2023
Calreticulin Regulates SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Turnover and Modulates SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity
Rahimi N, White M, Amraei R, Lotfollahzadeh S, Xia C, Michalak M, Costello C, Mühlberger E. Calreticulin Regulates SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Turnover and Modulates SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity. Cells 2023, 12: 2694. PMID: 38067122, PMCID: PMC10705507, DOI: 10.3390/cells12232694.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSARS-CoV-2 infectivityCardiovascular complicationsS-RBDSARS-CoV-2 infectionEndothelial cellsMajor clinical hallmarksSpike proteinCOVID-19 patientsCoronavirus disease 2019SARS-CoV-2 spike proteinSARS-CoV-2S proteinProteasomal inhibitor bortezomibHuman endothelial cellsShRNA-mediated knockdownCalcium hemostasisClinical hallmarkDisease 2019Inhibitor bortezomibCalcium homeostasisAcidification of lysosomesRole of calreticulinTreatment of cellsProtein levelsComplications
2022
Extracellular vimentin is an attachment factor that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 entry into human endothelial cells
Amraei R, Xia C, Olejnik J, White M, Napoleon M, Lotfollahzadeh S, Hauser B, Schmidt A, Chitalia V, Mühlberger E, Costello C, Rahimi N. Extracellular vimentin is an attachment factor that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 entry into human endothelial cells. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2022, 119: e2113874119. PMID: 35078919, PMCID: PMC8833221, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113874119.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSARS-CoV-2 infectionHuman endothelial cellsSARS-CoV-2 entrySARS-CoV-2S-protein interactionEndothelial cellsIdentification of vimentinShRNA-mediated knockdownIntermediate filament proteinsBinding of vimentinHEK-293 cellsAttachment factorsViral entrySARS-CoV-2 S proteinDevelopment of therapeuticsExtracellular vimentinS protein receptorInfectious SARS-CoV-2Host cellsCellular componentsCoexpression of vimentinFilament proteinsPrimary entry receptorSARS-CoV-2 spike proteinS protein
2021
CD209L/L-SIGN and CD209/DC-SIGN Act as Receptors for SARS-CoV‑2
Amraei R, Yin W, Napoleon M, Suder E, Berrigan J, Zhao Q, Olejnik J, Chandler K, Xia C, Feldman J, Hauser B, Caradonna T, Schmidt A, Gummuluru S, Mühlberger E, Chitalia V, Costello C, Rahimi N. CD209L/L-SIGN and CD209/DC-SIGN Act as Receptors for SARS-CoV‑2. ACS Central Science 2021, 7: 1156-1165. PMID: 34341769, PMCID: PMC8265543, DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01537.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchSARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domainSARS-CoV-2SARS-CoV-2 entryL-SIGNSARS-CoV-2 infectionCD209/DC-SIGNSpike receptor-binding domainAntiviral drug developmentReceptor-binding domainCell typesHuman endothelial cellsDC-SIGNAlternative receptorLow expressionEndothelial cellsImmunofluorescence stainingCD209Virus entryACE2Disease-relevant cell typesProminent expressionCD209LKidney epitheliumReceptorsDrug development