The Office of Collaborative Excellence - Bringing the Future into Focus
May 28, 2026Information
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- 14255
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Transcript
- 00:00Really delighted to have three
- 00:02leaders from the Office of
- 00:03Collaborative Excellence joining us today.
- 00:05We usually,
- 00:06have Darren, come in,
- 00:09every year to our seminar
- 00:10and kinda give us an
- 00:11update on the many things
- 00:12that his office is doing.
- 00:14But this has been a
- 00:15particularly active year in terms
- 00:17of,
- 00:18all kinds of work related
- 00:20to kinda transitioning their office
- 00:23and new initiatives that they're
- 00:24doing. So we thought it
- 00:25would be great to have
- 00:26them,
- 00:27provide some updates.
- 00:29And, Darren is for those
- 00:31of you don't know is
- 00:32the deputy dean for collaborative
- 00:33excellence and professor of internal
- 00:36medicine.
- 00:37He'll be joined by Ariadne
- 00:39Foray who's a professor of
- 00:40psychiatry and the associate dean,
- 00:43and the director of, women
- 00:45in medicine and science.
- 00:47And Ni Adi who is
- 00:48an associate professor of psychiatry
- 00:50and the director of faculty
- 00:52development and collaborative excellence.
- 00:54And I didn't know if
- 00:55you were going to lead
- 00:56off Darren or?
- 00:59Yes, I am. Thank you
- 01:00so much for joining us
- 01:01today,
- 01:02to talk about the Office
- 01:03of Collaborative Excellence and as
- 01:05was just stated, I'll be
- 01:07joined by my colleagues doctor
- 01:08Ferre and doctor Addy.
- 01:10I'm gonna do a whirlwind,
- 01:12I'm gonna be honest with
- 01:13you, just to give you
- 01:15a high level view of
- 01:17what we are working on.
- 01:19I'm gonna start with kind
- 01:21of the overall
- 01:22office, but then I'm gonna
- 01:23focus in on specifically
- 01:25things that benefit faculty.
- 01:28Hopefully, we'll have time at
- 01:29the end after all three
- 01:30of us have presented for
- 01:32your questions.
- 01:33This is just to give
- 01:34you an overview of the
- 01:35office. So for those of
- 01:37you who think that we
- 01:38have are are worried that
- 01:40the institution may have cut
- 01:41back on its,
- 01:43dedication
- 01:44and resources to this work,
- 01:46in no way has that
- 01:47happened.
- 01:48I just wanna give you
- 01:50all the different areas that
- 01:51our office is working on.
- 01:52I'll hone in again, on
- 01:54the ones that are more
- 01:55pertinent to you.
- 01:57So coaching,
- 01:58is something that we do.
- 01:59We do cohort style,
- 02:01and, I assume Arianna will
- 02:03talk a little bit more
- 02:04about that, the work that
- 02:05we're doing with, doctor,
- 02:08Darren David.
- 02:09I do individual coaching, and
- 02:11I'll talk more about that
- 02:12as we progress.
- 02:14A new initiative
- 02:15is cultivating conversations.
- 02:17I'll talk a little bit
- 02:18more about that as we
- 02:19progress.
- 02:22What used to be called
- 02:23the diversity champions are now
- 02:25called ACES. There is one
- 02:26embedded in each of your
- 02:28departments,
- 02:29and they should be a
- 02:30resource for you. Their goal
- 02:32is to help work on
- 02:33culture climate.
- 02:37We have a few discrimination
- 02:39harassment resource coordinators. I'll show
- 02:41you the names later. And
- 02:42this is title six, title
- 02:44seven.
- 02:46As we do have a
- 02:47couple of title nine coordinators
- 02:48at the school, and this
- 02:50is anything sexual or gender
- 02:52misconduct
- 02:53or inappropriate behavior.
- 02:56Doctor Ferre will talk about
- 02:58OEM, so I won't say
- 02:59more about that.
- 03:01ELCencia
- 03:02is a learner facing program,
- 03:05so I won't talk a
- 03:06lot about that.
- 03:09Our office of collaborative excellence
- 03:11and student engagement is our
- 03:12student facing office. It is
- 03:14housed in Harkness
- 03:15and works with the MD,
- 03:17MD, PhD, and PA students.
- 03:20For those of you who
- 03:21do work that touches on
- 03:23collaborative excellence,
- 03:24our con our communication specialist
- 03:27is someone who has been
- 03:28helpful
- 03:29in helping people in the
- 03:30language they they use external
- 03:33facing
- 03:34in order not to have
- 03:36detractors, quite frankly,
- 03:37and to make sure that
- 03:39they are conveying their message
- 03:41in a way if they
- 03:41truly want to.
- 03:44For those of you who
- 03:45are in the basic sciences,
- 03:47and have DBS graduate students,
- 03:48we have someone who works
- 03:50specifically with that population.
- 03:53Meet Addy is gonna talk
- 03:54about faculty development and collaborative
- 03:56excellence, so I won't be
- 03:57speaking to that.
- 03:58And then lastly, I will
- 04:00show you the affinity groups
- 04:01that we help support.
- 04:03This is not for you
- 04:04to memorize, just for you
- 04:06to see that there is
- 04:07someone
- 04:08who is an ace in
- 04:09each department, including the one
- 04:11that you are affiliated with,
- 04:13and ship your resource to
- 04:15you if you're finding that
- 04:16you have culture climate issues
- 04:18in that department.
- 04:20So how do we get
- 04:21to our new mission statement?
- 04:22How do we get to
- 04:23our new name?
- 04:27Actually, in the
- 04:30the time prior to the
- 04:31actual elections, the presidential elections,
- 04:34I was looking at polling
- 04:36and really realizing that we
- 04:38were losing those people who
- 04:40did what historically was called
- 04:41DEI work,
- 04:43really losing the narrative.
- 04:45And that we really needed
- 04:46to get back to the
- 04:47basics
- 04:48and define our work for
- 04:50ourselves.
- 04:51And so a group of
- 04:52the ACEs actually got together,
- 04:55and we reviewed the school's
- 04:56mission statement,
- 04:59the school's core values,
- 05:01guiding principles for our work,
- 05:03and we actually,
- 05:05created this language.
- 05:06The goal was to actually
- 05:08talk about this in a
- 05:10a positive way.
- 05:12Often, even those who do
- 05:13this work talk about it
- 05:15in a with deficit language,
- 05:17which is not helpful.
- 05:20That group, which I would
- 05:22call,
- 05:23a working group,
- 05:24we met four times.
- 05:27We met to talk about
- 05:28how our work intersects
- 05:30the mission statement and the
- 05:32core values.
- 05:33We've talked about what are
- 05:35the school of medicine outputs
- 05:37and how we help facilitate
- 05:39that and drive that. And
- 05:41then we actually, based on
- 05:42that,
- 05:43came up with the first
- 05:44draft
- 05:45of a, mission statement
- 05:48for our office.
- 05:50The goal here explicitly
- 05:52is to connect
- 05:54our work
- 05:55to all of the missions
- 05:57of the school, and not
- 05:58to have our work over
- 06:00here and all the other
- 06:01missions over there.
- 06:04After creating a new mission
- 06:06statement that really aligned our
- 06:08work with,
- 06:10the the mission of the
- 06:11school and its values. Then
- 06:12we started talking about
- 06:14the,
- 06:16the name of our office.
- 06:17And again,
- 06:18I
- 06:19had come to the conclusion,
- 06:21as many others, that actually
- 06:24the acronym, DEI,
- 06:27perfectly legal,
- 06:29definitely valuable work, but was
- 06:32becoming a distraction.
- 06:33And so we had
- 06:35focus groups with all the
- 06:36groups that I actually am
- 06:37showing here,
- 06:39and we started talking about
- 06:41what is a name that
- 06:42actually represent what we did.
- 06:44And this was done in
- 06:45an iterative process.
- 06:46So let's just say the
- 06:47first group, Jack, we met
- 06:48with them, came up with
- 06:50what words
- 06:51actually really resonate with them
- 06:53that actually,
- 06:55in their mindset,
- 06:57will describe the work that
- 06:58we were doing in the
- 06:59office, the pluses and the
- 07:00minuses, and I would take
- 07:02whatever that was to the
- 07:04next group as a starting
- 07:05point to get their feedback,
- 07:08etcetera, etcetera. It was a
- 07:09very democratic process.
- 07:12Lots of people weighed in.
- 07:14And once we had something
- 07:15that we felt comfortable with,
- 07:17we presented it to the
- 07:18dean, senior leadership at the
- 07:19medical school, senior leadership on
- 07:21main campus.
- 07:23And that is how we
- 07:24came up with the office
- 07:25of collaborative excellence. It was
- 07:27not an on high
- 07:29imposed upon us. It truly
- 07:31was a democratic process.
- 07:34How can the office and
- 07:35I help you specifically as
- 07:37faculty members?
- 07:39So one of the things
- 07:40that I do is coaching,
- 07:42mentorship, and sponsorship.
- 07:44And this can look like
- 07:46many different things. So I
- 07:47literally in the last week
- 07:49can tell you I've had
- 07:50a person who's come to
- 07:51me saying,
- 07:52I'm not getting I don't
- 07:53feel that I'm getting the
- 07:54resources that I need to
- 07:55actually be successful in my
- 07:57science.
- 07:58Somebody who feels that they're
- 07:59not being treated appropriately based
- 08:01on their identities in their
- 08:03department.
- 08:04Somebody who just found out
- 08:06is devastating to them that
- 08:07they have a learning disability
- 08:09even though they're a faculty
- 08:10member at Yale and quite
- 08:11accomplished.
- 08:12What does that mean? Etcetera,
- 08:14etcetera. And I help people
- 08:16work through those things either
- 08:18using a coaching approach or
- 08:19a mentorship approach.
- 08:21Also,
- 08:22some people are referred to
- 08:24me
- 08:25by OAPD or OEIA
- 08:27or their department chair
- 08:29because,
- 08:30some coaching and mentorship
- 08:32around
- 08:32collaborative excellence issues
- 08:34could help that individual grow.
- 08:37Title nine coordinators, we have
- 08:39four at the school. Two
- 08:41of them are embedded in
- 08:42the office, as you can
- 08:44see by there with Arianna
- 08:45and myself.
- 08:46Discrimination and harassment resource coordinators,
- 08:49we have five at the
- 08:50school of medicine,
- 08:52of which three are embedded
- 08:54in our office, Corina, Marietta,
- 08:56and myself.
- 08:58Other things that we actually
- 09:00can do to be helpful
- 09:01for you, professional and development,
- 09:04opportunities. I'm gonna talk about
- 09:05a couple that are coming
- 09:06up.
- 09:07So, the next slide or
- 09:09two may be of interest
- 09:10to you. We also our
- 09:12office has a lot of
- 09:13professional development workshops
- 09:15to help people grow. And
- 09:17then lastly, I talked about
- 09:18already a little bit, our
- 09:19communications
- 09:20person helping people with public
- 09:22facing content
- 09:24that relates to the work
- 09:25of collaborative excellence.
- 09:28So if you happen to
- 09:29be an early career faculty
- 09:31member, you may be interested.
- 09:32The double AMC
- 09:34has a leadership development series.
- 09:36I'll be honest with you.
- 09:38Historically, it had a
- 09:40minority
- 09:42early career series. It had
- 09:43a women in medicine early
- 09:45career series. Now with the
- 09:47current environment that we are
- 09:49in and and interpretation
- 09:50of discrimination,
- 09:52they now have a
- 09:53WMC early career faculty development
- 09:56series.
- 09:57We will be
- 09:59partially funding,
- 10:01a a a group of
- 10:02people who choose to sign
- 10:04up and go to this.
- 10:05I can tell you historically,
- 10:07this was very well received
- 10:09and people felt that they
- 10:10got a lot out of
- 10:11it.
- 10:12The second one is for
- 10:13mid career faculty. The conversations
- 10:16will be more appropriate
- 10:18for mid career.
- 10:19Our approach will be the
- 10:20same. We will fund x
- 10:23number of people or partially
- 10:24fund x number of people.
- 10:25So you will still need
- 10:27to get some funding from
- 10:28your department
- 10:29and or,
- 10:30self pay, but we will
- 10:31help pay for x number
- 10:33of registrations.
- 10:36Nee Adi,
- 10:37I,
- 10:38partner with the provost on
- 10:40the faculty success
- 10:41program.
- 10:42This one, we historically have
- 10:44fully paid for because we
- 10:45pay half, the provost office
- 10:47pays half.
- 10:48If,
- 10:50research is a significant part
- 10:52of your portfolio,
- 10:53this is something you should
- 10:55seriously
- 10:56consider.
- 10:57I have only heard really
- 11:00high marks. The goal of
- 11:01this program, which is multi
- 11:03pronged, it's online, but the
- 11:05goal is to really help
- 11:06you become more efficient,
- 11:08in your scientific writing
- 11:10and productivity.
- 11:11And as you can see,
- 11:12ninety four percent of people
- 11:14who participate
- 11:15say that they did become
- 11:16more productive.
- 11:18And I would love to
- 11:20figure out how they have
- 11:21increased work life balance for
- 11:23ninety percent of the people
- 11:24because I'm still working on
- 11:25that on a personal level.
- 11:30The faculty organizations
- 11:32at Yale that you may
- 11:33or may not wanna, be
- 11:34part participate in are,
- 11:37the ones on the board.
- 11:38The Asian one is school
- 11:40of med Yale University wide.
- 11:42SWIM is the school of
- 11:44medicine.
- 11:45DAC is the school of
- 11:46medicine, public health, nursing.
- 11:49Moore is the school of
- 11:51medicine only. And the Jewish
- 11:53academic and friends is Yale
- 11:55University wide.
- 11:57All of them, no matter
- 11:58if they're,
- 11:59only Yale or larger, our
- 12:02office helps support either economically,
- 12:05administratively,
- 12:06or both.
- 12:08We also
- 12:09attend national conferences. I'm looking
- 12:11forward to going to the
- 12:12NMA in the, near future.
- 12:14And the goal for us
- 12:15going to these national conferences
- 12:17is to hopefully identify
- 12:19and encourage
- 12:20talented,
- 12:22faculty
- 12:23to consider coming to Yale.
- 12:26Upon request, we will,
- 12:28help search committees,
- 12:30either in consultation
- 12:33or doing training. And upon
- 12:35request, we will actually meet
- 12:37with candidates. Again, those latter
- 12:39two are request by the
- 12:41department.
- 12:44Where we're actually moving currently
- 12:47is sort of reimagining
- 12:49our work, not in any
- 12:51way shape or form walking
- 12:52away from the priorities we
- 12:54had before, but trying to
- 12:55be much more inclusive
- 12:57in how we do it.
- 12:59The university
- 13:00has these three focus areas
- 13:02that they're gonna be looking
- 13:03at over the next couple
- 13:04of years, from a culture
- 13:06climate perspective.
- 13:07Building capacity,
- 13:09strengthening collaborations,
- 13:10deepening,
- 13:11connections.
- 13:13The ACEs that I showed
- 13:14you the pictures of earlier
- 13:17have actually formed six working
- 13:19groups
- 13:20to look at different things,
- 13:21which I'll show you what
- 13:22they're looking at specifically,
- 13:24but they map to these
- 13:26three
- 13:27things.
- 13:32So currently,
- 13:34we are have focus groups
- 13:36in these six areas.
- 13:38I'm only gonna talk about
- 13:39the two that are bolder
- 13:40because they will affect faculty
- 13:42most. But I will tell
- 13:43you that we have,
- 13:45work going on in all
- 13:46of these areas.
- 13:48Hopefully, we will have finalized
- 13:50reports soon to actually present
- 13:52to leadership. The two that'll
- 13:54affect you most is cultivating
- 13:55conversations
- 13:56and building community through dialogue.
- 13:59So we are
- 14:01creating
- 14:02or offering
- 14:03multiple
- 14:04offerings
- 14:05with the goal of helping
- 14:07our community,
- 14:09gain skills and actually communicating
- 14:12across difference.
- 14:13This is a national problem,
- 14:15not a Yale School of
- 14:16Medicine issue,
- 14:18but it is something that
- 14:20we're finding
- 14:21that,
- 14:22some work, can can happen.
- 14:24And we're also
- 14:25having,
- 14:27workshops to help faculty facilitate
- 14:31when they're doing small groups
- 14:33with, on contentious topics with
- 14:35learners, how to better do
- 14:37that facilitation.
- 14:38The coaching mentorship sponsorship, we
- 14:41have a working group that's
- 14:42working with a lot of
- 14:43the affinity groups. We've also
- 14:45consulted with OAPD
- 14:47also.
- 14:48In looking at
- 14:50what are the departments that
- 14:51are doing the mentorship and
- 14:52sponsorship
- 14:53best,
- 14:54and,
- 14:55with the goal of creating
- 14:57a set of recommendations
- 14:59to present to senior leadership
- 15:01and then ultimately
- 15:03to the department chairs with
- 15:05the hope that they will
- 15:06adopt
- 15:07the recommendations that make the
- 15:09most sense for their individual
- 15:11departments.
- 15:14And with that, I'm going
- 15:15to hand it over to
- 15:16my colleague, Arianna.
- 15:20Thank you so much, Darren.
- 15:21So, hopefully, you know, we're
- 15:23just gonna be picking up,
- 15:24kinda where where Darren left
- 15:26off as it were,
- 15:28because a lot of the
- 15:29work that I'm doing really
- 15:30is collaborating across sort of
- 15:32the office of collaborative excellence
- 15:34and also as well with,
- 15:36OAPD and other offices across,
- 15:40the medical school and the
- 15:41university. Alright. Why oh, sorry,
- 15:43Darren. Can you advance? I
- 15:44was trying I was hitting
- 15:45my arrows, and they weren't
- 15:46moving forward. Okay. Thank you.
- 15:48So,
- 15:49one of the things to
- 15:50tell you about the office
- 15:51of the of for women
- 15:52in medicine and science is
- 15:53that actually is the first
- 15:55office of its kind in
- 15:56the United States. It was
- 15:57founded in nineteen seventy five
- 16:00by Phyllis Bodell.
- 16:02And so we are fortunate
- 16:03to, you know, have the
- 16:04original office for women in
- 16:05medicine and science. And I,
- 16:08took on the role of
- 16:09leading the office,
- 16:11almost a year ago now.
- 16:13And so
- 16:14when I started, really, this
- 16:16was sort of my vision
- 16:17of what the areas of
- 16:18focus for the office would
- 16:19be. And as you can
- 16:20see, there's a lot of
- 16:21intersection with a lot of
- 16:22what Darren was mentioning. Right?
- 16:23So really focusing on mentorship,
- 16:26sponsorship, and coaching,
- 16:28career development, increased representation in
- 16:30leadership,
- 16:31and well-being and work life
- 16:33integration. I don't call it
- 16:34balance because I don't think
- 16:35there is such a thing.
- 16:37Next slide, please.
- 16:39So here, we just kinda
- 16:40go into a little bit
- 16:41more detail in terms of
- 16:42kinda what are the things
- 16:43that I'm I'm hoping to,
- 16:45accomplish. And then, you know,
- 16:47later on, we'll talk about
- 16:48some more specific things that
- 16:49we're developing. But in terms
- 16:51of mentorship, you know, we,
- 16:54currently had previous to me
- 16:56coming on board to the
- 16:57office. Darren David had led,
- 17:00these,
- 17:01the leadership development,
- 17:03programs
- 17:05that were initially targeted for
- 17:06early career, and then subsequently,
- 17:08she added a mid career.
- 17:09And one of the things
- 17:10that has come out of
- 17:11some of the focus groups
- 17:13that I've, done over the
- 17:14year, which I'll talk about
- 17:15in a little bit, is
- 17:16really expanding that beyond that.
- 17:17So it's really sort of
- 17:19continuing some of the existing
- 17:20programs and, like I said,
- 17:21also building on it.
- 17:24And, again, I think one
- 17:25of the things is not
- 17:26to really reinvent the wheel.
- 17:27So a lot of this
- 17:28is collaboration with folks already,
- 17:30doing some of this work
- 17:31and thinking about kinda how
- 17:33to better support those folks
- 17:35that identify
- 17:36as women in the medical
- 17:38school. But, again, all of
- 17:39our programming is available and
- 17:40open for everyone.
- 17:42In terms of sponsorship, this
- 17:43is an area that we
- 17:45think is really important as
- 17:46kinda Darren mentioned, and I
- 17:48will touch on it more,
- 17:50you know, when we talk
- 17:51about some of the initiatives.
- 17:52But I think, really, this
- 17:54is a key factor, particularly,
- 17:57as it relates to, ultimately
- 17:59having folks be able to
- 18:01move up and advance in
- 18:02terms of promotion and leadership
- 18:03as well. So a lot
- 18:04of these things are really
- 18:05integrated.
- 18:06And in terms of coaching,
- 18:08right, part of that leadership
- 18:09development program include that Darren
- 18:11David runs for our office,
- 18:13you know,
- 18:14include some coaching. And, hopefully,
- 18:15one of the things that
- 18:16we will do going forward
- 18:17is also expanding and providing
- 18:19more individual
- 18:20level coaching around issues that,
- 18:23individuals that identify as women
- 18:25might experience.
- 18:26Next, please.
- 18:29So in terms of career
- 18:30development, again, a lot of
- 18:31these things are intersecting
- 18:32with, other initiatives across,
- 18:35the medical school.
- 18:37But I think one of
- 18:37the things is really continuing
- 18:39to,
- 18:41you know, offer
- 18:43targeted
- 18:45sort of speakers or programming
- 18:47and networking opportunities
- 18:50for those that identify as
- 18:51women or those underrepresented
- 18:52in medicine and science.
- 18:54That was, I think, one
- 18:55of the things that the
- 18:56office did a really nice
- 18:57job prior to me taking
- 18:58on, and it's one of
- 18:59the things they wanna continue
- 19:00to work on. And one
- 19:01of the things that I
- 19:02think is really critical
- 19:03is that I heard from
- 19:05a lot of folks
- 19:06is, as we did some
- 19:07of the focus groups, is
- 19:08really kinda curating and at
- 19:10least
- 19:11having,
- 19:12some
- 19:14place a launching place for
- 19:16some of these resources that
- 19:17exist across the medical school
- 19:18and kinda how to integrate
- 19:20them. And in fact, I'm
- 19:20in part of one of
- 19:21the working groups that Darren
- 19:22mentioned where we're trying to
- 19:24work on sort of building
- 19:25collaboration across departments, but that
- 19:28also,
- 19:29you know, requires kinda integrating
- 19:31kinda available resources. So that's
- 19:33sort of one way in
- 19:34which we're doing that. Again,
- 19:35not reinventing the wheel, but
- 19:36maybe potentially just pulling together
- 19:38resources that are available and
- 19:39links to existing resources.
- 19:41And, again, this would be,
- 19:42again, in collaboration with a
- 19:44lot of folks across,
- 19:46the medical school, including,
- 19:49Sam's office
- 19:50and it as well as,
- 19:51for example, the the work
- 19:52that that Nhi is doing
- 19:53that he'll talk more about.
- 19:55Next slide, please.
- 19:58And in terms of increasing
- 19:59representation and leadership, again, a
- 20:01lot of this kinda goes
- 20:02hand in hand with some
- 20:03of the other things that
- 20:04I'm mentioning in terms of
- 20:06creating resources for career development,
- 20:08mentorship, sponsorship,
- 20:11and and coaching. But I
- 20:12think,
- 20:13you know, again, working,
- 20:15closely with with Dingwall, as
- 20:17as I mentioned, is gonna
- 20:18be a key component to
- 20:19this. And that's one of
- 20:20the things that we're actively
- 20:22working on is kind of
- 20:23having a good
- 20:25creating
- 20:26a database for us to
- 20:27be able to kinda see
- 20:28the progression of folks across,
- 20:30their career and in terms
- 20:31of promotion.
- 20:33And I think one of
- 20:33the things,
- 20:35would be really important, again,
- 20:36is to really help promote
- 20:39leadership is having targeted leadership
- 20:41development resources.
- 20:42And part of it is
- 20:43kind of expanding our leadership
- 20:45coaching that Darren David already,
- 20:47does and is also expanding
- 20:49on some of the sponsorship.
- 20:51Next, please.
- 20:53And then, again, finally, this
- 20:55is one of the topics
- 20:56that, as I go through
- 20:57some of the findings to
- 20:58our focus groups, it really
- 20:59was highlighted
- 21:00by
- 21:02folks across the board. So,
- 21:03again, my office doesn't only
- 21:04represent faculty. It also represents
- 21:07trainees,
- 21:08postdocs, and staff across the
- 21:10medical school. And across the
- 21:12board, this is one of
- 21:13the topics that came up
- 21:14over and over again. So,
- 21:15again, really thinking about how
- 21:17to think about,
- 21:18enhancing support for folks to
- 21:20be able to successfully navigate.
- 21:22And I know I have
- 21:23work life balance in here
- 21:24because I had changed my
- 21:25slides. I really call it
- 21:26life work integration because I
- 21:28don't think there really is
- 21:29such thing as balance because
- 21:30it's really juggle it's a
- 21:31juggling act.
- 21:33And, again, there's really opportunity
- 21:34to work across with other,
- 21:37you know, departments and offices
- 21:39in in in the medical
- 21:40school, and the university at
- 21:42large. Next slide, please.
- 21:44So as I mentioned, one
- 21:45of the things that I
- 21:46was really interested in doing
- 21:47when I took on this
- 21:48role,
- 21:49was really getting a sense
- 21:50of kind of what were
- 21:51the issues. Right? Those what
- 21:52you heard were sort of
- 21:53my vision of my expectations
- 21:55of what I thought the
- 21:56office would focus on, but
- 21:57I really wanted to back
- 21:58this up with data from
- 22:00folks,
- 22:01and their lived experience and
- 22:02and, in terms of,
- 22:05their the barriers that they
- 22:07experience,
- 22:07and the opportunities that they
- 22:09saw. So, again, what we
- 22:10did is we
- 22:12over
- 22:14the course of,
- 22:15from September through March, we
- 22:17we conducted some focus groups
- 22:19to really assess
- 22:20sort of and I'll talk
- 22:21more a little bit about
- 22:22that in the next slide
- 22:23to really assess kind of
- 22:24what the barriers and what
- 22:25the opportunities were, you know,
- 22:27and that's kinda helped inform
- 22:28sort of some of our
- 22:29programming for the coming year.
- 22:31And, again, what the plan
- 22:32is to sort of, you
- 22:34know, kinda do this process
- 22:35on an ongoing basis, but
- 22:37it really was helpful. Next
- 22:38slide.
- 22:39Oh, I think there's a
- 22:40couple of things. So so
- 22:41we did the focus groups,
- 22:42and we kinda had a
- 22:43lot of buy in and
- 22:44engagement from folks, again, across
- 22:46the spectrum.
- 22:47Next,
- 22:48click it again. Yep. And,
- 22:49again, this is gonna be
- 22:50sort of ongoing engagement. So
- 22:52that we have the first
- 22:52round, we have some initiatives,
- 22:54but I plan to kinda
- 22:55continue to do this on
- 22:56a yearly basis,
- 22:57maybe on a smaller scale.
- 22:59Thank you, Darren. So in
- 23:00terms of the focus groups,
- 23:01like I said, we we,
- 23:02conduct between March, September and
- 23:04March, and it was twelve
- 23:05different focus groups. In total,
- 23:07we ended up having at
- 23:09least twenty six ladder faculty
- 23:10attend, thirteen staff, three postdocs,
- 23:13four medical students and two
- 23:15PhD students and at least,
- 23:18three or four different affinity
- 23:19groups that participated
- 23:21in this. These sessions really,
- 23:23were mixed. So, like, except
- 23:25for some of the affinity
- 23:26group ones, the rest of
- 23:27them, you know, it was
- 23:28open to anyone that was
- 23:29wanted to participate and provide
- 23:30feedback,
- 23:32and really kinda explore the
- 23:33lived experiences, again, of anybody
- 23:35that identified
- 23:36as, women at Yale School
- 23:38of Medicine. Next slide, please.
- 23:41And so what we found
- 23:42in terms of the, from
- 23:45we took kind of all
- 23:47the notes and all the,
- 23:48data from these focus groups
- 23:50that kind of identified sort
- 23:51of, some core themes. And
- 23:53I listed them here from
- 23:54the most frequently cited to
- 23:56to the least frequently cited.
- 23:57But, again, these came up
- 23:58sort of repeatedly,
- 24:00like I said, across the
- 24:01board
- 24:02regardless of sort of,
- 24:04what level
- 24:05in engagement you are at
- 24:06the medical school. So the
- 24:07main one really was
- 24:09this is universally cited across
- 24:11all groups, faculty, staff, trainees,
- 24:12and students, which was really
- 24:13this work life challenges and
- 24:15the care given burden. Right?
- 24:17And it's, again, this persistent
- 24:19strain for a lot of
- 24:19folks that have either child
- 24:21care, but even if it's
- 24:22not child care, some elder
- 24:23care and then some folks
- 24:24struggling with really managing both.
- 24:26And so that, came across
- 24:28and a lot of,
- 24:30challenges around sort of flexibility,
- 24:32finding coverage,
- 24:34and additionally, sort of some
- 24:36family support. So this sort
- 24:37of is something that came,
- 24:39up in nearly every session
- 24:41that we held. And as
- 24:42a result,
- 24:43one of the things that
- 24:44this has kind of inspired
- 24:46us to do is to
- 24:46create a work life
- 24:48integration series that we will
- 24:49be launching in the fall,
- 24:50and I'll talk a little
- 24:51bit more about that.
- 24:53The second was career development
- 24:54promotion and advancement barriers.
- 24:56Again, this was highly prevalent,
- 24:58across faculty, staff, and trainees
- 25:00again. So,
- 25:02there was a sense that
- 25:03at the departmental level, there
- 25:04was unclear promotion pathways. I
- 25:06think folks have a clear,
- 25:07clear sense once you kinda
- 25:08can get to the medical
- 25:10school wide level. But I
- 25:11think at the department level,
- 25:13some folks still felt that
- 25:14there were some lack of
- 25:15clarity,
- 25:16and then sort of some
- 25:17challenges around,
- 25:18sort of compensation and and
- 25:20opportunities for advancement.
- 25:22Then there's mentorship gaps and
- 25:24lack of sponsorship.
- 25:25And, again, this is,
- 25:27as I mentioned before, an
- 25:28area that collaborating with, you
- 25:30know, Darren and and other
- 25:32folks is in ACES along
- 25:33with Darren David, something that
- 25:34we're expanding on.
- 25:36And I and I think
- 25:36one of the things that
- 25:37we heard repeatedly is that
- 25:39folks you know, we have
- 25:40some program, like I mentioned,
- 25:41for early career, mid career
- 25:43folks, but we really don't
- 25:44have anything for folks that,
- 25:46you know, be like, are
- 25:47advanced in terms of their
- 25:49associate professor level. So really
- 25:50kinda how to support folks
- 25:51to that next level. And
- 25:53so one of the things
- 25:54that,
- 25:55so we heard that loud
- 25:56and clear from folks, and
- 25:56that's one of the things
- 25:57that we're expanding on
- 25:59is creating a leadership development
- 26:01program specifically tailored for advanced
- 26:03career
- 26:05folks. And then, sort of
- 26:06concerns about compensation and equity,
- 26:09lack of transparency,
- 26:11staff shortages and role overload
- 26:13that also came across, you
- 26:14know,
- 26:15specifically
- 26:16around staff and clinical faculty,
- 26:19the sense of there's chronic
- 26:20understaffing
- 26:21and role overload.
- 26:22And I think a lot
- 26:23of times specifically for those
- 26:24identify as women having sort
- 26:26of a lot of what
- 26:27we call invisible labor.
- 26:28And so whether that's kinda
- 26:30taking on more mentorship roles,
- 26:31taking on more sort of
- 26:32the administrative work than maybe
- 26:34some of their male colleagues
- 26:35might.
- 26:36And then finally, underrepresentation
- 26:38and leadership, which, was not
- 26:40surprising was an issue. But,
- 26:41again, that came across, all
- 26:43groups. Next slide, please.
- 26:45So I I already kinda
- 26:46mentioned some of the things
- 26:47that we might be doing
- 26:49to, address some of this,
- 26:50but this is sort of
- 26:51to review. One of the
- 26:51things that we already started
- 26:53and we launched,
- 26:55back in April, in fact,
- 26:56and had a second one
- 26:57this month, and we're gonna
- 26:59continue it is a community
- 27:00circles.
- 27:01And, again, this was really
- 27:03based on the feedback of
- 27:04folks really enjoying just the
- 27:06simple fact of coming to
- 27:07the focus groups, of having
- 27:08that space where people can
- 27:09come together and have a
- 27:11space to talk. So,
- 27:12it was we got such
- 27:14good feedback about it that
- 27:15we actually created these community
- 27:16groups. We did two pilots,
- 27:17like I mentioned, and those
- 27:18were also very well attended,
- 27:20and we got very good
- 27:21feedback. So now we're continuing
- 27:22that. And so be on
- 27:24the lookout for those that
- 27:25will be held monthly in
- 27:26different days of the week
- 27:27so that folks,
- 27:29are able to make it.
- 27:30And then, like I mentioned
- 27:31earlier, is the work life
- 27:32integration series, where we'll be
- 27:34launching in September. Again, touching
- 27:36on a lot of the
- 27:36issues that folks kinda brought
- 27:38up related to,
- 27:40the the barriers that they
- 27:42experience
- 27:42related to
- 27:44family
- 27:45life and life outside of
- 27:47work and work and how
- 27:48to how to navigate that.
- 27:50And then one of the
- 27:51things that we are going
- 27:53to be,
- 27:54actively
- 27:55supporting
- 27:56and creating along with Darren
- 27:58David is sort of this
- 27:59peer to peer sponsorship program
- 28:01that's really gonna be based
- 28:03on the leadership the folks
- 28:04that participated in the leadership
- 28:05development program, but it's gonna
- 28:07be expanded and open to
- 28:08anyone that's interested in doing
- 28:09this. So that's something that
- 28:11sort of we're currently working
- 28:12on and hopefully launching,
- 28:15in the coming months. And
- 28:16like I already mentioned, the
- 28:17advanced career development,
- 28:19leadership development program, which is
- 28:21in progress.
- 28:22And I and I mentioned
- 28:23that as well in terms
- 28:25of working with Dean Ball
- 28:26on the OAPD and creating
- 28:27a system to evaluate equity
- 28:29and promotions across the medical
- 28:31school.
- 28:32Next slide.
- 28:34And that's it for me.
- 28:39Alright. Thank you so much,
- 28:40Ariadna. Thank you, Darren.
- 28:42It's good to be here
- 28:42with you all this afternoon.
- 28:44Fortunately, I think I did
- 28:45unmute my audio. I was
- 28:46worried that was gonna be
- 28:47an issue, but,
- 28:49thankful to,
- 28:50to Sam for giving us
- 28:52this opportunity.
- 28:53And they
- 28:55've teed things up for
- 28:55me well. So you're gonna
- 28:57hear a little bit of
- 28:57overlap, but I think that
- 28:57also speaks to some of
- 28:58the, unifying principles of some
- 29:00of our efforts as well.
- 29:01But basically what I'm gonna
- 29:02be talking about is one
- 29:03of our specific programs is
- 29:05really focused on a small,
- 29:07small cohort mentorship,
- 29:09program.
- 29:10So you already saw this
- 29:11mission statement from Darren as
- 29:12well, but I did want
- 29:13to just reiterate it again
- 29:15just because a lot of
- 29:16what I think about in
- 29:17terms of faculty development is
- 29:18really
- 29:19grounded in our Yale School
- 29:21of Medicine mission statement. So
- 29:22I'm gonna go ahead and
- 29:22read it real quick. If
- 29:23not, I know many of
- 29:24you are familiar with it
- 29:25already.
- 29:26Yale School of Medicine educates
- 29:28and nurtures creative leaders in
- 29:30medicine and science,
- 29:31promoting curiosity and critical inquiry
- 29:34in an inclusive environment enriched
- 29:36by diversity.
- 29:37We advance discovery
- 29:39and innovation fostered by partnerships
- 29:41across the university,
- 29:43our local community, and the
- 29:44world.
- 29:45We care for patients with
- 29:46compassion
- 29:47and commit to improving the
- 29:49health of all people.
- 29:51And so when it comes
- 29:52to this aspect of faculty
- 29:53to faculty development,
- 29:55that really, for me, kind
- 29:56of ties in with this
- 29:57first part of this mission
- 29:59statement, really making sure that
- 30:00we are providing support to
- 30:02you all as faculty
- 30:03and making sure that we're
- 30:04creating and fostering and facilitating
- 30:07an inclusive environment.
- 30:09So for the faculty development
- 30:11program itself, Darren, you can
- 30:12hit the next button if
- 30:13you could.
- 30:15So the program that we're
- 30:16gonna be talking about this
- 30:17afternoon is our faculty development
- 30:18and collaborative
- 30:19excellence program, also known as
- 30:21FCE.
- 30:22And this FCE program basically
- 30:24serves as a supportive resource
- 30:26for faculty
- 30:27as they navigate their careers,
- 30:29connecting them with mentorship teams,
- 30:30leadership and funding opportunities,
- 30:33and a network of supportive
- 30:35colleagues, leaders, and sponsors.
- 30:37Now I will admit whenever
- 30:39I read this description to
- 30:40people, people all often say
- 30:42that this sounds like a
- 30:43really, enriching program, but it
- 30:45also does sound a little
- 30:46bit aspirational.
- 30:47So So what I want
- 30:48to do is actually take
- 30:49you through some of the
- 30:50practical pieces to give you
- 30:51a sense of how we
- 30:52actually
- 30:53facilitate these opportunities and facilitate
- 30:55the program.
- 30:56So we can go to
- 30:57the next slide.
- 31:00So the first component, Darren,
- 31:01if you can hit next.
- 31:04Again, this is a cohort
- 31:05based program really focusing on
- 31:07small cohorts of faculty,
- 31:09which really supports and connects
- 31:10those connects them with one
- 31:12another. Now for this iteration
- 31:13of the program, we're specifically
- 31:15focused on assistant professors in
- 31:17one of three tracks here
- 31:18at the school of medicine,
- 31:19the traditional track, the clinician
- 31:21scientist track, and the investigator
- 31:23track.
- 31:24Darren, if you go to
- 31:25the next slide.
- 31:28And one of the key
- 31:29pieces of their program, again,
- 31:30this overlaps with the themes
- 31:32that Ariana just mentioned as
- 31:33well, but is having a
- 31:35space for faculty to be
- 31:36able to come together in
- 31:38small groups and really have
- 31:39discussion based
- 31:41based gatherings around specific topics.
- 31:43I'll describe some more of
- 31:44those in detail as we
- 31:45come through, but this has
- 31:46been one of the hallmarks
- 31:47of the program
- 31:49so much so that many
- 31:50faculty have said that it's
- 31:51been nice just to basically
- 31:52be in the same room
- 31:53with other faculty that the
- 31:55similar career stage. There's a
- 31:57lot of peer to peer
- 31:58mentoring that happens in these
- 31:59meetings as well. And people
- 32:01have even made comments about
- 32:03just hearing what other people
- 32:04are kind of navigating through
- 32:05both things that are going
- 32:06well and the things that
- 32:07people are challenged with. And
- 32:09people have said that that
- 32:10helps them feel like they're
- 32:10not alone. They're not the
- 32:12only one experiencing those types
- 32:13of things.
- 32:14Sometimes within these gatherings, people
- 32:16might hear advice from other
- 32:18faculty members who maybe are
- 32:19a year or two further
- 32:21in their academic appointment than
- 32:23they are themselves. And so
- 32:24that also becomes an opportunity
- 32:26for people to be able
- 32:26to share things back and
- 32:27forth. And for me as
- 32:28a director, it's been very
- 32:30encouraging to kind of see
- 32:31those things happen in real
- 32:32time at our small group
- 32:34gatherings.
- 32:35Going back to what Ariadne
- 32:36mentioned as well, it seems
- 32:37like this is a theme
- 32:38across and it even reminds
- 32:39me of the community circles,
- 32:41that she has been able
- 32:42to start in her role
- 32:43with Owens as well.
- 32:45Darren, if you could hit
- 32:46next.
- 32:48Another aspect of the program,
- 32:49and, again, I'll go through
- 32:50this in more detail in
- 32:51upcoming slides, is that we
- 32:53also offer professional development courses
- 32:55and workshops for faculty
- 32:57I don't know if you
- 32:58could hit next. Another key
- 33:01component of the program is
- 33:03mentoring. I already mentioned the
- 33:04peer to peer mentoring that
- 33:06happens in our small group
- 33:07gatherings, but I also provide
- 33:09mentoring in a one on
- 33:10one setting to faculty members
- 33:12in the cohort at least
- 33:14once a year, but up
- 33:15to quarterly as well for
- 33:16those who are interested.
- 33:17And then, Darren, if you
- 33:18could hit next.
- 33:20And then still keeping with
- 33:21this theme of mentoring, we
- 33:23also have yearly panel discussions.
- 33:25Sometimes these are near peer
- 33:27panels. So in these instances,
- 33:28we've had recently promoted associate
- 33:30professors
- 33:31who will come back and
- 33:32share about their experiences
- 33:34as faculty here at the
- 33:35school of medicine, talking not
- 33:37only about their journey to
- 33:38get to Yale, but also
- 33:39their journey as assistant professors
- 33:41while they've been at Yale.
- 33:43In addition, we also have
- 33:44panel discussions with senior leadership
- 33:46at times. We've had different
- 33:47deputy deans who have come
- 33:48and talked to the faculty
- 33:50cohorts. And, again, this has
- 33:52been really nice to see
- 33:53the connections that are made
- 33:54during those times. We've had
- 33:55panel discussions but we've also
- 33:57had small breakout kind of
- 33:58discussions in those meetings as
- 34:00well and you know as
- 34:01I've been walking around from
- 34:02table to table I've heard
- 34:03comments from deputies saying things
- 34:05like oh it's so nice
- 34:06to be able to connect
- 34:08a face to a name.
- 34:09So it really does facilitate
- 34:10some of those conversations
- 34:12and facilitate future interactions as
- 34:14well.
- 34:16If we can go to
- 34:16the next slide.
- 34:19So I do want to
- 34:20highlight again, this is a
- 34:21theme that you've heard already
- 34:22from Darren and Ariadna, but
- 34:23this is not something that
- 34:24we do in isolation.
- 34:26So even though I'm serving
- 34:27as a director in this
- 34:28role, I do interface with
- 34:30a lot of different offices
- 34:31and groups here at the
- 34:32school of medicine.
- 34:33This program itself is actually
- 34:35housed out of two offices.
- 34:36So I have leadership roles
- 34:37both in the office of
- 34:38physician scientists and scientist development
- 34:40or OPSSD
- 34:42and the office of collaborative
- 34:43excellence. So that's a natural
- 34:45place for collaboration between the
- 34:47two groups. But as I
- 34:48was speaking to you all
- 34:49all here today in this
- 34:50OAPD session, that's another point
- 34:52of collaboration
- 34:53and working together.
- 34:55I also, collaborate with the
- 34:57advocates for collaborative excellence, also
- 34:59known as the ACES, which
- 35:00Darren already mentioned.
- 35:01Also, collaborations with the office
- 35:03of women in medicine and
- 35:04science as you also heard
- 35:05from Arianna as well. And
- 35:07collaborations with the minority organization
- 35:09for attention and expansion.
- 35:11And, again, I'm not listing
- 35:12all the groups that our
- 35:13our office has collaborated with,
- 35:14but just giving you a
- 35:15sense of what some of
- 35:16those groups are.
- 35:19There we can go to
- 35:20the next
- 35:22slide. And I do want
- 35:23to give you a sense
- 35:23of some of the topics
- 35:24that we have discussed in
- 35:26our small group gatherings. Again,
- 35:27this points to some of
- 35:28the key important components here
- 35:30at the school of medicine
- 35:31because some of these are
- 35:32things you've already heard just
- 35:33recently as Arianna was presenting.
- 35:35But things that have come
- 35:36up in those discussions are
- 35:37things like onboarding.
- 35:39We talked about aspects of
- 35:40recruitment.
- 35:41We also talked about trying
- 35:43to understand the hidden curriculum.
- 35:45Another key piece has really
- 35:46been thinking about and leaning
- 35:48into this idea of navigating
- 35:50the Yale School of Medicine
- 35:51as either a traditional
- 35:52or nontraditional faculty member. And
- 35:55I put those in Natalya
- 35:56because it really depends on
- 35:58each faculty member and what
- 35:59they consider to be traditional
- 36:00or nontraditional,
- 36:01but we basically want to
- 36:02create a space for those
- 36:03conversations to be able to
- 36:05happen.
- 36:06We've also talked about aspects
- 36:07of recruiting a research team,
- 36:09aspects of retention
- 36:11and promotion,
- 36:12aspects of work family balance
- 36:14or a a phrase I
- 36:16often like to use there
- 36:17is juggling. And I think
- 36:18I like, Arianna's phrase of
- 36:20integration, so I may have
- 36:21to integrate that into this,
- 36:23component as well. But that's
- 36:24something that has also come
- 36:25up. And similar to what
- 36:26she mentioned, it's come up
- 36:28in a lot of different
- 36:28ways. So that might include
- 36:30just the time at work
- 36:32versus the time at home.
- 36:33It can include things like
- 36:34raising young children. It can
- 36:36also include things like caring
- 36:38for extended family or older
- 36:40parents. And so we've had
- 36:41all those discussions and conversations
- 36:43and tried to make sure
- 36:44that we've incorporated as many
- 36:45of those components as possible.
- 36:47We've also talked about aspects
- 36:48of team building and management,
- 36:50addressing challenges and obstacles
- 36:52that come up as a
- 36:53PI,
- 36:54thinking about aspects of networking,
- 36:55ways to do networking well,
- 36:57or challenges that may come
- 36:58up to feeling like they're
- 36:59having effective networking.
- 37:01We've also talked about departmental
- 37:03support, both navigating departmental support
- 37:05and garnering more departmental support
- 37:07and also interactions with leadership.
- 37:10Darren, we can go to
- 37:11the next slide.
- 37:13So I also did want
- 37:14to highlight just briefly some
- 37:15of the courses and workshops
- 37:17that we do offer through
- 37:18this program. And again, these,
- 37:20like many of the things
- 37:21are done in collaboration with
- 37:22different offices.
- 37:24So we do have a
- 37:24grant writing course that is
- 37:25offered by Doctor. Jean Shapiro,
- 37:27specifically through the office of
- 37:28physician scientists and scientist development.
- 37:31We have a manuscript writing
- 37:32course that's offered every year
- 37:33from doctor Angie Hoffman, again,
- 37:35through OPSSD.
- 37:36We've also provided leadership and
- 37:38management course courses for early
- 37:40career faculty and investigators specifically
- 37:43through HFP consulting.
- 37:45And we do also have
- 37:46professional development funds within the
- 37:49FCE program that faculty have
- 37:50used for things like coaching,
- 37:52attending conferences,
- 37:54things like sponsored writing retreats,
- 37:56and things that basically are
- 37:57helping them to develop professionally.
- 38:00Darren, you can hit next.
- 38:02And then just to give
- 38:03you a sense of some
- 38:04of the programs and workshops,
- 38:05we do have offerings of
- 38:06mock study section where you
- 38:08can send a grant to
- 38:09us in the OPSSD office
- 38:11before sending it to NIH
- 38:12or other funding agencies, And
- 38:14we'll
- 38:16actually do a mock study
- 38:16section review where you'll get
- 38:17video feedback of the discussion
- 38:19in those sessions. And again,
- 38:20faculty have found these to
- 38:21be very helpful. I have
- 38:22multiple faculty that have come
- 38:24up afterwards and said that
- 38:25the feedback they got for
- 38:26the mock study section was
- 38:28helpful in helping them shift
- 38:30and revise their applications before
- 38:32they submit them and actually
- 38:33in many cases help them
- 38:35to get funded.
- 38:36We do have the one
- 38:37on one mentoring, which I
- 38:38mentioned that I provide as
- 38:39the director of the FCE
- 38:40program.
- 38:41Doctor Lattimore also talked about
- 38:43this, but we do have
- 38:44the faculty success program, which
- 38:46we have sponsored in both
- 38:47our offices together in collaboration
- 38:49with the provost office over
- 38:50the last several years.
- 38:52And again, the near mentoring
- 38:53near peer mentoring panels, which
- 38:55I've mentioned before.
- 38:56So we can go to
- 38:57next slide.
- 38:59So just to wrap up
- 39:00before we open up for
- 39:01questions, I would encourage any
- 39:02of you that are interested
- 39:03in applying to definitely do
- 39:05so. The next application cycle
- 39:07is going to open in
- 39:08September of twenty twenty six.
- 39:10The The application is relatively
- 39:12straightforward. So basically it will
- 39:13include a description of how
- 39:15the program you'll be describing
- 39:17how the program will benefit
- 39:18you as a faculty member
- 39:20and what you plan to
- 39:22bring to the program as
- 39:23well. And then also include
- 39:25your CV. And for that
- 39:26description, it's a five hundred
- 39:27word limit, so something that
- 39:29is not too onerous by
- 39:30any means.
- 39:32Then you can hit next.
- 39:35And then just again to
- 39:36highlight this program specifically for
- 39:38assistant professors
- 39:39in the traditional clinician scientists
- 39:41or investigator tracks, I particularly
- 39:43encourage those of you who
- 39:44are looking for a small
- 39:46cohort based professional development program
- 39:48to consider it. And also
- 39:50those of you who feel
- 39:50like you may be navigating
- 39:52specific challenges in your professional
- 39:54development or advancement.