Adjunct Faculty
Adjunct faculty typically have an academic or research appointment at another institution and contribute or collaborate with one or more School of Medicine faculty members or programs.
Adjunct rank detailsGretchen Diefenbach, PhD
About
Research
Publications
2026
A Qualitative Study of Behavioural Health Experiences Reported by Transgender and Gender Diverse People During Inpatient Treatment
Black S, Stubbing J, Collett S, Saunders L, Tolin D, Diefenbach G. A Qualitative Study of Behavioural Health Experiences Reported by Transgender and Gender Diverse People During Inpatient Treatment. International Journal Of Mental Health Nursing 2026, 35: e70229. PMID: 41603386, DOI: 10.1111/inm.70229.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBehavioral health careIdentity-related experiencesInpatient levelQualitative studyTGD adultsPsychiatric inpatient settingsRates of psychiatric conditionsGender-binary categoryGender diverse peoplePatient acuityHealth experiencesHealth careInpatient settingInpatient unitCisgender peopleInpatient stayAdult psychiatric inpatientsPositive experiencesAdult inpatientsBinary categoriesContent analysisDiverse peopleExperience themesInpatient treatmentPsychiatric conditionsDoes Social Connection Mediate the Relationship Between Gender Minority Stress and Suicidal Ideation? An Investigation With Inpatient Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults
Diefenbach G, Lord K, Stubbing J, Black S, Saunders L, Tolin D. Does Social Connection Mediate the Relationship Between Gender Minority Stress and Suicidal Ideation? An Investigation With Inpatient Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults. Psychological Services 2026 PMID: 41556900, DOI: 10.1037/ser0001020.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchGender minority stressPerceived BurdensomenessSuicidal ideationMinority stressCommunity connectednessAssociated with suicidal ideationProximal minority stressTGD adultsPotential treatment mechanismsGender diverse adultsNonclinical sampleLack of social connectionSocial connectionsStructural equation modelingResilience factorsDiverse adultsBelongingnessTGD individualsTreatment mechanismsIdeationEquation modelingAdultsNegative impactConnectednessTransgenderAcute effects of inpatient brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention on non-suicidal self-injury: Exploring the association with improved distress tolerance
Diefenbach G, Hord C, Rudd M, Tolin D. Acute effects of inpatient brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention on non-suicidal self-injury: Exploring the association with improved distress tolerance. Journal Of Affective Disorders 2026, 400: 121182. PMID: 41529735, DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2026.121182.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNon-Suicidal Self-InjuryDistress Tolerance ScaleBrief cognitive-behavioral therapyCognitive-behavioral therapyDistress toleranceSelf-injurySuicide attemptsOdds of non-suicidal self-injuryDistress Tolerance Scale scoresHistory of suicide attemptsSuicide preventionImprove distress toleranceSelf-harm behaviorsAcute effectsPotential treatment mechanismsAcute treatment effectsTolerance ScaleAttempted SuicideSuicide populationInpatient stayTotal scorePost Hoc AnalysisSuicideSignificant groupDistress
2025
Clinical utility of the brief suicide cognitions scale with high-risk inpatient, outpatient, and emergency department clinical samples
Rudd M, Diefenbach G, Tolin D, Pérez-Muñoz A, Flowers T, Tuna B, Gleason V, Tempchin J, Bryan C. Clinical utility of the brief suicide cognitions scale with high-risk inpatient, outpatient, and emergency department clinical samples. Journal Of Psychiatric Research 2025, 191: 155-161. PMID: 41016213, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.09.034.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSuicide Cognitions ScaleSuicide riskCognitive scalesB-SCSDegree of suicide riskSuicidal ideation scoresSuicidal ideation groupClinical samplesRandomized clinical trialsAcute episodeClinical utilityIdeation scoresIdeation groupNormative sampleSuicide attemptsCut scoresCutoff scoreED sampleSuicideStudy limitationsIntake scoresEmergency departmentScoresPost-discharge follow-upClinical contextBrain-wide connectivity changes due to social–emotional regulation during a naturalistic fMRI task
Hyatt C, Wexler B, Diefenbach G, Dichter G, Mazefsky C, Uscatescu L, Wolf J, Sahl R, Pittman B, Pearlson G, Assaf M. Brain-wide connectivity changes due to social–emotional regulation during a naturalistic fMRI task. Cerebral Cortex 2025, 35: bhaf118. PMID: 40401354, PMCID: PMC12096004, DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaf118.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPosterior cingulate cortexEmotion regulationFC differencesFunctional connectivityEmotion typeLeft temporoparietal junctionSocial emotion regulationLeft supramarginal gyrusMedial posterior regionsMultivariate pattern analysisSignificant FC differencesFMRI taskPrefrontal involvementER strategiesNegative stimuliReappraisal strategiesCingulate cortexNeutral storyTemporoparietal junctionSupramarginal gyrusFunctional neuroimagingNeural substratesFunctional MRISignificant emotionsSocial interactionGender Minority Stress Themes and Suicide Prevention for Adult Transgender Inpatients: A Content Analysis of Brief Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Stubbing J, Everhardt K, Rice T, Saunders L, Tolin D, Rudd M, Diefenbach G. Gender Minority Stress Themes and Suicide Prevention for Adult Transgender Inpatients: A Content Analysis of Brief Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. Psychology Of Sexual Orientation And Gender Diversity 2025 DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000830.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchSuicide prevention treatmentsMinority stressBrief cognitive-behavioral therapyCognitive-behavioral therapyElevated suicide riskGender minority stressTransgender participantsCase formulationSuicide riskNegative eventsTransgender clientsSources of resilienceSuicide preventionEvidence-based modelTrained cliniciansStress themesSuicideTreatment sessionsPreventive treatmentTransgender peopleTransgender individualsExternal eventsGender dysphoriaTransgenderContent analysisPredictive Validity and Treatment Sensitivity of the Death-Implicit Association Test (D-IAT) During Inpatient Treatment and Across a 6-Month Follow-Up Period
Levy H, Lord K, Rice T, Sain K, Stubbing J, Diefenbach G, Tolin D. Predictive Validity and Treatment Sensitivity of the Death-Implicit Association Test (D-IAT) During Inpatient Treatment and Across a 6-Month Follow-Up Period. Cognitive Therapy And Research 2025, 49: 702-711. DOI: 10.1007/s10608-024-10564-z.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchDeath Implicit Association TestSuicidal thoughtsInpatient treatmentFrequency of suicidal behaviorAssociation TestCognitive-behavioral therapyHigh risk of suicidePsychiatric inpatient unitTreatment sensitivitySample of inpatientsRisk of suicideImplicit cognitionSuicidal behaviorSuicide riskPredictive validitySuicide preventionDetect treatment effectsInpatient unitSuicideFollow-up periodPeriod post-dischargeInpatientsTreatment effectsThoughtsInpatient admissionsThe effect of inpatient brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention on post-discharge emergency department utilization: Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial
Diefenbach G, Collett S, Black S, Rudd M, Gueorguieva R, Tolin D. The effect of inpatient brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention on post-discharge emergency department utilization: Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. General Hospital Psychiatry 2025, 93: 73-79. PMID: 39837259, DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.01.007.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSubstance use disordersBrief cognitive-behavioral therapyCognitive-behavioral therapyED visitsSuicide preventionSecondary analysisEmergency departmentSuicide-related ED visitsHistory of suicide attemptsEmergency department utilizationElectronic medical record reviewPost-discharge emergency departmentMedical record reviewED utilizationPsychiatric readmissionTreatment effectsSuicide attemptsUse disorderRecord reviewSelf-ReportRandomized clinical trialsGeneralized linear modelVisitsSuicidePost-discharge ED visits
2024
Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Suicidal Inpatients
Diefenbach G, Lord K, Stubbing J, Rudd M, Levy H, Worden B, Sain K, Bimstein J, Rice T, Everhardt K, Gueorguieva R, Tolin D. Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Suicidal Inpatients. JAMA Psychiatry 2024, 81: 1177-1186. PMID: 39259550, PMCID: PMC11391362, DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2349.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchBrief cognitive behavioral therapyCognitive behavioral therapySubstance use disordersSuicidal ideationBehavioral therapySuicide attemptsFollow-up assessmentUse disorderOccurrence of suicide attemptsPsychiatric readmissionRates of psychiatric readmissionSuicide prevention treatmentsEffect of treatment conditionPrivate psychiatric hospitalTreatment effectsSuicidal inpatientsSuicide riskSuicidal crisisPsychiatric hospitalIndividual sessionsIdeationSuicide reattemptsPost Hoc AnalysisSelf-ReportBlinded interviewersTypologies of Psychiatric Diagnoses Among Inpatients with Recent Suicide Attempts
Lord K, Tolin D, Diefenbach G. Typologies of Psychiatric Diagnoses Among Inpatients with Recent Suicide Attempts. Archives Of Suicide Research 2024, 29: 718-733. PMID: 39302084, DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2024.2405732.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchLatent class analysisSuicide attemptsComorbidity classesBattery of self-report measuresComorbidity of psychiatric disordersSemi-structured diagnostic interviewHistory of suicide attemptsPerson-centered statistical approachPatterns of comorbiditySelf-report measuresSuicide risk assessmentSuicide risk factorsDiagnostic heterogeneityDiagnostic InterviewCognitive-AffectivePsychiatric disordersSuicidal ideationPsychiatric diagnosingPsychiatric multimorbidityAttempted SuicideInterrupted attemptsActual attemptsSuicideComorbidityClass analysis