Kevin Behar, PhD
Senior Research Scientist in Psychiatry; Director, MRRC Neurometabolism Research Laboratory
Research & Publications
Biography
News
Research Summary
Glutamate and GABA are the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system and together account for the majority of all of its neurons. Their synaptic actions are maintained through the operation of complex metabolic cycles between neurons and neighboring astroglia. Work in our laboratory is centered on deciphering the mechanism(s) linking glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter cycling to brain activity, and the role of glucose and alternate substrates (e.g., monocarboxylic acids) in this process. Our studies employ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with stable isotope labeling (13C, 15N) and kinetic modeling to study metabolic pathway fluxes in neurons and glia of the intact brain in vivo. This work is being applied to study the role of altered glucose and neurotransmitter metabolism in rodent models of diabetes, depression, and epilepsy. Our laboratory uses Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging (MRS/I) in conjunction with stable 13C-labeled substrates, which can be introduced into the bloodstream in rodents to ‘visualize’ the pathways of brain glucose and energy metabolism and the synthesis of the neurotransmitter amino acids glutamate (excitatory) and GABA (inhibitory).
Specialized Terms: NMR; 1H NMR; 13C NMR; In vivo brain metabolism; Glutamate; Gamma-aminobutyrate; Glutamine; Neuron-glial trafficking
Extensive Research Description
- NMR studies to elucidate the role of glucose and alternate fuel substrates in support of brain activity and glutamate/GABA/glutamine cycling in diabetes and mood disorders.
- NMR studies of GABA synthesis in the brain
Coauthors
Research Interests
Central Nervous System; Glutamates; Glutamine; Psychiatry; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
Selected Publications
- The early days of ex vivo 1H, 13C, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance in the laboratory of Dr. Robert G. Shulman from 1975 to 1995Rothman D, Behar K, Petroff O, Shulman R. The early days of ex vivo 1H, 13C, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance in the laboratory of Dr. Robert G. Shulman from 1975 to 1995. NMR In Biomedicine 2023, 36: e4879. PMID: 36424353, DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4879.
- Methods | 13C MRS Measurements of in Vivo Rates of the Glutamate/Glutamine and GABA/Glutamine Neurotransmitter CyclesRothman D, De Feyter H, Mason G, de Graaf R, Hyder F, Behar K. Methods | 13C MRS Measurements of in Vivo Rates of the Glutamate/Glutamine and GABA/Glutamine Neurotransmitter Cycles. 2021, 688-700. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819460-7.00341-8.
- Glial pathology in an animal model of depression: reversal of stress-induced cellular, metabolic and behavioral deficits by the glutamate-modulating drug riluzoleBanasr M, Chowdhury GM, Terwilliger R, Newton SS, Duman RS, Behar KL, Sanacora G. Glial pathology in an animal model of depression: reversal of stress-induced cellular, metabolic and behavioral deficits by the glutamate-modulating drug riluzole. Molecular Psychiatry 2008, 15: 501-511. PMID: 18825147, PMCID: PMC3347761, DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.106.
- Altered cerebral glucose and acetate metabolism in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase‐deficient mice: evidence for glial dysfunction and reduced glutamate/glutamine cyclingChowdhury GM, Gupta M, Gibson KM, Patel AB, Behar KL. Altered cerebral glucose and acetate metabolism in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase‐deficient mice: evidence for glial dysfunction and reduced glutamate/glutamine cycling. Journal Of Neurochemistry 2007, 103: 2077-2091. PMID: 17854388, DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04887.x.
- Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurotransmitter Cycling and Energy Metabolism in Rat Cerebral Cortex during Postnatal DevelopmentChowdhury G, Patel AB, Mason GF, Rothman DL, Behar KL. Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurotransmitter Cycling and Energy Metabolism in Rat Cerebral Cortex during Postnatal Development. Cerebrovascular And Brain Metabolism Reviews 2007, 27: 1895-1907. PMID: 17440492, DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600490.
- Evidence that GAD65 mediates increased GABA synthesis during intense neuronal activity in vivoPatel AB, de Graaf RA, Martin DL, Battaglioli G, Behar KL. Evidence that GAD65 mediates increased GABA synthesis during intense neuronal activity in vivo. Journal Of Neurochemistry 2006, 97: 385-396. PMID: 16539672, DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03741.x.
- Neuronal–Glial Glucose Oxidation and Glutamatergic–GABAergic FunctionHyder F, Patel AB, Gjedde A, Rothman DL, Behar KL, Shulman RG. Neuronal–Glial Glucose Oxidation and Glutamatergic–GABAergic Function. Cerebrovascular And Brain Metabolism Reviews 2006, 26: 865-877. PMID: 16407855, DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600263.
- Cerebral pyruvate carboxylase flux is unaltered during bicuculline‐seizuresPatel A, Chowdhury G, de Graaf R, Rothman D, Shulman R, Behar K. Cerebral pyruvate carboxylase flux is unaltered during bicuculline‐seizures. Journal Of Neuroscience Research 2005, 80: 738-738. DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20554.
- Quantitative functional imaging of the brain: towards mapping neuronal activity by BOLD fMRIHyder F, Kida I, Behar K, Kennan R, Maciejewski P, Rothman D. Quantitative functional imaging of the brain: towards mapping neuronal activity by BOLD fMRI. NMR In Biomedicine 2001, 14: 413-431. PMID: 11746934, DOI: 10.1002/nbm.733.
- Glutamine is the major precursor for GABA synthesis in rat neocortex in vivo following acute GABA-transaminase inhibitionPatel A, Rothman D, Cline G, Behar K. Glutamine is the major precursor for GABA synthesis in rat neocortex in vivo following acute GABA-transaminase inhibition. Brain Research 2001, 919: 207-220. PMID: 11701133, DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03015-3.
- In Vivo Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Glutamate-γ-Aminobutyric Acid-Glutamine Cycling in Rodent and Human Cortex: the Central Role of GlutamineBehar K, Rothman D. In Vivo Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Glutamate-γ-Aminobutyric Acid-Glutamine Cycling in Rodent and Human Cortex: the Central Role of Glutamine. Journal Of Nutrition 2001, 131: 2498s-2504s. PMID: 11533301, DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.9.2498s.
- Decrease in GABA synthesis rate in rat cortex following GABA-transaminase inhibition correlates with the decrease in GAD67 proteinMason G, Martin D, Martin S, Manor D, Sibson N, Patel A, Rothman D, Behar K. Decrease in GABA synthesis rate in rat cortex following GABA-transaminase inhibition correlates with the decrease in GAD67 protein. Brain Research 2001, 914: 81-91. PMID: 11578600, DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02778-0.
- Inhibition of Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels Suppresses the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Response to Forepaw Somatosensory Activation in the RodentKida I, Hyder F, Behar K. Inhibition of Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels Suppresses the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Response to Forepaw Somatosensory Activation in the Rodent. Cerebrovascular And Brain Metabolism Reviews 2001, 21: 585-591. PMID: 11333369, DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200105000-00013.
- In vivo13C NMR measurement of neurotransmitter glutamate cycling, anaplerosis and TCA cycle flux in rat brain during [2‐13C]glucose infusionSibson N, Mason G, Shen J, Cline G, Herskovits A, Wall J, Behar K, Rothman D, Shulman R. In vivo13C NMR measurement of neurotransmitter glutamate cycling, anaplerosis and TCA cycle flux in rat brain during [2‐13C]glucose infusion. Journal Of Neurochemistry 2001, 76: 975-989. PMID: 11181817, DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00074.x.
- Differential increase in cerebral cortical glucose oxidative metabolism during rat postnatal development is greater in vivo than in vitroNovotny E, Ariyan C, Mason G, O’Reilly J, Haddad G, Behar K. Differential increase in cerebral cortical glucose oxidative metabolism during rat postnatal development is greater in vivo than in vitro. Brain Research 2001, 888: 193-202. PMID: 11150475, DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03051-1.
- Brain regional development of the activity of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in the ratBuerstatte C, Behar K, Novotny E, Lai J. Brain regional development of the activity of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in the rat. Brain Research 2000, 125: 139-145. PMID: 11154769, DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(00)00134-6.
- Dependence of Oxygen Delivery on Blood Flow in Rat Brain: A 7 Tesla Nuclear Magnetic Resonance StudyHyder F, Kennan R, Kida I, Mason G, Behar K, Rothman D. Dependence of Oxygen Delivery on Blood Flow in Rat Brain: A 7 Tesla Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study. Cerebrovascular And Brain Metabolism Reviews 2000, 20: 485-498. PMID: 10724113, DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200003000-00007.
- In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of the relationship between the glutamate--glutamine neurotransmitter cycle and functional neuroenergeticsRothman D, Sibson N, Hyder F, Shen J, Behar K, Shulman R. In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of the relationship between the glutamate--glutamine neurotransmitter cycle and functional neuroenergetics. Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences 1999, 354: 1165-1177. PMID: 10466144, PMCID: PMC1692640, DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1999.0472.
- Determination of the rate of the glutamate/glutamine cycle in the human brain by in vivo 13C NMRShen J, Petersen K, Behar K, Brown P, Nixon T, Mason G, Petroff O, Shulman G, Shulman R, Rothman D. Determination of the rate of the glutamate/glutamine cycle in the human brain by in vivo 13C NMR. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 1999, 96: 8235-8240. PMID: 10393978, PMCID: PMC22218, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.14.8235.
- Hexokinase in Astrocytes: Kinetic and Regulatory PropertiesLai J, Behar K, Liang B, Hertz L. Hexokinase in Astrocytes: Kinetic and Regulatory Properties. Metabolic Brain Disease 1999, 14: 125-133. PMID: 10488914, DOI: 10.1023/a:1020761831295.
- New NMR measurements in epilepsy. Measuring brain GABA in patients with complex partial seizures.Petroff O, Behar K, Rothman D. New NMR measurements in epilepsy. Measuring brain GABA in patients with complex partial seizures. Advances In Neurology 1999, 79: 939-45. PMID: 10514877.
- Vigabatrin increases human brain homocarnosine and improves seizure controlPetroff O, Mattson R, Behar K, Hyder F, Rothman D. Vigabatrin increases human brain homocarnosine and improves seizure control. Annals Of Neurology 1998, 44: 948-952. PMID: 9851440, DOI: 10.1002/ana.410440614.
- Functional Energy Metabolism:In vivo 13C-NMR Spectroscopy Evidence for Coupling of Cerebral Glucose Consumption and Gl utamatergic Neuronal ActivitySibson N, Shen J, Mason G, Rothman D, Behar K, Shulman R. Functional Energy Metabolism:In vivo 13C-NMR Spectroscopy Evidence for Coupling of Cerebral Glucose Consumption and Gl utamatergic Neuronal Activity. Developmental Neuroscience 1998, 20: 321-330. PMID: 9778568, DOI: 10.1159/000017327.
- 15N-NMR Spectroscopy Studies of Ammonia Transport and Glutamine Synthesis in the Hyperammonemic Rat BrainShen J, Sibson N, Cline G, Behar K, Rothman D, Shulman R. 15N-NMR Spectroscopy Studies of Ammonia Transport and Glutamine Synthesis in the Hyperammonemic Rat Brain. Developmental Neuroscience 1998, 20: 434-443. PMID: 9778582, DOI: 10.1159/000017341.
- Changes in N-acetylaspartate and myo-inositol detected in the cerebral cortex of hamsters with Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseaseBehar K, Boucher R, Fritch W, Manuelidis L. Changes in N-acetylaspartate and myo-inositol detected in the cerebral cortex of hamsters with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1998, 16: 963-968. PMID: 9814779, DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(98)00109-x.
- Mapping Glutamatergic Activity: Stoichiometric Coupling of Brain Glucose Metabolism and Neurotransmitter Glutamate CyclingSibson N, Mason G, Behar K, Rothman D, Shulman R. Mapping Glutamatergic Activity: Stoichiometric Coupling of Brain Glucose Metabolism and Neurotransmitter Glutamate Cycling. NeuroImage 1998, 7: s287. DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(18)31120-0.
- Homocarnosine and the measurement of neuronal pH in patients with epilepsyRothman D, Behar K, Prichard J, Petroff O. Homocarnosine and the measurement of neuronal pH in patients with epilepsy. Magnetic Resonance In Medicine 1997, 38: 924-929. PMID: 9402193, DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910380611.
- Oxidative Glucose Metabolism in Rat Brain During Single Forepaw Stimulation: A Spatially Localized 1H[13C] Nuclear Magnetic Resonance StudyHyder F, Rothman* D, Mason† G, Rangarajan A, Behar‡ K, Shulman R. Oxidative Glucose Metabolism in Rat Brain During Single Forepaw Stimulation: A Spatially Localized 1H[13C] Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study. Cerebrovascular And Brain Metabolism Reviews 1997, 17: 1040-1047. PMID: 9346428, DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199710000-00005.
- In vivo 13C NMR measurements of cerebral glutamine synthesis as evidence for glutamate–glutamine cyclingSibson N, Dhankhar A, Mason G, Behar K, Rothman D, Shulman R. In vivo 13C NMR measurements of cerebral glutamine synthesis as evidence for glutamate–glutamine cycling. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 1997, 94: 2699-2704. PMID: 9122259, PMCID: PMC20152, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.6.2699.
- Chapter 8 alternatives to mass spectrometry for quantitating stable isotopes: Application of nuclear magnetic resonance in brain metabolic researchBehar K. Chapter 8 alternatives to mass spectrometry for quantitating stable isotopes: Application of nuclear magnetic resonance in brain metabolic research. 1997, 26: 141-168. DOI: 10.1016/s0165-7208(97)80155-9.
- The13C isotope and nuclear magnetic resonance: unique tools for the study of brain metabolismMason G, Behar K, Lai J. The13C isotope and nuclear magnetic resonance: unique tools for the study of brain metabolism. Metabolic Brain Disease 1996, 11: 283-313. PMID: 8979250, DOI: 10.1007/bf02029492.
- Human Brain γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Levels and Seizure Control Following Initiation of Vigabatrin TherapyPetroff O, Behar K, Mattson R, Rothman D. Human Brain γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Levels and Seizure Control Following Initiation of Vigabatrin Therapy. Journal Of Neurochemistry 1996, 67: 2399-2404. PMID: 8931472, DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67062399.x.
- Low brain GABA level is associated with poor seizure controlPetroff O, Rothman D, Behar K, Mattson R. Low brain GABA level is associated with poor seizure control. Annals Of Neurology 1996, 40: 908-911. PMID: 9007096, DOI: 10.1002/ana.410400613.
- Human brain GABA levels rise rapidly after initiation of vigabatrin therapyPetroff O, Rothman D, Behar K, Collins T, Mattson R. Human brain GABA levels rise rapidly after initiation of vigabatrin therapy. Neurology 1996, 47: 1567-1571.. PMID: 8960747, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.47.6.1567.
- Short echo time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of macromolecule and metabolite signal intensities in the human brainHwang J, Graham G, Behar K, Alger J, Prichard J, Rothman D. Short echo time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of macromolecule and metabolite signal intensities in the human brain. Magnetic Resonance In Medicine 1996, 35: 633-639. PMID: 8722812, DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910350502.
- Human brain GABA levels rise after initiation of vigabatrin therapy but fail to rise further with increasing dosePetroff O, Rothman D, Behar K, Mattson R. Human brain GABA levels rise after initiation of vigabatrin therapy but fail to rise further with increasing dose. Neurology 1996, 46: 1459-1463. PMID: 8628502, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.46.5.1459.
- The effect of gabapentin on brain gamma‐aminobutyric acid in patients with epilepsyPetroff O, Rothman D, Behar K, Lamoureux D, Mattson R. The effect of gabapentin on brain gamma‐aminobutyric acid in patients with epilepsy. Annals Of Neurology 1996, 39: 95-99. PMID: 8572673, DOI: 10.1002/ana.410390114.
- Initial Observations on Effect of Vigabatrin on In Vivo 1H Spectroscopic Measurements of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid, Glutamate, and Glutamine in Human BrainPetroff O, Rothman D, Behar K, Mattson R. Initial Observations on Effect of Vigabatrin on In Vivo 1H Spectroscopic Measurements of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid, Glutamate, and Glutamine in Human Brain. Epilepsia 1995, 36: 457-464. PMID: 7614922, DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb00486.x.
- Simultaneous Determination of the Rates of the TCA Cycle, Glucose Utilization, α-Ketoglutarate/Glutamate Exchange, and Glutamine Synthesis in Human Brain by NMRMason G, Gruetter R, Rothman D, Behar K, Shulman R, Novotny E. Simultaneous Determination of the Rates of the TCA Cycle, Glucose Utilization, α-Ketoglutarate/Glutamate Exchange, and Glutamine Synthesis in Human Brain by NMR. Cerebrovascular And Brain Metabolism Reviews 1995, 15: 12-25. PMID: 7798329, DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1995.2.
- Vigabatrin: effect on brain GABA levels measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyMattson R, Petroff O, Rothman D, Behar K. Vigabatrin: effect on brain GABA levels measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 1995, 92: 27-30. PMID: 7495186, DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb00496.x.
- Analysis of macromolecule resonances in 1H NMR spectra of human brainBehar K, Rothman D, Spencer D, Petroff O. Analysis of macromolecule resonances in 1H NMR spectra of human brain. Magnetic Resonance In Medicine 1994, 32: 294-302. PMID: 7984061, DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910320304.
- Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Rat Brain during Forepaw StimulationHyder F, Behar K, Martin M, Blamire A, Shulman R. Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Rat Brain during Forepaw Stimulation. Cerebrovascular And Brain Metabolism Reviews 1994, 14: 649-655. PMID: 8014212, DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1994.81.
- Measurement of GABA following GABA‐transaminase inhibition by gabaculine: A 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopic study of rat brain in vivoBehar K, Boehm D. Measurement of GABA following GABA‐transaminase inhibition by gabaculine: A 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopic study of rat brain in vivo. Magnetic Resonance In Medicine 1994, 31: 660-667. PMID: 7914662, DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910310612.
- Cerebral metabolic studies in vivo by combined1H/31P and1H/13C NMR spectroscopic methodsBehar K, Fitzpatrick S, Hetherington H, Shuhnan R. Cerebral metabolic studies in vivo by combined1H/31P and1H/13C NMR spectroscopic methods. Acta Neurochirurgica 1993, 121: 218-218. DOI: 10.1007/bf01809281.
- Characterization of macromolecule resonances in the 1H NMR spectrum of rat brainBehar K, Ogino T. Characterization of macromolecule resonances in the 1H NMR spectrum of rat brain. Magnetic Resonance In Medicine 1993, 30: 38-44. PMID: 8371672, DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910300107.
- Localized 1H NMR measurements of gamma-aminobutyric acid in human brain in vivo.Rothman D, Petroff O, Behar K, Mattson R. Localized 1H NMR measurements of gamma-aminobutyric acid in human brain in vivo. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 1993, 90: 5662-5666. PMID: 8516315, PMCID: PMC46781, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.12.5662.
- Rat Brain Glucose Concentration and Transport Kinetics Determined with 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMason G, Behar K, Martin M, Shulman R. Rat Brain Glucose Concentration and Transport Kinetics Determined with 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. 1993, 331: 29-34. PMID: 8333345, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2920-0_6.
- NMR-Spectroscopic Investigation of Cerebral Reanimation After Prolonged IschemiaHossmann K, Behar K, Rothman D. NMR-Spectroscopic Investigation of Cerebral Reanimation After Prolonged Ischemia. 1993, 21-29. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9266-5_3.
- Glycolysis-Citric Acid Cycle Interrelation: A New Approach and Some Insights in Cellular and Subcellular CompartmentationLai J, Behar K. Glycolysis-Citric Acid Cycle Interrelation: A New Approach and Some Insights in Cellular and Subcellular Compartmentation. Developmental Neuroscience 1993, 15: 181-193. PMID: 7805570, DOI: 10.1159/000111334.
- NMR Determination of the TCA Cycle Rate and α-Ketoglutarate/Glutamate Exchange Rate in Rat BrainMason G, Rothman D, Behar K, Shulman R. NMR Determination of the TCA Cycle Rate and α-Ketoglutarate/Glutamate Exchange Rate in Rat Brain. Cerebrovascular And Brain Metabolism Reviews 1992, 12: 434-447. PMID: 1349022, DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1992.61.
- NMR Determination of Intracerebral Glucose Concentration and Transport Kinetics in Rat BrainMason G, Behar K, Rothman D, Shulman R. NMR Determination of Intracerebral Glucose Concentration and Transport Kinetics in Rat Brain. Cerebrovascular And Brain Metabolism Reviews 1992, 12: 448-455. PMID: 1569138, DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1992.62.
- Assignment of resonances in the 1H spectrum of rat brain by two‐dimensional shift correlated and j‐resolved NMR spectroscopyBehar K, Ogino T. Assignment of resonances in the 1H spectrum of rat brain by two‐dimensional shift correlated and j‐resolved NMR spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance In Medicine 1991, 17: 285-303. PMID: 1676483, DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910170202.
- High Resolution NMR Studies of Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Rats and HumansShulman R, Rothman D, Behar K, Prichard J. High Resolution NMR Studies of Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Rats and Humans. 1991, 291: 5-8. PMID: 1927690, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5931-9_2.
- The Flux from Glucose to Glutamate in the Rat Brain in vivo as Determined by 1-Observed, 13C-Edited NMR SpectroscopyFitzpatrick S, Hetherington H, Behar K, Shulman R. The Flux from Glucose to Glutamate in the Rat Brain in vivo as Determined by 1-Observed, 13C-Edited NMR Spectroscopy. Cerebrovascular And Brain Metabolism Reviews 1990, 10: 170-179. PMID: 1968068, DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1990.32.
- NMR Spectroscopic Investigation of the Recovery of Energy and Acid—Base Homeostasis in the Cat Brain after Prolonged IschemiaBehar K, Rothman D, Hossmann K. NMR Spectroscopic Investigation of the Recovery of Energy and Acid—Base Homeostasis in the Cat Brain after Prolonged Ischemia. Cerebrovascular And Brain Metabolism Reviews 1989, 9: 655-665. PMID: 2777935, DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1989.93.
- Effects of Acute Hyperammonemia on Cerebral Amino Acid Metabolism and pHi In Vivo, Measured by 1H and 31P Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceFitzpatrick S, Hetherington H, Behar K, Shulman R. Effects of Acute Hyperammonemia on Cerebral Amino Acid Metabolism and pHi In Vivo, Measured by 1H and 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Journal Of Neurochemistry 1989, 52: 741-749. PMID: 2563756, DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb02517.x.
- In Vivo NMR Spectroscopy Studies of Cerebral Metabolism in Rats after Portal-Caval Shunting.Fitzpatrick S, Behar K, Shulman R. In Vivo NMR Spectroscopy Studies of Cerebral Metabolism in Rats after Portal-Caval Shunting. 1989, 177-187. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4506-3_12.
- Effects of Hypercarbia and Porta-Caval Shunting on Amino Acids and High Energy Phosphates of the Rat Brain: a 1H and 31P NMR StudyBehar K, Fitzpatrick S. Effects of Hypercarbia and Porta-Caval Shunting on Amino Acids and High Energy Phosphates of the Rat Brain: a 1H and 31P NMR Study. 1989, 189-200. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4506-3_13.
- Combined 1H and 31P NMR Studies of the Rat Brain in Vivo: Effects of Altered Intracellular pH on MetabolismaBEHAR K, ROTHMAN D, FITZPATRICK S, HETHERINGTON H, SHULMAN R. Combined 1H and 31P NMR Studies of the Rat Brain in Vivo: Effects of Altered Intracellular pH on Metabolisma. Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences 1987, 508: 81-88. PMID: 3125776, DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb32896.x.
- Detection of metabolites in rabbit brain by 13C NMR spectroscopy following administration of [1‐13C]glucoseBehar K, Petroff O, Prichard J, Alger J, Shulman R. Detection of metabolites in rabbit brain by 13C NMR spectroscopy following administration of [1‐13C]glucose. Magnetic Resonance In Medicine 1986, 3: 911-920. PMID: 2881185, DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910030611.
- Cerebral metabolism in hyper- and hypocarbia: 31P and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance studies.Petroff O, Prichard J, Behar K, Rothman D, Alger J, Shulman R. Cerebral metabolism in hyper- and hypocarbia: 31P and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Neurology 1985, 35: 1681-8. PMID: 2933595, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.35.12.1681.
- Cerebral intracellular pH by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Petroff O, Prichard J, Behar K, Alger J, den Hollander J, Shulman R. Cerebral intracellular pH by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neurology 1985, 35: 781-8. PMID: 4000479, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.35.6.781.
- Effect of Hypoglycemic Encephalopathy upon Amino Acids, High‐Energy Phosphates, and pHi in the Rat Brain In Vivo: Detection by Sequential 1H and 31P NMR SpectroscopyBehar K, Hollander J, Petroff O, Hetherington H, Prichard J, Shulman R. Effect of Hypoglycemic Encephalopathy upon Amino Acids, High‐Energy Phosphates, and pHi in the Rat Brain In Vivo: Detection by Sequential 1H and 31P NMR Spectroscopy. Journal Of Neurochemistry 1985, 44: 1045-1055. PMID: 2857770, DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb08723.x.
- 1H-Observe/13C-decouple spectroscopic measurements of lactate and glutamate in the rat brain in vivo.Rothman D, Behar K, Hetherington H, Hollander J, Bendall M, Petroff O, Shulman R. 1H-Observe/13C-decouple spectroscopic measurements of lactate and glutamate in the rat brain in vivo. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 1985, 82: 1633-1637. PMID: 2858850, PMCID: PMC397326, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.6.1633.
- Application of multipulse NMR to observe 13C‐labeled metabolites in biological systemsBendall M, Hollander J, Arias‐Mendoza F, Rothman D, Behar K, Shulman R. Application of multipulse NMR to observe 13C‐labeled metabolites in biological systems. Magnetic Resonance In Medicine 1985, 2: 56-64. PMID: 3831677, DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910020107.
- Homonuclear 1H double-resonance difference spectroscopy of the rat brain in vivo.Rothman D, Behar K, Hetherington H, Shulman R. Homonuclear 1H double-resonance difference spectroscopy of the rat brain in vivo. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 1984, 81: 6330-6334. PMID: 6149543, PMCID: PMC391917, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.20.6330.
- In vivo phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in status epilepticusPetroff O, Prichard J, Behar K, Alger J, Shulman R. In vivo phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in status epilepticus. Annals Of Neurology 1984, 16: 169-177. PMID: 6476792, DOI: 10.1002/ana.410160203.
- Surface coil spin-echo spectra without cycling the refocusing pulse through all four phasesRothman D, Behar K, Hollander J, Shulman R. Surface coil spin-echo spectra without cycling the refocusing pulse through all four phases. Journal Of Magnetic Resonance (1969) 1984, 59: 157-159. DOI: 10.1016/0022-2364(84)90294-4.
- Detection of cerebral lactate in vivo during hypoxemia by 1H NMR at relatively low field strengths (1.9 T).Behar K, Rothman D, Shulman R, Petroff O, Prichard J. Detection of cerebral lactate in vivo during hypoxemia by 1H NMR at relatively low field strengths (1.9 T). Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 1984, 81: 2517-2519. PMID: 6585812, PMCID: PMC345093, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.8.2517.
- Use of double-tuned surface coils for the application of 13C NMR to brain metabolismHollander J, Behar K, Shulman R. Use of double-tuned surface coils for the application of 13C NMR to brain metabolism. Journal Of Magnetic Resonance (1969) 1984, 57: 311-313. DOI: 10.1016/0022-2364(84)90132-x.
- Natural-abundance 13C NMR measurement of hepatic glycogen in the living rabbitAlger J, Behar K, Rothman D, Shulman R. Natural-abundance 13C NMR measurement of hepatic glycogen in the living rabbit. Journal Of Magnetic Resonance (1969) 1984, 56: 334-337. DOI: 10.1016/0022-2364(84)90112-4.
- High-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance study of cerebral hypoxia in vivo.Behar K, Hollander J, Stromski M, Ogino T, Shulman R, Petroff O, Prichard J. High-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance study of cerebral hypoxia in vivo. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 1983, 80: 4945-4948. PMID: 6576367, PMCID: PMC384164, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.16.4945.
- Cerebral metabolic studies in vivo by 31P NMR.Prichard J, Alger J, Behar K, Petroff O, Shulman R. Cerebral metabolic studies in vivo by 31P NMR. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 1983, 80: 2748-2751. PMID: 6573678, PMCID: PMC393905, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.9.2748.
- In Vivo Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of MammalsAlger J, Sillerud L, Behar K, Gillies R, Shulman R, Gordon R, Shaw D, Hanley P. In Vivo Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Mammals. Science 1981, 214: 660-662. PMID: 7292005, DOI: 10.1126/science.7292005.
- 13C NMR study of transamination during acetate utilization by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Hollander J, Behar K, Shulman R. 13C NMR study of transamination during acetate utilization by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 1981, 78: 2693-2697. PMID: 7019909, PMCID: PMC319423, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.5.2693.