2021
Sex differences in immune responses
Takahashi T, Iwasaki A. Sex differences in immune responses. Science 2021, 371: 347-348. PMID: 33479140, DOI: 10.1126/science.abe7199.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsImmune responseCOVID-19Sex differencesSevere COVID-19Risk of deathHigher mortality riskCOVID-19 mortalityPossible biological mechanismsCOVID-19 incidenceMale sexRisk factorsSevere diseaseHigh riskMortality riskMale sex biasOld maleSex-disaggregated dataBehavioral factorsBiological sex differencesDeathVulnerable groupsRiskBiological mechanismsMalesSex
2020
Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes
Takahashi T, Ellingson MK, Wong P, Israelow B, Lucas C, Klein J, Silva J, Mao T, Oh JE, Tokuyama M, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Park A, Liu F, Meir A, Sun J, Wang EY, Casanovas-Massana A, Wyllie AL, Vogels CBF, Earnest R, Lapidus S, Ott IM, Moore AJ, Shaw A, Fournier J, Odio C, Farhadian S, Dela Cruz C, Grubaugh N, Schulz W, Ring A, Ko A, Omer S, Iwasaki A. Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes. Nature 2020, 588: 315-320. PMID: 32846427, PMCID: PMC7725931, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2700-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInnate immune cytokinesFemale patientsMale patientsImmune cytokinesDisease outcomeImmune responseCOVID-19COVID-19 disease outcomesPoor T cell responsesSARS-CoV-2 infectionSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirusAcute respiratory syndrome coronavirusSex-based approachModerate COVID-19Sex differencesRobust T cell activationT cell responsesWorse disease progressionWorse disease outcomesHigher plasma levelsNon-classical monocytesCoronavirus disease 2019T cell activationImmunomodulatory medicationsPlasma cytokines