Richard Carson, PhD
Professor of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging and of Biomedical Engineering; Director, Yale PET Center; Director of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Engineering
Research & Publications
Biography
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Research Summary
Dr. Richard Carson's research uses Positron Emission Tomography (PET) as a tool to noninvasively measure a wide range of in vivo physiology in human beings and laboratory animals. His focus is on the development and applications of new tracer kinetic modeling methods and algorithms and on research in PET image reconstruction and image quantification. These quantitative techniques are then applied in clinical populations and preclinical models of disease. Application areas include neuropsychiatric populations, diabetes, cardiology, and oncology. A primary focus of his more biological applications is the measurement of synaptic density in a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Specialized Terms: Positron emission tomography (PET) modeling and physics; Tracer kinetic modeling methods and parametric imaging techniques for PET tracers; Application of receptors ligands to assess neurotransmitter dynamic; 3D and 4D PET image reconstruction; Medical imaging
Extensive Research Description
Following administration of a positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical (tracer), PET permits the direct measurement of the four-dimensional radioactivity profile throughout a 3D object over time. Depending on the characteristics of the tracer, physiological parameters can be estimated, such as blood flow, metabolism, and receptor concentration. These measurements can be made with subjects in different states (e.g., stimulus or drug activation), used to compare patient groups to controls, or to assess the efficacy of drug treatment.
Tracer Kinetic Modeling
The goal of PET tracer kinetic modeling is to devise a biologically validated, quantitatively reliable, and logistically practical method for use in human PET studies. Animal studies are typically performed to characterize the tracers, followed by initially complex human studies, typically leading to the development of simplified methods, e.g., using continuous tracer infusion. These techniques are also applied on a pixel-by-pixel level to produce images of PET physiological and pharmacological parameters, such as blood flow and receptor binding. Mathematical methodology includes linear and non-linear differential equations, statistical estimation theory, methods to avoid the needs for arterial blood measurements (the input function) such as blind deconvolution, plus the development of novel rapid computational algorithms.
PET Physics and Reconstruction.
Proper characterization of the PET image data is essential for modeling studies. This requires accurate and carefully characterized corrections for the physics and electronics of coincident event acquisition. Studies of these effects are performed with phantom measurements made on the scanner.
A critical component in the application to real data is the correction for subject motion, particularly as the resolution of modern machines has improved (better than 3-mm in human brain machines). Both hardware and software approaches are employed to address these issues. To produce accurate images with minimum noise, a statistically-based iterative reconstruction algorithm is necessary. Developments in this area include the mathematical aspects of algorithm development, the computer science issues associated with a large cluster-based algorithm, the incorporation of the physics and motion correction, the use of prior information provided from MR images, and the tuning and characterization necessary for practical application for biological studies. The ultimate goal is the combination of the tracer kinetic modeling and image reconstruction to directly process a 4D dataset into parametric images of the physiological parameters of interest. When applied in the thorax, respiratory and cardiac motion must be included, raising the problem to 5D and 6D analysis.
PET Applications
PET studies are performed in human subjects and preclinical models of a wide variety of diseases. Examples of interest include:
- Develop the highest resolution and sensitivity human brain PET system (U01EB029811)
- Synaptic density imaging in the living human brain (See Science Translational Medicine, 2016 and subsequent clinical and preclinical paper)
- Measuring beta cells in the pancreas for diabetes with novel tracers including ligands for the vesicular monoamine transporter
- Using PET to measure drug delivery in cancer
- Neuroreceptor studies have focused on determining changes in receptor concentration as a function of disease or measurement of receptor occupancy by drugs. Such changes have been successfully demonstrated in the dopaminergic, muscarinic, and serotonergic systems.
- Measurement of the relationship between dopamine receptors and impulsivity
- New methods for quantification of myocardial blood flow
- Hypoxia assessment in tumors before and after radiation treatment
- Differentiation of radiation necrosis vs. tumor recurrence
- 4D/5D Image reconstruction for PET
- Mathematical model development for novel radiopharmaceuticals
- Imaging of beta cells in the pancreas
- Neuroinflammation imaging in a wide variety of disorders
- Novel preclinical and clinical applications in oncology
Coauthors
Research Interests
Biomedical Engineering; Nuclear Medicine; Physiology; Radiology; Positron-Emission Tomography
Research Images
Selected Publications
- Imaging synaptic density in the living human brain.Finnema SJ, Nabulsi NB, Eid T, Detyniecki K, Lin SF, Chen MK, Dhaher R, Matuskey D, Baum E, Holden D, Spencer DD, Mercier J, Hannestad J, Huang Y, Carson RE. Imaging synaptic density in the living human brain. Science Translational Medicine 2016, 8:348ra96.
- Human Positron Emission Tomography Neuroimaging.Hooker JM, Carson RE. Human Positron Emission Tomography Neuroimaging. Annual Review Of Biomedical Engineering 2019, 21:551-581.
- Reduced synaptic vesicle protein 2A binding in temporal lobe epilepsy: A [11 C]UCB-J positron emission tomography study.Finnema SJ, Toyonaga T, Detyniecki K, Chen MK, Dias M, Wang Q, Lin SF, Naganawa M, Gallezot JD, Lu Y, Nabulsi NB, Huang Y, Spencer DD, Carson RE. Reduced synaptic vesicle protein 2A binding in temporal lobe epilepsy: A [11 C]UCB-J positron emission tomography study. Epilepsia 2020, 61:2183-2193.
- Synaptic Changes in Parkinson Disease Assessed with in vivo Imaging.Matuskey D, Tinaz S, Wilcox KC, Naganawa M, Toyonaga T, Dias M, Henry S, Pittman B, Ropchan J, Nabulsi N, Suridjan I, Comley RA, Huang Y, Finnema SJ, Carson RE. Synaptic Changes in Parkinson Disease Assessed with in vivo Imaging. Annals Of Neurology 2020, 87:329-338.
- Lower synaptic density is associated with depression severity and network alterations.Holmes SE, Scheinost D, Finnema SJ, Naganawa M, Davis MT, DellaGioia N, Nabulsi N, Matuskey D, Angarita GA, Pietrzak RH, Duman RS, Sanacora G, Krystal JH, Carson RE, Esterlis I. Lower synaptic density is associated with depression severity and network alterations. Nature Communications 2019, 10:1529.
- In vivo measurement of widespread synaptic loss in Alzheimer's disease with SV2A PET.Mecca AP, Chen MK, O'Dell RS, Naganawa M, Toyonaga T, Godek TA, Harris JE, Bartlett HH, Zhao W, Nabulsi NB, Wyk BCV, Varma P, Arnsten AFT, Huang Y, Carson RE, van Dyck CH. In vivo measurement of widespread synaptic loss in Alzheimer's disease with SV2A PET. Alzheimer's & Dementia : The Journal Of The Alzheimer's Association 2020, 16:974-982.
- In vivo evidence of lower synaptic vesicle density in schizophrenia.Radhakrishnan R, Skosnik PD, Ranganathan M, Naganawa M, Toyonaga T, Finnema S, Hillmer AT, Esterlis I, Huang Y, Nabulsi N, Carson RE, D'Souza DC. In vivo evidence of lower synaptic vesicle density in schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 2021.
- Comparison of [11C]UCB-J and [18F]FDG PET in Alzheimer's disease: A tracer kinetic modeling study.Chen MK, Mecca AP, Naganawa M, Gallezot JD, Toyonaga T, Mondal J, Finnema SJ, Lin SF, O'Dell RS, McDonald JW, Michalak HR, Vander Wyk B, Nabulsi NB, Huang Y, Arnsten AF, van Dyck CH, Carson RE. Comparison of [11C]UCB-J and [18F]FDG PET in Alzheimer's disease: A tracer kinetic modeling study. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 2021, 41:2395-2409.
- Assessing Synaptic Density in Alzheimer Disease With Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A Positron Emission Tomographic Imaging.Chen MK, Mecca AP, Naganawa M, Finnema SJ, Toyonaga T, Lin SF, Najafzadeh S, Ropchan J, Lu Y, McDonald JW, Michalak HR, Nabulsi NB, Arnsten AFT, Huang Y, Carson RE, van Dyck CH. Assessing Synaptic Density in Alzheimer Disease With Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A Positron Emission Tomographic Imaging. JAMA Neurology 2018, 75:1215-1224.
- Preliminary in vivo Evidence of Reduced Synaptic Density in HIV despite Antiretroviral Therapy.Weiss JJ, Calvi R, Naganawa M, Toyonaga T, Farhadian SF, Chintanaphol M, Chiarella J, Zheng MQ, Ropchan J, Huang Y, Pietrzak RH, Carson RE, Spudich S. Preliminary in vivo Evidence of Reduced Synaptic Density in HIV despite Antiretroviral Therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication Of The Infectious Diseases Society Of America 2021.
- Preliminary in vivo evidence of lower hippocampal synaptic density in cannabis use disorder.D'Souza DC, Radhakrishnan R, Naganawa M, Ganesh S, Nabulsi N, Najafzadeh S, Ropchan J, Ranganathan M, Cortes-Briones J, Huang Y, Carson RE, Skosnik P. Preliminary in vivo evidence of lower hippocampal synaptic density in cannabis use disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 2020.
- First-in-Human Evaluation of 18F-SynVesT-1, a Radioligand for PET Imaging of Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A.Naganawa M, Li S, Nabulsi NB, Henry S, Zheng MQ, Pracitto R, Cai Z, Gao H, Kapinos M, Labaree D, Matuskey D, Huang Y, Carson RE. First-in-Human Evaluation of 18F-SynVesT-1, a Radioligand for PET Imaging of Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A. Journal Of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society Of Nuclear Medicine 2021, 62:561-567.
- Binding of the synaptic vesicle radiotracer [11C]UCB-J is unchanged during functional brain activation using a visual stimulation task.Smart K, Liu H, Matuskey D, Chen MK, Torres K, Nabulsi N, Labaree D, Ropchan J, Hillmer AT, Huang Y, Carson RE. Binding of the synaptic vesicle radiotracer [11C]UCB-J is unchanged during functional brain activation using a visual stimulation task. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 2021, 41:1067-1079.
- Simplified Quantification of 11C-UCB-J PET Evaluated in a Large Human Cohort.Naganawa M, Gallezot JD, Finnema S, Matuskey D, Mecca AP, Nabulsi NB, Labaree D, Ropchan J, Malison RT, D'Souza DC, Esterlis I, Detyniecki K, van Dyck CH, Huang Y, Carson RE. Simplified Quantification of 11C-UCB-J PET Evaluated in a Large Human Cohort. Journal Of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society Of Nuclear Medicine 2021, 62:418-421.
- Identifying brain networks in synaptic density PET (11C-UCB-J) with independent component analysis.Fang XT, Toyonaga T, Hillmer AT, Matuskey D, Holmes SE, Radhakrishnan R, Mecca AP, van Dyck CH, D'Souza DC, Esterlis I, Worhunsky PD, Carson RE. Identifying brain networks in synaptic density PET (11C-UCB-J) with independent component analysis. NeuroImage 2021, 237:118167.
- Partial volume correction analysis for 11C-UCB-J PET studies of Alzheimer's disease.Lu Y, Toyonaga T, Naganawa M, Gallezot JD, Chen MK, Mecca AP, van Dyck CH, Carson RE. Partial volume correction analysis for 11C-UCB-J PET studies of Alzheimer's disease. NeuroImage 2021, 238:118248.
- First-in-Human Assessment of 11C-LSN3172176, an M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor PET Radiotracer.Naganawa M, Nabulsi NB, Henry S, Matuskey D, Lin SF, Slieker L, Schwarz AJ, Kant N, Jesudason C, Ruley K, Navarro A, Gao H, Ropchan J, Labaree D, Carson RE, Huang Y. First-in-Human Assessment of 11C-LSN3172176, an M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor PET Radiotracer. Journal Of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society Of Nuclear Medicine 2021, 62:553-560.
- Multimodal investigation of dopamine D2/D3 receptors, default mode network suppression, and cognitive control in cocaine-use disorder.Worhunsky PD, Angarita GA, Zhai ZW, Matuskey D, Gallezot JD, Malison RT, Carson RE, Potenza MN. Multimodal investigation of dopamine D2/D3 receptors, default mode network suppression, and cognitive control in cocaine-use disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication Of The American College Of Neuropsychopharmacology 2021, 46:316-324.
- Assessment of a white matter reference region for 11C-UCB-J PET quantification.Rossano S, Toyonaga T, Finnema SJ, Naganawa M, Lu Y, Nabulsi N, Ropchan J, De Bruyn S, Otoul C, Stockis A, Nicolas JM, Martin P, Mercier J, Huang Y, Maguire RP, Carson RE. Assessment of a white matter reference region for 11C-UCB-J PET quantification. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 2020, 40:1890-1901.
- Kinetic Modeling and Test-Retest Reproducibility of 11C-EKAP and 11C-FEKAP, Novel Agonist Radiotracers for PET Imaging of the κ-Opioid Receptor in Humans.Naganawa M, Li S, Nabulsi NB, Lin SF, Labaree D, Ropchan J, Gao H, Mei M, Henry S, Matuskey D, Carson RE, Huang Y. Kinetic Modeling and Test-Retest Reproducibility of 11C-EKAP and 11C-FEKAP, Novel Agonist Radiotracers for PET Imaging of the κ-Opioid Receptor in Humans. Journal Of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society Of Nuclear Medicine 2020, 61:1636-1642.
- Quantification of PET infusion studies without true equilibrium: A tissue clearance correction.Hillmer AT, Carson RE. Quantification of PET infusion studies without true equilibrium: A tissue clearance correction. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 2020, 40:860-874.
- Data-Driven Motion Detection and Event-by-Event Correction for Brain PET: Comparison with Vicra.Lu Y, Naganawa M, Toyonaga T, Gallezot JD, Fontaine K, Ren S, Revilla EM, Mulnix T, Carson RE. Data-Driven Motion Detection and Event-by-Event Correction for Brain PET: Comparison with Vicra. Journal Of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society Of Nuclear Medicine 2020, 61:1397-1403.
- In Vivo Synaptic Density Imaging with 11C-UCB-J Detects Treatment Effects of Saracatinib in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease.Toyonaga T, Smith LM, Finnema SJ, Gallezot JD, Naganawa M, Bini J, Mulnix T, Cai Z, Ropchan J, Huang Y, Strittmatter SM, Carson RE. In Vivo Synaptic Density Imaging with 11C-UCB-J Detects Treatment Effects of Saracatinib in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease. Journal Of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society Of Nuclear Medicine 2019, 60:1780-1786.
- A single-center, open-label positron emission tomography study to evaluate brivaracetam and levetiracetam synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A binding in healthy volunteers.Finnema SJ, Rossano S, Naganawa M, Henry S, Gao H, Pracitto R, Maguire RP, Mercier J, Kervyn S, Nicolas JM, Klitgaard H, DeBruyn S, Otoul C, Martin P, Muglia P, Matuskey D, Nabulsi NB, Huang Y, Kaminski RM, Hannestad J, Stockis A, Carson RE. A single-center, open-label positron emission tomography study to evaluate brivaracetam and levetiracetam synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A binding in healthy volunteers. Epilepsia 2019, 60:958-967.
- Quantitative PET Imaging in Drug Development: Estimation of Target Occupancy.Naganawa M, Gallezot JD, Rossano S, Carson RE. Quantitative PET Imaging in Drug Development: Estimation of Target Occupancy. Bulletin Of Mathematical Biology 2019, 81:3508-3541.
- Kinetic evaluation and test-retest reproducibility of [11C]UCB-J, a novel radioligand for positron emission tomography imaging of synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A in humans.Finnema SJ, Nabulsi NB, Mercier J, Lin SF, Chen MK, Matuskey D, Gallezot JD, Henry S, Hannestad J, Huang Y, Carson RE. Kinetic evaluation and test-retest reproducibility of [11C]UCB-J, a novel radioligand for positron emission tomography imaging of synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A in humans. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 2018, 38:2041-2052.
- Evaluation of PET Brain Radioligands for Imaging Pancreatic β-Cell Mass: Potential Utility of 11C-(+)-PHNO.Bini J, Naganawa M, Nabulsi NB, Huang YH, Ropchan J, Lim K, Najafzadeh S, Herold KC, Cline GW, Carson RE. Evaluation of PET Brain Radioligands for Imaging Pancreatic β-Cell Mass: Potential Utility of 11C-(+)-PHNO. Journal Of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society Of Nuclear Medicine 2018, 59:1249-1254.
- Cardiac-gated parametric images from 82 Rb PET from dynamic frames and direct 4D reconstruction.Germino M, Carson RE. Cardiac-gated parametric images from 82 Rb PET from dynamic frames and direct 4D reconstruction. Medical Physics 2018, 45:639-654.
- Data-driven event-by-event respiratory motion correction using TOF PET list-mode centroid of distribution.Ren S, Jin X, Chan C, Jian Y, Mulnix T, Liu C, Carson RE. Data-driven event-by-event respiratory motion correction using TOF PET list-mode centroid of distribution. Physics In Medicine And Biology 2017, 62:4741-4755.
- Direct reconstruction of parametric images for brain PET with event-by-event motion correction: evaluation in two tracers across count levels.Germino M, Gallezot JD, Yan J, Carson RE. Direct reconstruction of parametric images for brain PET with event-by-event motion correction: evaluation in two tracers across count levels. Physics In Medicine And Biology 2017, 62:5344-5364.
- Regional and source-based patterns of [11C]-(+)-PHNO binding potential reveal concurrent alterations in dopamine D2 and D3 receptor availability in cocaine-use disorder.Worhunsky PD, Matuskey D, Gallezot JD, Gaiser EC, Nabulsi N, Angarita GA, Calhoun VD, Malison RT, Potenza MN, Carson RE. Regional and source-based patterns of [11C]-(+)-PHNO binding potential reveal concurrent alterations in dopamine D2 and D3 receptor availability in cocaine-use disorder. NeuroImage 2017, 148:343-351.
- OCD is associated with an altered association between sensorimotor gating and cortical and subcortical 5-HT1b receptor binding.Pittenger C, Adams TG, Gallezot JD, Crowley MJ, Nabulsi N, James Ropchan, Gao H, Kichuk SA, Simpson R, Billingslea E, Hannestad J, Bloch M, Mayes L, Bhagwagar Z, Carson RE. OCD is associated with an altered association between sensorimotor gating and cortical and subcortical 5-HT1b receptor binding. Journal Of Affective Disorders 2016, 196:87-96.
- Receptor Occupancy of the κ-Opioid Antagonist LY2456302 Measured with Positron Emission Tomography and the Novel Radiotracer 11C-LY2795050.Naganawa M, Dickinson GL, Zheng MQ, Henry S, Vandenhende F, Witcher J, Bell R, Nabulsi N, Lin SF, Ropchan J, Neumeister A, Ranganathan M, Tauscher J, Huang Y, Carson RE. Receptor Occupancy of the κ-Opioid Antagonist LY2456302 Measured with Positron Emission Tomography and the Novel Radiotracer 11C-LY2795050. The Journal Of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics 2016, 356:260-6.
- Quantification of myocardial blood flow with (82)Rb: Validation with (15)O-water using time-of-flight and point-spread-function modeling.Germino M, Ropchan J, Mulnix T, Fontaine K, Nabulsi N, Ackah E, Feringa H, Sinusas AJ, Liu C, Carson RE. Quantification of myocardial blood flow with (82)Rb: Validation with (15)O-water using time-of-flight and point-spread-function modeling. EJNMMI Research 2016, 6:68.
- (11)C-PBR28 imaging in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls: test-retest reproducibility and focal visualization of active white matter areas.Park E, Gallezot JD, Delgadillo A, Liu S, Planeta B, Lin SF, O'Connor KC, Lim K, Lee JY, Chastre A, Chen MK, Seneca N, Leppert D, Huang Y, Carson RE, Pelletier D. (11)C-PBR28 imaging in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls: test-retest reproducibility and focal visualization of active white matter areas. European Journal Of Nuclear Medicine And Molecular Imaging 2015, 42:1081-92.
- Imaging robust microglial activation after lipopolysaccharide administration in humans with PET.Sandiego CM, Gallezot JD, Pittman B, Nabulsi N, Lim K, Lin SF, Matuskey D, Lee JY, O'Connor KC, Huang Y, Carson RE, Hannestad J, Cosgrove KP. Imaging robust microglial activation after lipopolysaccharide administration in humans with PET. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2015, 112:12468-73.
- Applications of the line-of-response probability density function resolution model in PET list mode reconstruction.Jian Y, Yao R, Mulnix T, Jin X, Carson RE. Applications of the line-of-response probability density function resolution model in PET list mode reconstruction. Physics In Medicine And Biology 2015, 60:253-78.
- Kinetic modeling of (11)C-LY2795050, a novel antagonist radiotracer for PET imaging of the kappa opioid receptor in humans.Naganawa M, Zheng MQ, Nabulsi N, Tomasi G, Henry S, Lin SF, Ropchan J, Labaree D, Tauscher J, Neumeister A, Carson RE, Huang Y. Kinetic modeling of (11)C-LY2795050, a novel antagonist radiotracer for PET imaging of the kappa opioid receptor in humans. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 2014, 34:1818-25.
- Evaluation of motion correction methods in human brain PET imaging--a simulation study based on human motion data.Jin X, Mulnix T, Gallezot JD, Carson RE. Evaluation of motion correction methods in human brain PET imaging--a simulation study based on human motion data. Medical Physics 2013, 40:102503.
- In vivo imaging of endogenous pancreatic β-cell mass in healthy and type 1 diabetic subjects using 18F-fluoropropyl-dihydrotetrabenazine and PET.Normandin MD, Petersen KF, Ding YS, Lin SF, Naik S, Fowles K, Skovronsky DM, Herold KC, McCarthy TJ, Calle RA, Carson RE, Treadway JL, Cline GW. In vivo imaging of endogenous pancreatic β-cell mass in healthy and type 1 diabetic subjects using 18F-fluoropropyl-dihydrotetrabenazine and PET. Journal Of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society Of Nuclear Medicine 2012, 53:908-16.
- Direct 4-D PET list mode parametric reconstruction with a novel EM algorithm.Yan J, Planeta-Wilson B, Carson RE. Direct 4-D PET list mode parametric reconstruction with a novel EM algorithm. IEEE Transactions On Medical Imaging 2012, 31:2213-23.
- Kinetic modeling of the serotonin 5-HT(1B) receptor radioligand [(11)C]P943 in humans.Gallezot JD, Nabulsi N, Neumeister A, Planeta-Wilson B, Williams WA, Singhal T, Kim S, Maguire RP, McCarthy T, Frost JJ, Huang Y, Ding YS, Carson RE. Kinetic modeling of the serotonin 5-HT(1B) receptor radioligand [(11)C]P943 in humans. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 2010, 30:196-210.
- Consensus nomenclature for in vivo imaging of reversibly binding radioligands.Innis RB, Cunningham VJ, Delforge J, Fujita M, Gjedde A, Gunn RN, Holden J, Houle S, Huang SC, Ichise M, Iida H, Ito H, Kimura Y, Koeppe RA, Knudsen GM, Knuuti J, Lammertsma AA, Laruelle M, Logan J, Maguire RP, Mintun MA, Morris ED, Parsey R, Price JC, Slifstein M, Sossi V, Suhara T, Votaw JR, Wong DF, Carson RE. Consensus nomenclature for in vivo imaging of reversibly binding radioligands. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 2007, 27:1533-9.
- Design of a motion-compensation OSEM List-mode Algorithm for Resolution-Recovery Reconstruction of the HRRTCarson RE, Barker WC, Liow J-S, Adler S, Johnson CA, Design of a motion-compensation OSEM List-mode Algorithm for Resolution-Recovery Reconstruction of the HRRT Conf Record IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference. Portland, OR, 5: 3281-3285, 2003
- Linearized reference tissue parametric imaging methods: application to [11C]DASB positron emission tomography studies of the serotonin transporter in human brain.Ichise M, Liow JS, Lu JQ, Takano A, Model K, Toyama H, Suhara T, Suzuki K, Innis RB, Carson RE. Linearized reference tissue parametric imaging methods: application to [11C]DASB positron emission tomography studies of the serotonin transporter in human brain. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 2003, 23:1096-112.
- Kinetic modeling of [11C]raclopride: combined PET-microdialysis studies.Endres CJ, Kolachana BS, Saunders RC, Su T, Weinberger D, Breier A, Eckelman WC, Carson RE. Kinetic modeling of [11C]raclopride: combined PET-microdialysis studies. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 1997, 17:932-42.
- Noise reduction in the simplified reference tissue model for neuroreceptor functional imaging.Wu Y, Carson RE. Noise reduction in the simplified reference tissue model for neuroreceptor functional imaging. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 2002, 22:1440-52.
- Strategies to improve neuroreceptor parameter estimation by linear regression analysis.Ichise M, Toyama H, Innis RB, Carson RE. Strategies to improve neuroreceptor parameter estimation by linear regression analysis. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 2002, 22:1271-81.
- PET physiological measurements using constant infusion.Carson RE. PET physiological measurements using constant infusion. Nuclear Medicine And Biology 2000, 27:657-60.
- Measurement of dopamine release with continuous infusion of [11C]raclopride: optimization and signal-to-noise considerations.Watabe H, Endres CJ, Breier A, Schmall B, Eckelman WC, Carson RE. Measurement of dopamine release with continuous infusion of [11C]raclopride: optimization and signal-to-noise considerations. Journal Of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society Of Nuclear Medicine 2000, 41:522-30.
- Performance characteristics of the 3-D OSEM algorithm in the reconstruction of small animal PET images. Ordered-subsets expectation-maximixation.Yao R, Seidel J, Johnson CA, Daube-Witherspoon ME, Green MV, Carson RE. Performance characteristics of the 3-D OSEM algorithm in the reconstruction of small animal PET images. Ordered-subsets expectation-maximixation. IEEE Transactions On Medical Imaging 2000, 19:798-804.
- Dissociated pattern of activity in visual cortices and their projections during human rapid eye movement sleep.Braun AR, Balkin TJ, Wesensten NJ, Gwadry F, Carson RE, Varga M, Baldwin P, Belenky G, Herscovitch P. Dissociated pattern of activity in visual cortices and their projections during human rapid eye movement sleep. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1998, 279:91-5.
- Muscarinic cholinergic receptor measurements with [18F]FP-TZTP: control and competition studies.Carson RE, Kiesewetter DO, Jagoda E, Der MG, Herscovitch P, Eckelman WC. Muscarinic cholinergic receptor measurements with [18F]FP-TZTP: control and competition studies. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 1998, 18:1130-42.
- Assessment of dynamic neurotransmitter changes with bolus or infusion delivery of neuroreceptor ligands.Endres CJ, Carson RE. Assessment of dynamic neurotransmitter changes with bolus or infusion delivery of neuroreceptor ligands. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 1998, 18:1196-210.
- Quantification of amphetamine-induced changes in [11C]raclopride binding with continuous infusion.Carson RE, Breier A, de Bartolomeis A, Saunders RC, Su TP, Schmall B, Der MG, Pickar D, Eckelman WC. Quantification of amphetamine-induced changes in [11C]raclopride binding with continuous infusion. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 1997, 17:437-47.
- Comparison of bolus and infusion methods for receptor quantitation: application to [18F]cyclofoxy and positron emission tomography.Carson RE, Channing MA, Blasberg RG, Dunn BB, Cohen RM, Rice KC, Herscovitch P. Comparison of bolus and infusion methods for receptor quantitation: application to [18F]cyclofoxy and positron emission tomography. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism : Official Journal Of The International Society Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism 1993, 13:24-42.
- A maximum likelihood method for region-of-interest evaluation in emission tomography.Carson RE. A maximum likelihood method for region-of-interest evaluation in emission tomography. Journal Of Computer Assisted Tomography 1986, 10:654-63.
- EM reconstruction algorithms for emission and transmission tomography.Lange K, Carson R. EM reconstruction algorithms for emission and transmission tomography. Journal Of Computer Assisted Tomography 1984, 8:306-16.