2014
Randomized Sham Controlled Double-blind Trial of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Adults With Severe Tourette Syndrome
Landeros-Weisenberger A, Mantovani A, Motlagh MG, de Alvarenga PG, Katsovich L, Leckman JF, Lisanby SH. Randomized Sham Controlled Double-blind Trial of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Adults With Severe Tourette Syndrome. Brain Stimulation 2014, 8: 574-581. PMID: 25912296, PMCID: PMC4454615, DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.015.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationSham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationSupplementary motor areaLow-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationFrequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationActive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationSevere Tourette syndromeTranscranial magnetic stimulationTourette syndromeTic severityMagnetic stimulationDouble-blind sham-controlled trialEfficacy of rTMSOpen-label active treatmentYGTSS total tic scoreAlternative stimulation protocolsDouble-blind trialOpen-label studySham-controlled trialTotal tic scoreActive rTMS treatmentRandomized ShamRTMS treatmentActive treatmentMotor threshold
1988
Elevated CSF dynorphin A [1–8] in Tourette's syndrome
Leckman JF, Riddle MA, Berrettini WH, Anderson GM, Hardin M, Chappell P, Bissette G, Nemeroff CB, Goodman WK, Cohen DJ. Elevated CSF dynorphin A [1–8] in Tourette's syndrome. Life Sciences 1988, 43: 2015-2023. PMID: 2463450, DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(88)90575-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPathobiology of TSTourette syndromeNeuroanatomic distributionEndogenous opioidsNeuropathological studiesObsessive-compulsive disorderPrevalence of TSBehavioral effectsPost-mortem brain studiesPathophysiology of TSGilles de la Tourette's syndromeCentral dopaminergic neuronsRecent neuropathological studiesLevels of dynorphinSevere Tourette syndromeBasal ganglia structuresChronic neuropsychiatric disorderLa Tourette's syndromeCentral monoaminergicCSF dynorphinElevated CSFStriatal fibersCSF studiesDopaminergic neuronsBasal ganglia