Timothy Watkins, PhD
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Departments & Organizations
Education & Training
- PhD
- Yale University, Immunobiology (2025)
- Postbaccalaureate Fellow
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2019)
- BS
- Case Western Reserve University, Biochemistry (2017)
Research
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Overview
Medical Research Interests
Allergy and Immunology; Asthma; COVID-19; Epithelial Cells; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation; Influenza, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Translational Research, Biomedical; Viral Interference; Virus Diseases
ORCID
0000-0002-1607-1335
Research at a Glance
Yale Co-Authors
Frequent collaborators of Timothy Watkins's published research.
Publications Timeline
A big-picture view of Timothy Watkins's research output by year.
Research Interests
Research topics Timothy Watkins is interested in exploring.
Ellen F Foxman, MD, PhD
Marie-Louise Landry, MD
Wade Schulz, MD, PhD
Dejian Zhao, PhD
Albert Ko, MD
Bao Wang
10Publications
287Citations
COVID-19
Immunity, Innate
Publications
2025
Reply to McMahon et. al
Watkins T, Brockhurst J, Germain G, Foxman E. Reply to McMahon et. al. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2025, jiaf441. PMID: 40857606, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaf441.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchNasal biomarker testing to rule out viral respiratory infection and triage samples: a test performance study
Amat J, Dudgeon S, Cheemarla N, Watkins T, Green A, Young H, Peaper D, Landry M, Schulz W, Foxman E. Nasal biomarker testing to rule out viral respiratory infection and triage samples: a test performance study. EBioMedicine 2025, 117: 105820. PMID: 40543450, PMCID: PMC12216728, DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105820.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricConceptsRespiratory virus infectionsHigh-risk settingsRespiratory infectionsRoutine screeningVirus infectionViral respiratory infectionsLow viral loadViral prevalenceGold standard testRespiratory virus diagnosisNasal biomarkersViral loadPractical screening testNasal mucosaRespiratory virusesHost biomarkersChemotherapeutic drugsVirus-positiveBiomarker testingNasopharyngeal samplesCXCL10Medical recordsScreening testElectronic medical recordsPCR panel
2024
Detection of Live Attenuated Measles Virus in the Respiratory Tract Following Subcutaneous Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination
Watkins T, Brockhurst J, Germain G, Griffin D, Foxman E. Detection of Live Attenuated Measles Virus in the Respiratory Tract Following Subcutaneous Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2024, 231: 1089-1093. PMID: 39504437, PMCID: PMC11998556, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae537.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricHigh burden of viruses and bacterial pathobionts drives heightened nasal innate immunity in children
Watkins T, Green A, Amat J, Cheemarla N, Hänsel K, Lozano R, Dudgeon S, Germain G, Landry M, Schulz W, Foxman E. High burden of viruses and bacterial pathobionts drives heightened nasal innate immunity in children. Journal Of Experimental Medicine 2024, 221: e20230911. PMID: 38949638, PMCID: PMC11215523, DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230911.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricMeSH Keywords and ConceptsConceptsBacterial pathobiontsRespiratory virusesBurden of virusesSARS-CoV-2Innate immune activationSARS-CoV-2 viral loadDynamic host-pathogen interactionsInnate immune responseViral coinfectionCytokine profileViral loadNasal virusImmune activationProinflammatory responseIL-1BNasopharyngeal samplesHost-pathogen interactionsImmune responseInterferon responsePathobiontsInnate immunityPaired samplesCXCL10Healthy 1-year-oldVirusConsiderations for viral co-infection studies in human populations
Chin T, Foxman E, Watkins T, Lipsitch M. Considerations for viral co-infection studies in human populations. MBio 2024, 15: e00658-24. PMID: 38847531, PMCID: PMC11253623, DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00658-24.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricConcepts
2023
Viral Interference During Influenza A–SARS-CoV-2 Coinfection of the Human Airway Epithelium and Reversal by Oseltamivir
Cheemarla N, Watkins T, Mihaylova V, Foxman E. Viral Interference During Influenza A–SARS-CoV-2 Coinfection of the Human Airway Epithelium and Reversal by Oseltamivir. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2023, 229: 1430-1434. PMID: 37722683, PMCID: PMC11095529, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad402.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricConceptsSARS-CoV-2 replicationSARS-CoV-2IAV replicationHuman airway epithelial culturesHuman airway epitheliumAirway epithelial culturesHost antiviral responseRobust interferon responseInfluenza infectionRespiratory virusesAirway epitheliumViral infectionAntiviral responseViral interferenceCoinfecting virusSimultaneous infectionHost cell defenseInterferon responseCoinfectionInfectionEpithelial culturesOseltamivirInfluenzaVirusCell defenseRhesus macaque Bcl-6/Bcl-xL B cell immortalization: Discovery of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies from lymph node
Samsel J, Boswell K, Watkins T, Ambrozak D, Mason R, Yamamoto T, Ko S, Yang Y, Zhou T, Doria-Rose N, Foulds K, Roederer M, Mascola J, Kwong P, Gama L, Koup R. Rhesus macaque Bcl-6/Bcl-xL B cell immortalization: Discovery of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies from lymph node. Journal Of Immunological Methods 2023, 516: 113445. PMID: 36848985, DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113445.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricMeSH Keywords and ConceptsConceptsB cellsLymph nodesRhesus macaquesHIV-1HIV-1 vaccineExpression of CD40Surface B-cell receptorB-cell immortalizationPre-clinical testingB cell receptorIL-21CD40 ligandAntigen specificityBCL-6Cell receptorIdentification of cellsAntibodiesFunctional assaysCell immortalizationBcl-xLAntigen probeCellsRetroviral vectorsSomatic hypermutationAntibody discoveryNasal host response-based screening for undiagnosed respiratory viruses: a pathogen surveillance and detection study
Cheemarla N, Hanron A, Fauver J, Bishai J, Watkins T, Brito A, Zhao D, Alpert T, Vogels C, Ko A, Schulz W, Landry M, Grubaugh N, van Dijk D, Foxman E. Nasal host response-based screening for undiagnosed respiratory viruses: a pathogen surveillance and detection study. The Lancet Microbe 2023, 4: e38-e46. PMID: 36586415, PMCID: PMC9835789, DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00296-8.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricMeSH Keywords and ConceptsConceptsRespiratory virus panelPg/mLCXCL10 concentrationsSARS-CoV-2Bacterial pathobiontsRespiratory virusesSARS-CoV-2 negative samplesViral respiratory infectionsSARS-CoV-2 positive samplesClinical virology laboratoryHealth care systemVirus-positive samplesQuantitative RT-PCRInfluenza C virusSymptomatic patientsRespiratory infectionsSeasonal coronavirusesNasopharyngeal swabsVirus panelC virusCommon virusesCXCL10Host responseInterferon responseVirology laboratory
2022
Application of B cell immortalization for the isolation of antibodies and B cell clones from vaccine and infection settings
Boswell K, Watkins T, Cale E, Samsel J, Andrews S, Ambrozak D, Driscoll J, Messina M, Narpala S, Hopp C, Cagigi A, Casazza J, Yamamoto T, Zhou T, Schief W, Crompton P, Ledgerwood J, Connors M, Gama L, Kwong P, McDermott A, Mascola J, Koup R. Application of B cell immortalization for the isolation of antibodies and B cell clones from vaccine and infection settings. Frontiers In Immunology 2022, 13: 1087018. PMID: 36582240, PMCID: PMC9794141, DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1087018.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricMeSH Keywords and ConceptsConceptsB cell subsetsB cell clonesB-cell immortalizationMemory B cellsB cellsCell subsetsCell clonesHIV-1 infected individualsMemory B cell subsetsDifferent B cell populationsIsolation of antibodiesRecent malaria infectionFuture vaccine designCell immortalizationB cell populationsB cell survivalMalaria infectionPrimary B cellsVaccine settingInfection settingsImmunoglobulin secretionHealthy individualsTonsil tissueAntibody secretionBCL-6
2021
Dynamic innate immune response determines susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and early replication kinetics
Cheemarla NR, Watkins TA, Mihaylova VT, Wang B, Zhao D, Wang G, Landry ML, Foxman EF. Dynamic innate immune response determines susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and early replication kinetics. Journal Of Experimental Medicine 2021, 218: e20210583. PMID: 34128960, PMCID: PMC8210587, DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210583.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricMeSH Keywords and ConceptsMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2Case-Control StudiesChemokine CXCL10COVID-19Disease SusceptibilityFemaleGene Expression ProfilingHost-Pathogen InteractionsHumansImmunity, InnateInterferonsMaleMiddle AgedNasopharynxPicornaviridae InfectionsSARS-CoV-2Viral LoadVirus ReplicationConceptsSARS-CoV-2 infectionSARS-CoV-2 exposureSARS-CoV-2Interferon-stimulated genesUpper respiratory tractRespiratory tractEarly SARS-CoV-2 infectionDynamic innate immune responseViral replicationSARS-CoV-2 replicationPatient nasopharyngeal samplesInnate immune responseLow infectious doseViral loadNasopharyngeal samplesImmune responseInfectious doseISG responseAntiviral responseInfection progressionViral transmissionLevel correlatesInfectionISG inductionInitial replication
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