Tore Eid, MD, PhD
Professor of Laboratory Medicine, of Neurosurgery, and of Cellular and Molecular Physiology; Associate Director, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Yale-New Haven Hospital; Vice Chair for Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine; Director of Medical Education, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology
Research & Publications
Biography
News
Research Summary
My laboratory’s research focuses on the discovery of novel diagnostics and therapeutics of epilepsy, one of the most common chronic neurological disorders in humans. Using state-of-the art techniques in chemical profiling by mass spectrometry, we are exploring alterations in the metabolome (entire profile of small molecule metabolites) in brain microdialysis fluids, blood, sweat and saliva samples from patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Changes in specific metabolites detected during the initial profiling will be further validated as potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for this disease. We are also investigating the role of glutamate, glutamine synthetase and astrocytes in the causation of epilepsy. Patients with drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy have remarkably high levels of the excitatory and toxic amino acid glutamate in their brain. Recent studies by us have indicated that the glutamate overflow in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy may be due to a loss of the enzyme glutamine synthetase in astrocytes of the epileptic brain (Eid et al., Lancet 2004; 363: 28-37). An important goal of our research is to define the relationships among the loss of glutamine synthetase, brain glutamate concentrations, epileptic seizures and epilepsy-related brain damage. The laboratory is also involved in two additional research projects aimed at (1) discovering novel biomarkers of type 2 diabetes in Caribbean people and (2) studying the effects of exposure to electronic cigarette vapors in youths and adults.
Specialized Terms: Epilepsy; Neuropathology; Electron microscopy; Immunohistochemistry; Mass spectrometry; Clinical chemistry and toxicology; Therapeutic drug monitoring
Coauthors
Research Interests
Epilepsy; Immunohistochemistry; Neurosurgery; Mass Spectrometry; Medical Laboratory Science; Toxicology; Clinical Chemistry Tests
Public Health Interests
Chronic Diseases; Substance Use, Addiction
Selected Publications
- Exploring CITEs of Inflammation in the Human Epilepsy BrainEid T. Exploring CITEs of Inflammation in the Human Epilepsy Brain. Epilepsy Currents 2023, 153575972311614. DOI: 10.1177/15357597231161460.
- Exploring CITEs of Inflammation in the Human Epilepsy BrainEid T. Exploring CITEs of Inflammation in the Human Epilepsy Brain. Epilepsy Currents 2023, 23: 191-192. PMID: 37334410, PMCID: PMC10273812, DOI: 10.1177/15357597231161460.
- Threshold for the Pleasurable Effects of Nicotine Are Lower Than Its Reinforcing Effects During Self-AdministrationMacLean RR, Eid T, Parida S, Gueorguieva R, DeVito EE, Sofuoglu M. Threshold for the Pleasurable Effects of Nicotine Are Lower Than Its Reinforcing Effects During Self-Administration. Experimental And Clinical Psychopharmacology 2023, 31: 37-45. PMID: 35254839, PMCID: PMC9448824, DOI: 10.1037/pha0000556.
- A companion to the preclinical common data elements for proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics data in rodent epilepsy models. A report of the TASK3‐WG4 omics working group of the ILAE/AES joint translational TASK forceBindila L, Eid T, Mills JD, Hildebrand MS, Brennan GP, Masino SA, Whittemore V, Perucca P, Reid CA, Patel M, Wang KK, Vliet E. A companion to the preclinical common data elements for proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics data in rodent epilepsy models. A report of the TASK3‐WG4 omics working group of the ILAE/AES joint translational TASK force. Epilepsia Open 2022 PMID: 36259125, DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12662.
- A companion to the preclinical common data elements for genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics data in rodent epilepsy models. A report of the TASK3‐WG4 omics working group of the ILAE/AES joint translational TASK forceVliet E, Hildebrand MS, Mills JD, Brennan GP, Eid T, Masino SA, Whittemore V, Bindila L, Wang KK, Patel M, Perucca P, Reid CA. A companion to the preclinical common data elements for genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics data in rodent epilepsy models. A report of the TASK3‐WG4 omics working group of the ILAE/AES joint translational TASK force. Epilepsia Open 2022 PMID: 35950645, DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12640.
- Catch the Rhythm!Eid T, Zaveri HP. Catch the Rhythm! Epilepsy Currents 2022, 22: 249-251. PMID: 36187149, PMCID: PMC9483758, DOI: 10.1177/15357597221099066.
- Plasma Menthol Glucuronide as a Biomarker for the Behavioral Effects of Menthol and Nicotine in HumansGueorguieva R, Schwartz EKC, MacLean RR, DeVito EE, Eid T, Wu R, O’Malley S, Sofuoglu M. Plasma Menthol Glucuronide as a Biomarker for the Behavioral Effects of Menthol and Nicotine in Humans. Frontiers In Pharmacology 2022, 13: 844824. PMID: 35431934, PMCID: PMC9009207, DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.844824.
- Effects of Bovine Hemoglobin on Chemistry Testing: Pseudohemolysis or Real?Vera MA, Eid T, El-Khoury JM. Effects of Bovine Hemoglobin on Chemistry Testing: Pseudohemolysis or Real? Clinical Chemistry 2022, 68: 607-608. PMID: 36103316, DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvab222.
- Impact of delivery rate on the acute response to intravenous nicotine: A human laboratory study with implications for regulatory scienceDe Aquino JP, MacLean RR, Gueorguieva R, DeVito EE, Eid T, Sofuoglu M. Impact of delivery rate on the acute response to intravenous nicotine: A human laboratory study with implications for regulatory science. Addiction Biology 2022, 27: e13161. PMID: 35229960, PMCID: PMC8903077, DOI: 10.1111/adb.13161.
- Harnessing Metabolomics to Advance Epilepsy ResearchEid T. Harnessing Metabolomics to Advance Epilepsy Research. Epilepsy Currents 2022, 22: 123-129. PMID: 35444500, PMCID: PMC8988727, DOI: 10.1177/15357597221074518.
- Transforming Glia to Neurons Effectively Treats Temporal Lobe SeizuresEid T. Transforming Glia to Neurons Effectively Treats Temporal Lobe Seizures. Epilepsy Currents 2022, 22: 130-131. PMID: 35444496, PMCID: PMC8988719, DOI: 10.1177/15357597211073013.
- Brain Energy Oscillations–A Possible Explanation for Seizure Periodicity in Epilepsy?Eid T. Brain Energy Oscillations–A Possible Explanation for Seizure Periodicity in Epilepsy? Epilepsy Currents 2021, 21: 447-448. PMID: 34924854, PMCID: PMC8652326, DOI: 10.1177/15357597211043517.
- Small loci of astroglial glutamine synthetase deficiency in the postnatal brain cause epileptic seizures and impaired functional connectivityFarina MG, Sandhu MRS, Parent M, Sanganahalli BG, Derbin M, Dhaher R, Wang H, Zaveri HP, Zhou Y, Danbolt NC, Hyder F, Eid T. Small loci of astroglial glutamine synthetase deficiency in the postnatal brain cause epileptic seizures and impaired functional connectivity. Epilepsia 2021, 62: 2858-2870. PMID: 34536233, PMCID: PMC9006438, DOI: 10.1111/epi.17072.
- Influence of Menthol and Green Apple E-Liquids Containing Different Nicotine Concentrations Among Youth E-Cigarette UsersJackson A, Green B, Erythropel HC, Kong G, Cavallo DA, Eid T, Gueorguieva R, Buta E, O’Malley S, Krishnan-Sarin S. Influence of Menthol and Green Apple E-Liquids Containing Different Nicotine Concentrations Among Youth E-Cigarette Users. Experimental And Clinical Psychopharmacology 2021, 29: 355-365. PMID: 32297782, PMCID: PMC7572568, DOI: 10.1037/pha0000368.
- Progressive Neuronal Loss in Epilepsy – A Long-Standing Conundrum Finally Resolved?Eid T. Progressive Neuronal Loss in Epilepsy – A Long-Standing Conundrum Finally Resolved? Epilepsy Currents 2021, 21: 366-368. PMID: 34924838, PMCID: PMC8655263, DOI: 10.1177/15357597211030385.
- Increased branched‐chain amino acids at baseline and hours before a spontaneous seizure in the human epileptic brainOng C, Damisah EC, Gruenbaum SE, Dhaher R, Deng Y, Sandhu MRS, Zaveri HP, Spencer DD, Eid T. Increased branched‐chain amino acids at baseline and hours before a spontaneous seizure in the human epileptic brain. Epilepsia 2021, 62: e88-e97. PMID: 33949690, DOI: 10.1111/epi.16920.
- Localizing the Seizure Onset Site Through Metabolic Imaging of GABAEid T. Localizing the Seizure Onset Site Through Metabolic Imaging of GABA. Epilepsy Currents 2021, 21: 282-284. PMID: 34690567, PMCID: PMC8512926, DOI: 10.1177/15357597211011988.
- Astroglial Glutamine Synthetase and the Pathogenesis of Mesial Temporal Lobe EpilepsySandhu MRS, Gruenbaum BF, Gruenbaum SE, Dhaher R, Deshpande K, Funaro MC, Lee TW, Zaveri HP, Eid T. Astroglial Glutamine Synthetase and the Pathogenesis of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Frontiers In Neurology 2021, 12: 665334. PMID: 33927688, PMCID: PMC8078591, DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.665334.
- Threshold dose for intravenous nicotine self-administration in young adult non-dependent smokersMacLean RR, DeVito EE, Eid T, Parida S, Gueorguieva R, Sofuoglu M. Threshold dose for intravenous nicotine self-administration in young adult non-dependent smokers. Psychopharmacology 2021, 238: 2083-2090. PMID: 33796907, PMCID: PMC8715498, DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05833-8.
- Network-Related Changes in Neurotransmitters and Seizure Propagation During Rodent Epileptogenesis.Dhaher R, Gruenbaum SE, Sandhu MRS, Ottestad-Hansen S, Tu N, Wang Y, Lee TW, Deshpande K, Spencer DD, Danbolt NC, Zaveri HP, Eid T. Network-Related Changes in Neurotransmitters and Seizure Propagation During Rodent Epileptogenesis. Neurology 2021, 96: e2261-e2271. PMID: 33722994, PMCID: PMC8166437, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011846.
- Altered hippocampal astroglial metabolism is associated with aging and preserved spatial learning and memoryEbersole J, Rose G, Eid T, Behar K, Patrylo P. Altered hippocampal astroglial metabolism is associated with aging and preserved spatial learning and memory. Neurobiology Of Aging 2021, 102: 188-199. PMID: 33774381, DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.015.
- Ticktock—What Is the Seizure Driving Clock?Eid T. Ticktock—What Is the Seizure Driving Clock? Epilepsy Currents 2021, 21: 122-123. PMID: 34025290, PMCID: PMC8010871, DOI: 10.1177/1535759721989672.
- Gene expression in the epileptic (EL) mouse hippocampusLee TS, Li AY, Rapuano A, Mantis J, Eid T, Seyfried TN, de Lanerolle NC. Gene expression in the epileptic (EL) mouse hippocampus. Neurobiology Of Disease 2020, 147: 105152. PMID: 33153970, DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105152.
- Novel aspects of glutamine synthetase in ammonia homeostasisZhou Y, Eid T, Hassel B, Danbolt NC. Novel aspects of glutamine synthetase in ammonia homeostasis. Neurochemistry International 2020, 140: 104809. PMID: 32758585, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104809.
- Circadian-Like Rhythmicity of Extracellular Brain Glutamate in EpilepsySandhu MRS, Dhaher R, Gruenbaum SE, Raaisa R, Spencer DD, Pavlova MK, Zaveri HP, Eid T. Circadian-Like Rhythmicity of Extracellular Brain Glutamate in Epilepsy. Frontiers In Neurology 2020, 11: 398. PMID: 32499751, PMCID: PMC7242976, DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00398.
- Epilepsy Benchmarks Area II: Prevent Epilepsy and Its ProgressionBinder DK, Boison D, Eid T, Frankel WN, Mingorance A, Smith BN, Dacks PA, Whittemore V, Poduri A, . Epilepsy Benchmarks Area II: Prevent Epilepsy and Its Progression. Epilepsy Currents 2020, 20: 14s-22s. PMID: 31937124, PMCID: PMC7031802, DOI: 10.1177/1535759719895274.
- An Ancient Enzyme Takes a Hit in EpilepsyEid T. An Ancient Enzyme Takes a Hit in Epilepsy. Epilepsy Currents 2019, 19: 400-401. PMID: 31530017, PMCID: PMC6891189, DOI: 10.1177/1535759719875468.
- Astrocytes and Glutamine Synthetase in EpileptogenesisEid T, Lee T, Patrylo P, Zaveri HP. Astrocytes and Glutamine Synthetase in Epileptogenesis. Journal Of Neuroscience Research 2018, 97: 1345-1362. PMID: 30022509, PMCID: PMC6338538, DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24267.
- 2235 15N-Leucine transport across the blood brain barrier is significantly impaired in the glutamine synthetase-inhibited brainGruenbaum S, Dhaher R, Behar K, Zaveri H, Erfe M, Eid T. 2235 15N-Leucine transport across the blood brain barrier is significantly impaired in the glutamine synthetase-inhibited brain. Journal Of Clinical And Translational Science 2018, 2: 1-1. PMCID: PMC6808188, DOI: 10.1017/cts.2018.37.
- 5 Oral Administration of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Results in Increased Seizure Threshold and Loss of Hippocampal Neurons in a Rodent Model of Mesial Temporal Lobe EpilepsyGruenbaum S, Dhaher R, Rapuano A, Tang A, Eid T. 5 Oral Administration of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Results in Increased Seizure Threshold and Loss of Hippocampal Neurons in a Rodent Model of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. American Journal Of Clinical Pathology 2018, 149: s165-s166. DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqx149.374.
- (Invited) Conjoint Measurement of Brain Electrophysiology and NeurochemistryZaveri H, Ganesh N, Goncharova I, Damisah E, Ong C, Perez E, Staib L, Hirsch L, Petroff O, Spencer D, Eid T. (Invited) Conjoint Measurement of Brain Electrophysiology and Neurochemistry. ECS Meeting Abstracts 2017, MA2017-02: 2329-2329. DOI: 10.1149/ma2017-02/55/2329.
- 2092Gruenbaum S, Dhaher R, Rapuano A, Eid T. 2092. Journal Of Clinical And Translational Science 2017, 1: 56-56. PMCID: PMC6798929, DOI: 10.1017/cts.2017.200.
- Boosting Metabolism by Sweetening the GutEid T. Boosting Metabolism by Sweetening the Gut. Science Translational Medicine 2014, 6 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008647.
- Treating the Brain Through the GutEid T. Treating the Brain Through the Gut. Science Translational Medicine 2014, 6 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008244.
- Removing Salt from the WoundEid T. Removing Salt from the Wound. Science Translational Medicine 2013, 5 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007983.
- A One-Two Punch for Aging and Brain MalformationsEid T. A One-Two Punch for Aging and Brain Malformations. Science Translational Medicine 2013, 5 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007713.
- Starvation Strengthens AddictionEid T. Starvation Strengthens Addiction. Science Translational Medicine 2013, 5 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007309.
- 139 Brain Extracellular Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Medically Refractory Localization-Related EpilepsyOng C, Damisah E, Haldeman C, Eid T, Spencer D. 139 Brain Extracellular Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Medically Refractory Localization-Related Epilepsy. Neurosurgery 2013, 60: 166. DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000432730.18532.a2.
- Stealth Attack by the Gut MicrobiotaEid T. Stealth Attack by the Gut Microbiota. Science Translational Medicine 2013, 5 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006924.
- The Source of Youth and Longevity Revealed?Eid T. The Source of Youth and Longevity Revealed? Science Translational Medicine 2013, 5 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006620.
- A Cool Intervention for Posttraumatic EpilepsyEid T. A Cool Intervention for Posttraumatic Epilepsy. Science Translational Medicine 2013, 5 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006347.
- Lights of Hope in the Treatment of EpilepsyEid T. Lights of Hope in the Treatment of Epilepsy. Science Translational Medicine 2013, 5 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006078.
- Recurrent seizures and brain pathology after inhibition of glutamine synthetase in the hippocampus in ratsEid T, Ghosh A, Wang Y, Beckström H, Zaveri HP, Lee TS, Lai JC, Malthankar-Phatak GH, de Lanerolle NC. Recurrent seizures and brain pathology after inhibition of glutamine synthetase in the hippocampus in rats. Brain 2008, 131: 2061-2070. PMID: 18669513, PMCID: PMC2724901, DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn133.
- Changes in glial glutamate transporters in human epileptogenic hippocampus: Inadequate explanation for high extracellular glutamate during seizuresBjørnsen LP, Eid T, Holmseth S, Danbolt NC, Spencer DD, de Lanerolle NC. Changes in glial glutamate transporters in human epileptogenic hippocampus: Inadequate explanation for high extracellular glutamate during seizures. Neurobiology Of Disease 2006, 25: 319-330. PMID: 17112731, DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.09.014.
- Loss of glutamine synthetase in the human epileptogenic hippocampus: possible mechanism for raised extracellular glutamate in mesial temporal lobe epilepsyEid T, Thomas M, Spencer D, Rundén-Pran E, Lai J, Malthankar G, Kim J, Danbolt N, Ottersen O, de Lanerolle N. Loss of glutamine synthetase in the human epileptogenic hippocampus: possible mechanism for raised extracellular glutamate in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. The Lancet 2004, 363: 28-37. PMID: 14723991, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15166-5.
- A Retrospective Analysis of Hippocampal Pathology in Human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Evidence for Distinctive Patient SubcategoriesDe Lanerolle N, Kim J, Williamson A, Spencer S, Zaveri H, Eid T, Spencer D. A Retrospective Analysis of Hippocampal Pathology in Human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Evidence for Distinctive Patient Subcategories. Epilepsia 2003, 44: 1131-1131. DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.00448.x.
- Disruption of Inhibition in Area CA1 of the Hippocampus in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe EpilepsyDenslow M, Eid T, Du F, Schwarcz R, Lothman E, Steward O. Disruption of Inhibition in Area CA1 of the Hippocampus in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Journal Of Neurophysiology 2001, 86: 2231-2245. PMID: 11698514, DOI: 10.1152/jn.2001.86.5.2231.
- Ibotenate Injections into the Pre‐ and Parasubiculum Provide Partial Protection against Kainate‐Induced Epileptic Damage in Layer III of Rat Entorhinal CortexEid T, Du F, Schwarcz R. Ibotenate Injections into the Pre‐ and Parasubiculum Provide Partial Protection against Kainate‐Induced Epileptic Damage in Layer III of Rat Entorhinal Cortex. Epilepsia 2001, 42: 817-824. PMID: 11488878, DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.042007817.x.
- Neurons in Layer III of the Entorhinal Cortex: A Role in Epileptogenesis and Epilepsy?SCHWARCZ R, EID T, DU F. Neurons in Layer III of the Entorhinal Cortex: A Role in Epileptogenesis and Epilepsy? Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences 2000, 911: 328-342. PMID: 10911883, DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06735.x.
- Ultrastructure and immunocytochemical distribution of GABA in layer III of the rat medial entorhinal cortex following aminooxyacetic acid-induced seizuresEid T, Schwarcz R, Ottersen OP. Ultrastructure and immunocytochemical distribution of GABA in layer III of the rat medial entorhinal cortex following aminooxyacetic acid-induced seizures. Experimental Brain Research 1999, 125: 463-475. PMID: 10323293, DOI: 10.1007/s002210050704.
- Glutamate receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2/3 distribution shows reorganization in the human epileptogenic hippocampusDe Lanerolle N, Eid T, Von Campe G, Kovacs I, Spencer D, Brines M. Glutamate receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2/3 distribution shows reorganization in the human epileptogenic hippocampus. European Journal Of Neuroscience 1998, 10: 1687-1703. PMID: 9751141, DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00171.x.
- Neuronal damage after the injection of amino-oxyacetic acid into the rat entorhinal cortex: a silver impregnation studyDu F, Eid T, Schwarcz R. Neuronal damage after the injection of amino-oxyacetic acid into the rat entorhinal cortex: a silver impregnation study. Neuroscience 1997, 82: 1165-1178. PMID: 9466438, DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00354-0.
- Sleep/waking effects of a selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist given systemically as well as perfused in the dorsal raphe nucleus in ratsBjorvatn B, Fagerland S, Eid T, Ursin R. Sleep/waking effects of a selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist given systemically as well as perfused in the dorsal raphe nucleus in rats. Brain Research 1997, 770: 81-88. PMID: 9372206, DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00758-0.
- Afferents to the seizure-sensitive neurons in layer III of the medial entorhinal area: a tracing study in the ratEid T, Jorritsma-Byham B, Schwarcz R, Witter MP. Afferents to the seizure-sensitive neurons in layer III of the medial entorhinal area: a tracing study in the rat. Experimental Brain Research 1996, 109: 209-218. PMID: 8738371, DOI: 10.1007/bf00231782.
- Preferential neuronal loss in layer III of the medial entorhinal cortex in rat models of temporal lobe epilepsyDu F, Eid T, Lothman E, Kohler C, Schwarcz R. Preferential neuronal loss in layer III of the medial entorhinal cortex in rat models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Journal Of Neuroscience 1995, 15: 6301-6313. PMID: 7472396, PMCID: PMC6577998, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.15-10-06301.1995.
- Differential neuronal vulnerability to amino-oxyacetate and quinolinate in the rat parahippocampal regionEid T, Du F, Schwarcz R. Differential neuronal vulnerability to amino-oxyacetate and quinolinate in the rat parahippocampal region. Neuroscience 1995, 68: 645-656. PMID: 8577365, DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00183-j.
- The Use of Hydrophobic Adhesive Tape to Produce Miniature Wells on Microscope SlidesEid T. The Use of Hydrophobic Adhesive Tape to Produce Miniature Wells on Microscope Slides. Biotechnic & Histochemistry 1993, 68: 189-192. PMID: 8218571, DOI: 10.3109/10520299309104696.
- Localization of quinolinic acid metabolizing enzymes as revealed by immunoelectron microscopyEid T, Flood P, Köhler C, Schwarcz R. Localization of quinolinic acid metabolizing enzymes as revealed by immunoelectron microscopy. Micron 1991, 22: 35-36. DOI: 10.1016/0739-6260(91)90078-e.
Clinical Trials
| Conditions | Study Title |
|---|---|
| Diseases of the Nervous System; Mental Health & Behavioral Research | Examination of Glutamate and mGluR5 in Psychiatric Disorders |
| Mental Health & Behavioral Research | Imaging mGluR5 and synaptic density in psychiatric disorders |
| Mental Health & Behavioral Research | Imaging SV2A in mood disorders |
| Mental Health & Behavioral Research | Studying the Adult Brain |