Cystic FibrosisKoff, J.L.; Cystic Fibrosis; Clin Chest Med. Mar;37(1):xv-xvi., 2016
- Cystic FibrosisKoff JL. Cystic Fibrosis. Clinics In Chest Medicine 2015, 37: xv-xvi. PMID: 26857777, DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2015.12.001.
- Pharmacological modulation of the AKT/microRNA-199a-5p/CAV1 pathway ameliorates cystic fibrosis lung hyper-inflammationZhang PX, Cheng J, Zou S, D'Souza AD, Koff JL, Lu J, Lee PJ, Krause DS, Egan ME, Bruscia EM. Pharmacological modulation of the AKT/microRNA-199a-5p/CAV1 pathway ameliorates cystic fibrosis lung hyper-inflammation. Nature Communications 2015, 6: 6221. PMID: 25665524, PMCID: PMC4324503, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7221.
- EGFR activation suppresses respiratory virus-induced IRF1-dependent CXCL10 productionKalinowski A, Ueki I, Min-Oo G, Ballon-Landa E, Knoff D, Galen B, Lanier LL, Nadel JA, Koff JL. EGFR activation suppresses respiratory virus-induced IRF1-dependent CXCL10 production. American Journal Of Physiology - Lung Cellular And Molecular Physiology 2014, 307: l186-l196. PMID: 24838750, PMCID: PMC4101792, DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00368.2013.
- Respiratory virus-induced EGFR activation suppresses IRF1-dependent Interferon-λ and antiviral defense in airway epitheliumUeki I, Min-Oo G, Kalinowski A, Ballon-Landa E, Lanier L, Nadel J, Koff J. Respiratory virus-induced EGFR activation suppresses IRF1-dependent Interferon-λ and antiviral defense in airway epithelium. Journal Of Cell Biology 2013, 202: 2026oia89. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.2026oia89.
- Respiratory virus–induced EGFR activation suppresses IRF1-dependent interferon λ and antiviral defense in airway epitheliumUeki IF, Min-Oo G, Kalinowski A, Ballon-Landa E, Lanier LL, Nadel JA, Koff JL. Respiratory virus–induced EGFR activation suppresses IRF1-dependent interferon λ and antiviral defense in airway epithelium. Journal Of Experimental Medicine 2013, 210: 1929-1936. PMID: 23999497, PMCID: PMC3782052, DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121401.
- Rhinovirus and other respiratory viruses exert different effects on lung allograft function that are not mediated through acute rejectionSayah DM, Koff JL, Leard LE, Hays SR, Golden JA, Singer JP. Rhinovirus and other respiratory viruses exert different effects on lung allograft function that are not mediated through acute rejection. Clinical Transplantation 2012, 27: e64-e71. PMID: 23278569, PMCID: PMC3558613, DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12054.
- EGFR Inhibition Suppresses Respiratory Viral Infection In Vitro And In VivoKoff J, Min-Oo G, Ballon-Landa E, Kalinowski A, Ueki I, Lanier L, Nadel J. EGFR Inhibition Suppresses Respiratory Viral Infection In Vitro And In Vivo. 2012, a6274-a6274. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a6274.
- 692 The Impact of Respiratory Viruses on Acute Rejection and Allograft Function in Lung Transplant RecipientsSayah D, Koff J, Leard L, Golden J, Singer J. 692 The Impact of Respiratory Viruses on Acute Rejection and Allograft Function in Lung Transplant Recipients. The Journal Of Heart And Lung Transplantation 2012, 31: s238. DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2012.01.707.
- Community Acquired respiratory Viral Infections and Associated Histopathology In Lung Transplant RecipientsRoubinian N, Jones K, Leard L, Kleinhenz M, Golden J, Koff J. Community Acquired respiratory Viral Infections and Associated Histopathology In Lung Transplant Recipients. 2010, a2576-a2576. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a2576.
- Multiple TLRs activate EGFR via a signaling cascade to produce innate immune responses in airway epitheliumKoff JL, Shao MX, Ueki IF, Nadel JA. Multiple TLRs activate EGFR via a signaling cascade to produce innate immune responses in airway epithelium. American Journal Of Physiology - Lung Cellular And Molecular Physiology 2008, 294: l1068-l1075. PMID: 18375743, DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00025.2008.
- Regulation of interleukin-8 via an airway epithelial signaling cascadeNakanaga T, Nadel JA, Ueki IF, Koff JL, Shao MX. Regulation of interleukin-8 via an airway epithelial signaling cascade. American Journal Of Physiology - Lung Cellular And Molecular Physiology 2007, 292: l1289-l1296. PMID: 17220369, DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00356.2006.
- Pseudomonas Lipopolysaccharide Accelerates Wound Repair via Activation of a Novel Epithelial Cell Signaling CascadeKoff JL, Shao MX, Kim S, Ueki IF, Nadel JA. Pseudomonas Lipopolysaccharide Accelerates Wound Repair via Activation of a Novel Epithelial Cell Signaling Cascade. The Journal Of Immunology 2006, 177: 8693-8700. PMID: 17142770, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8693.
Clinical Trials
Conditions | Study Title |
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COVID-19 Inpatient; COVID-19 Outpatient; Women's Health | I-SPY COVID TRIAL: An Adaptive Platform Trial to Reduce Mortality and Ventilator Requirements for Critically Ill Patients |