David Snow, PhD
Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry
Research & Publications
Biography
Locations
Research Summary
Research is focused in two areas: (1) studies to identify risk and protective factors (e.g., stressors, traumatic events, coping, social support) that are predictive of psychological symptoms, substance abuse, intimate partner violence, and other behavioral and health outcomes; and (2) studies to examine the effectiveness of interventions implemented in the workplace and other community-based settings at modifying key risk and protective factors and preventing psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and other negative behavioral and health outcomes.
Extensive Research Description
There is increasing interest in the development of workplace preventive interventions as a means of reaching large segments of the adult population to address the potentially adverse effects of work, family, work-family, and other stressors. The spectrum of documented stress-related problems among workers is extensive, ranging from psychological symptoms, including depression, anxiety, and somatic complaints to substance abuse to physical health problems such as heart disease, hypertension, and obesity. These problems are costly to employers, employees and their families as well as to society at large. It is estimated that in the workplace, billions of dollars are lost each year in diminished productivity, high rates of absenteeism, and reduced performance resulting from these types of stress-related problems.
The Yale Work and Family Stress Program was initially established through two grants funded by NIDA and NIAAA (David L. Snow, PI). Based on a risk and protective factor model, these investigations assessed whether an intervention, Coping with Work and Family Stress, aimed at increasing individuals’ use of active coping strategies and social support, reducing stressors and avoidance coping, and enhancing effective stress management approaches led to the prevention or reduction of alcohol and drug use and psychological symptoms. Essential components of the research included: 1) identifying risk and protective factors that are predictive of substance use and psychological symptoms and that can be targeted in subsequent interventions; and 2) assessing the effectiveness of randomized controlled interventions implemented in the workplace. Significant effects of these efficacy trials have been shown in reducing work, family, and work-family stressors, increasing social support from supervisors and coworkers, enhancing the use active coping and decreasing the use of avoidance coping strategies, and in reducing alcohol consumption, smoking and other substance use, and psychological symptoms of anxiety, depression, and somatic complaints. Based on these research findings, Coping with Work and Family Stress was designated by SAMHSA in 2003 as a Model Prevention Program and, more recently (2007), was listed as an evidence-based program by the National Registry of Effective Programs and Practices (NREPP). Building on this phase of research, effectiveness trials are currently underway with new populations and settings, most notably with medical residents in training at university medical schools. In addition to this ongoing research, the program is now in a stage of active dissemination nationally and internationally. Future intervention research will involve: (1) efforts to change risk and protective factors at multiple levels of the organization (individual employee, work group or department, overall organization) in order to achieve even greater effect sizes, (2) to test the efficacy of modified, but related, interventions designed specifically for family caregivers in the workplace, in one instance, and, in another, for women in community settings at risk for HIV/AIDS and substance abuse disorders, (3) to disseminate science-based workplace interventions to military personnel and their families; and 4) to collaborate on a study of the effects of changes in Time and Place Management (TPM) policies (i.e. workplace flexibility) on employee health, well being, and productivity in a large U.S. corporation
The Yale Work and Family Stress Program was initially established through two grants funded by NIDA and NIAAA (David L. Snow, PI). Based on a risk and protective factor model, these investigations assessed whether an intervention, Coping with Work and Family Stress, aimed at increasing individuals’ use of active coping strategies and social support, reducing stressors and avoidance coping, and enhancing effective stress management approaches led to the prevention or reduction of alcohol and drug use and psychological symptoms. Essential components of the research included: 1) identifying risk and protective factors that are predictive of substance use and psychological symptoms and that can be targeted in subsequent interventions; and 2) assessing the effectiveness of randomized controlled interventions implemented in the workplace. Significant effects of these efficacy trials have been shown in reducing work, family, and work-family stressors, increasing social support from supervisors and coworkers, enhancing the use active coping and decreasing the use of avoidance coping strategies, and in reducing alcohol consumption, smoking and other substance use, and psychological symptoms of anxiety, depression, and somatic complaints. Based on these research findings, Coping with Work and Family Stress was designated by SAMHSA in 2003 as a Model Prevention Program and, more recently (2007), was listed as an evidence-based program by the National Registry of Effective Programs and Practices (NREPP). Building on this phase of research, effectiveness trials are currently underway with new populations and settings, most notably with medical residents in training at university medical schools. In addition to this ongoing research, the program is now in a stage of active dissemination nationally and internationally. Future intervention research will involve: (1) efforts to change risk and protective factors at multiple levels of the organization (individual employee, work group or department, overall organization) in order to achieve even greater effect sizes, (2) to test the efficacy of modified, but related, interventions designed specifically for family caregivers in the workplace, in one instance, and, in another, for women in community settings at risk for HIV/AIDS and substance abuse disorders, (3) to disseminate science-based workplace interventions to military personnel and their families; and 4) to collaborate on a study of the effects of changes in Time and Place Management (TPM) policies (i.e. workplace flexibility) on employee health, well being, and productivity in a large U.S. corporation
- Further testing of the efficacy of the Coping with Work and Family Stress intervention on behavioral and physical health outcomes with new populations and within a broader spectrum of settings (e.g., medical students in university settings).
- Testing modifications of the Coping with Work and Family Stress intervention with selected, high-risk populations (e.g., family caregivers in the workplace or women in community settings at risk for AIDS and substance abuse).
- Conducting longitudinal, risk and protective factor research to identify individual and organizational factors predictive of behavioral and physical health outcomes in the general population as well as among an aging workforce.
- Continued collaboration in examining the precursors, correlates, and outcomes of intimate partner violence (both victimization and perpetration) for women and men.
Coauthors
Research Interests
Psychiatry and Psychology
Selected Publications
- Teacher/Student Interactions and Classroom Behavior: The Role of Student Temperament and GenderMcClowry S, Rodriguez E, Tamis-LeMonda C, Spellmann M, Carlson A, Snow D. Teacher/Student Interactions and Classroom Behavior: The Role of Student Temperament and Gender. Journal Of Research In Childhood Education 2013, 27: 283-301. DOI: 10.1080/02568543.2013.796330.
- Factor Structures for Aggression and Victimization Among Women Who Used Aggression Against Male PartnersSwan SC, Gambone LJ, Van Horn ML, Snow DL, Sullivan TP. Factor Structures for Aggression and Victimization Among Women Who Used Aggression Against Male Partners. Violence Against Women 2012, 18: 1045-1066. PMID: 23012348, PMCID: PMC4141777, DOI: 10.1177/1077801212461429.
- P03.08. The case for a well-being program for residents in training: preliminary findingsSaadat H, Snow D, Ottenheimer S, Dai F, Kain Z. P03.08. The case for a well-being program for residents in training: preliminary findings. BMC Complementary Medicine And Therapies 2012, 12: p261. PMCID: PMC3373412, DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-s1-p261.
- Wellness in residentsSAADAT H, SNOW DL, OTTENHEIMER S, DAI F, KAIN ZN. Wellness in residents. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2012, 56: 1130-1138. PMID: 22571514, DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2012.02705.x.
- Developing a Tenant Organization As a Resource in Supported HousingKloos B, Scrimenti K, Masson N, Zimmerman S, Davis B, Snow D. Developing a Tenant Organization As a Resource in Supported Housing. 2012, 206-221. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-137-00304-1_14.
- Testing the Efficacy of INSIGHTS on Student Disruptive Behavior, Classroom Management, and Student Competence in Inner City Primary GradesMcClowry SG, Snow DL, Tamis-LeMonda CS, Rodriguez ET. Testing the Efficacy of INSIGHTS on Student Disruptive Behavior, Classroom Management, and Student Competence in Inner City Primary Grades. School Mental Health 2009, 2: 23-35. PMID: 20234765, PMCID: PMC2830583, DOI: 10.1007/s12310-009-9023-8.
- Does the Inclusion Criterion of Women’s Aggression as Opposed to Their Victimization Result in Samples That Differ on Key Dimensions of Intimate Partner Violence?Sullivan TP, Titus JA, Holt LJ, Swan SC, Fisher BS, Snow DL. Does the Inclusion Criterion of Women’s Aggression as Opposed to Their Victimization Result in Samples That Differ on Key Dimensions of Intimate Partner Violence? Violence Against Women 2009, 16: 84-98. PMID: 19949230, PMCID: PMC2967017, DOI: 10.1177/1077801209353575.
- Why I Hit Him: Women's Reasons for Intimate Partner ViolenceCaldwell JE, Swan SC, Allen CT, Sullivan TP, Snow DL. Why I Hit Him: Women's Reasons for Intimate Partner Violence. Journal Of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma 2009, 18: 672-697. PMID: 21072136, PMCID: PMC2975361, DOI: 10.1080/10926770903231783.
- Relationships Among Women's Use of Aggression, Their Victimization, and Substance Use Problems: A Test of the Moderating Effects of Race/EthnicitySullivan TP, Cavanaugh CE, Ufner MJ, Swan SC, Snow DL. Relationships Among Women's Use of Aggression, Their Victimization, and Substance Use Problems: A Test of the Moderating Effects of Race/Ethnicity. Journal Of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma 2009, 18: 646-666. PMID: 19966947, PMCID: PMC2788967, DOI: 10.1080/10926770903103263.
- Maternal control and sensitivity, child gender, and maternal education in relation to children's behavioral outcomes in African American familiesTamis-LeMonda CS, Briggs RD, McClowry SG, Snow DL. Maternal control and sensitivity, child gender, and maternal education in relation to children's behavioral outcomes in African American families. Journal Of Applied Developmental Psychology 2009, 30: 321-331. PMID: 20161193, PMCID: PMC2729094, DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.018.
- Challenges to the Study of African American Parenting: Conceptualization, Sampling, Research Approaches, Measurement, and DesignTamis-LeMonda C, Briggs R, McClowry S, Snow D. Challenges to the Study of African American Parenting: Conceptualization, Sampling, Research Approaches, Measurement, and Design. Parenting 2008, 8: 319-358. DOI: 10.1080/15295190802612599.
- A Review of Research on Women's Use of Violence With Male Intimate PartnersSwan SC, Gambone LJ, Caldwell JE, Sullivan TP, Snow DL. A Review of Research on Women's Use of Violence With Male Intimate Partners. Violence And Victims 2008, 23: 301-314. PMID: 18624096, PMCID: PMC2968709, DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.23.3.301.
- Community-Level HIV Prevention for Persons with Severe Mental Illness Living in Supportive Housing ProgramsSikkema K, Meade C, Doughty-Berry J, Zimmerman S, Kloos B, Snow D. Community-Level HIV Prevention for Persons with Severe Mental Illness Living in Supportive Housing Programs. Journal Of Prevention & Intervention In The Community 2007, 33: 121-135. PMID: 17298935, DOI: 10.1300/j005v33n01_10.
- The Development of a Theory of Women’s Use of Violence in Intimate RelationshipsSwan SC, Snow DL. The Development of a Theory of Women’s Use of Violence in Intimate Relationships. Violence Against Women 2006, 12: 1026-1045. PMID: 17043365, DOI: 10.1177/1077801206293330.
- The Role of Coping and Problem Drinking in Men's Abuse of Female Partners: Test of a Path ModelSnow DL, Sullivan TP, Swan SC, Tate DC, Klein I. The Role of Coping and Problem Drinking in Men's Abuse of Female Partners: Test of a Path Model. Violence And Victims 2006, 21: 267-285. PMID: 16761854, DOI: 10.1891/vivi.21.3.267.
- Negotiating Risk: Knowledge and Use of HIV Prevention by Persons With Serious Mental Illness Living in Supportive HousingKloos B, Gross S, Meese K, Meade C, Doughty J, Hawkins D, Zimmerman S, Snow D, Sikkema K. Negotiating Risk: Knowledge and Use of HIV Prevention by Persons With Serious Mental Illness Living in Supportive Housing. American Journal Of Community Psychology 2005, 36: 357-372. PMID: 16389505, PMCID: PMC2621357, DOI: 10.1007/s10464-005-8631-1.
- An Evaluation of the Effects of INSIGHTS on the Behavior of Inner City Primary School ChildrenMcClowry S, Snow D, Tamis-LeMonda C. An Evaluation of the Effects of INSIGHTS on the Behavior of Inner City Primary School Children. Journal Of Prevention 2005, 26: 567-584. PMID: 16237502, PMCID: PMC1425905, DOI: 10.1007/s10935-005-0015-7.
- PRECURSORS AND CORRELATES OF WOMEN'S VIOLENCE: CHILD ABUSE TRAUMATIZATION, VICTIMIZATION OF WOMEN, AVOIDANCE COPING, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMSSullivan T, Meese K, Swan S, Mazure C, Snow D. PRECURSORS AND CORRELATES OF WOMEN'S VIOLENCE: CHILD ABUSE TRAUMATIZATION, VICTIMIZATION OF WOMEN, AVOIDANCE COPING, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS. Psychology Of Women Quarterly 2005, 29: 290-301. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00223.x.
- Women Who Use Violence in Intimate Relationships: The Role of Anger, Victimization, and Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress and DepressionSwan SC, Gambone LJ, Fields AM, Sullivan TP, Snow DL. Women Who Use Violence in Intimate Relationships: The Role of Anger, Victimization, and Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress and Depression. Violence And Victims 2005, 20: 267-285. PMID: 16180367, DOI: 10.1891/vivi.20.3.267.
- The Mediational Role of Relationship Efficacy and Resource Utilization in the Link Between Physical and Psychological Abuse and Relationship TerminationRaghavan C, Swan SC, Snow DL, Mazure CM. The Mediational Role of Relationship Efficacy and Resource Utilization in the Link Between Physical and Psychological Abuse and Relationship Termination. Violence Against Women 2005, 11: 65-88. PMID: 16043541, DOI: 10.1177/1077801204271514.
- The relationship of work stressors, coping and social support to psychological symptoms among female secretarial employeesSnow D, Swan S, Raghavan C, Connell C, Klein I. The relationship of work stressors, coping and social support to psychological symptoms among female secretarial employees. Work & Stress 2003, 17: 241-263. DOI: 10.1080/02678370310001625630.
- Behavioral and Psychological Differences Among Abused Women Who Use Violence in Intimate RelationshipsSwan S, Snow D. Behavioral and Psychological Differences Among Abused Women Who Use Violence in Intimate Relationships. Violence Against Women 2003, 9: 75-109. DOI: 10.1177/1077801202238431.
- Patterns of Substance Use in Early Through Late AdolescenceZapert K, Snow DL, Tebes JK. Patterns of Substance Use in Early Through Late Adolescence. American Journal Of Community Psychology 2002, 30: 835-852. PMID: 12385485, DOI: 10.1023/a:1020257103376.
- A Typology of Women's Use of Violence in Intimate RelationshipsSwan S, Snow D. A Typology of Women's Use of Violence in Intimate Relationships. Violence Against Women 2002, 8: 286-319. DOI: 10.1177/107780120200800302.
- A Perspective on Ethical Issues in Community PsychologySnow D, Grady K, Goyette-Ewing M. A Perspective on Ethical Issues in Community Psychology. 2000, 897-917. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4193-6_36.
- Impact of Two Social-Cognitive Interventions to Prevent Adolescent Substance Use: Test of an Amenability to Treatment ModelSnow D, Tebes J, Ayers T. Impact of Two Social-Cognitive Interventions to Prevent Adolescent Substance Use: Test of an Amenability to Treatment Model. Journal Of Drug Education 1997, 27: 1-17. PMID: 9150627, DOI: 10.2190/ca52-xlul-nhgy-pw26.
- Panel Accretion and External Validity in Adolescent Substance Use ResearchTebes J, Snow D, Ayers T, Arthur M. Panel Accretion and External Validity in Adolescent Substance Use Research. Evaluation Review 1996, 20: 470-484. PMID: 10183258, DOI: 10.1177/0193841x9602000405.
- Effects of a worksite coping skills intervention on the stress, social support, and health outcomes of working mothers.Kline ML, Snow DL. Effects of a worksite coping skills intervention on the stress, social support, and health outcomes of working mothers. The Journal Of Primary Prevention 1994, 15: 105-21. PMID: 24254465, DOI: 10.1007/BF02197142.
- Panel Attrition and External Validity in Adolescent Substance Use ResearchSnow D, Tebes J, Arthur M. Panel Attrition and External Validity in Adolescent Substance Use Research. Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology 1992, 60: 804-807. PMID: 1401398, DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.60.5.804.
- Two-Year Follow-up of a Social-Cognitive Intervention to Prevent Substance UseSnow D, Tebes J, Arthur M, Tapasak R. Two-Year Follow-up of a Social-Cognitive Intervention to Prevent Substance Use. Journal Of Drug Education 1992, 22: 101-114. PMID: 1625111, DOI: 10.2190/t3bf-5xrl-ex6p-wntf.
- Panel Attrition and External Validity in the Short-Term Follow-Up Study of Adolescent Substance UseTebes J, Snow D, Arthur M. Panel Attrition and External Validity in the Short-Term Follow-Up Study of Adolescent Substance Use. Evaluation Review 1992, 16: 151-170. DOI: 10.1177/0193841x9201600203.
- Experimental and quasi-experimental designs in prevention research.Snow D, Tebes J. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs in prevention research. NIDA Research Monograph 1991, 107: 140-58. PMID: 1922303.
- Parent Training in Decision-Making Facilitation: Skill Acquisition and Relationship to GenderTebes J, Grady K, Snow D. Parent Training in Decision-Making Facilitation: Skill Acquisition and Relationship to Gender. Family Relations 1989, 38: 243. DOI: 10.2307/585047.
- Social-Cognitive Skill Development with Sixth Graders and its Initial Impact on Substance UseGersick K, Grady K, Snow D. Social-Cognitive Skill Development with Sixth Graders and its Initial Impact on Substance Use. Journal Of Drug Education 1988, 18: 55-70. PMID: 3385569, DOI: 10.2190/tpnd-4h44-hl8u-453t.
- A key informant needs assessment of an adult population: Application to consultation and prevention programsSnow D, Gersick K, Leslie L, Lyons M, Russell D, Adkins E, Kazak A. A key informant needs assessment of an adult population: Application to consultation and prevention programs. Journal Of Community Psychology 1987, 15: 161-175. DOI: 10.1002/1520-6629(198704)15:2<161::aid-jcop2290150207>3.0.co;2-x.
- The Emergence of Adolescent Substance UseGrady K, Gersick K, Snow D, Kessen M. The Emergence of Adolescent Substance Use. Journal Of Drug Education 1986, 16: 203-220. PMID: 3772678, DOI: 10.2190/elar-n5pw-bh6a-vd39.
- Task, social structure, and social process in the community mental health center movement.Snow DL, Newton PM. Task, social structure, and social process in the community mental health center movement. The American Psychologist 1976, 31: 582-94. PMID: 795330.