2022
A retrospective cohort analysis of the Yale pediatric genomics discovery program
Al‐Ali S, Jeffries L, Faustino EVS, Ji W, Mis E, Konstantino M, Zerillo C, Jiang Y, Spencer‐Manzon M, Bale A, Zhang H, McGlynn J, McGrath JM, Tremblay T, Brodsky NN, Lucas CL, Pierce R, Deniz E, Khokha MK, Lakhani SA. A retrospective cohort analysis of the Yale pediatric genomics discovery program. American Journal Of Medical Genetics Part A 2022, 188: 2869-2878. PMID: 35899841, PMCID: PMC9474639, DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62918.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRetrospective cohort analysisNext-generation sequencingCohort analysisSystem abnormalitiesImmune system abnormalitiesCardiovascular system abnormalitiesFunctional molecular analysesNovel genesPrecise molecular diagnosisClinical characteristicsFurther genetic evaluationDiscovery programsComplex patientsMultisystem diseaseDisease genesPediatric providersRare genetic diseaseNew diagnosisPhenotype relationshipsPatientsGenetic diseasesMolecular analysisDiagnosisParticipant demographicsNGS results
2021
Severe multisystem pathology, metabolic acidosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and early death associated with an X-linked AIFM1 variant
Moss T, May M, Flanagan-Steet H, Caylor R, Jiang YH, McDonald M, Friez M, McConkie-Rosell A, Steet R. Severe multisystem pathology, metabolic acidosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and early death associated with an X-linked AIFM1 variant. Molecular Case Studies 2021, 7: a006081. PMID: 34117073, PMCID: PMC8208043, DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006081.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMitochondrial flavin adenine dinucleotideCaspase-independent typeRespiratory complex assemblyFunctional studiesApoptosis inducer staurosporineGalactose-containing mediumNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) oxidoreductaseApoptotic stimuliSteady-state levelsComplex assemblyGene productsReactive oxygen speciesMitochondrial deficiencyTissue-specific effectsNuclear condensationFlavin adenine dinucleotideReduced abundanceMitochondrial complexesComplex IPyruvate dehydrogenaseMitochondrial dysfunctionPatient cellsExome sequencingOxygen speciesElevated sensitivity
2020
Altered striatum centered brain structures in SHANK3 deficient Chinese children with genotype and phenotype profiling
Liu C, Li D, Yang H, Li H, Xu Q, Zhou B, Hu C, Li C, Wang Y, Qiao Z, Jiang YH, Xu X. Altered striatum centered brain structures in SHANK3 deficient Chinese children with genotype and phenotype profiling. Progress In Neurobiology 2020, 200: 101985. PMID: 33388374, PMCID: PMC8572121, DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101985.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAutism Spectrum DisorderBrainChinaGenotypeGray MatterHumansNerve Tissue ProteinsPhenotypeConceptsTract-based spatial statisticsVoxel-based morphometryUnderlying neuropathological mechanismsNeuropathological mechanismsDeficient childrenBrain structuresMiddle cerebral peduncleAutism spectrum disorderAbnormal neural circuitsPosterior thalamic radiationGray matter volumeFunctional connectivity studiesSuperior longitudinal fasciculusStudy of subjectsCerebral peduncleInternal capsuleRisk factorsDental abnormalitiesCorpus callosumCommissural fibersHematological problemsCorona radiataDorsal striatumNeurobehavioral evaluationAnteverted nares
2019
De Novo Missense Variants in FBXW11 Cause Diverse Developmental Phenotypes Including Brain, Eye, and Digit Anomalies
Holt RJ, Young RM, Crespo B, Ceroni F, Curry CJ, Bellacchio E, Bax DA, Ciolfi A, Simon M, Fagerberg CR, van Binsbergen E, De Luca A, Memo L, Dobyns WB, Mohammed AA, Clokie SJH, Seco C, Jiang YH, Sørensen KP, Andersen H, Sullivan J, Powis Z, Chassevent A, Smith-Hicks C, Petrovski S, Antoniadi T, Shashi V, Gelb BD, Wilson SW, Gerrelli D, Tartaglia M, Chassaing N, Calvas P, Ragge NK. De Novo Missense Variants in FBXW11 Cause Diverse Developmental Phenotypes Including Brain, Eye, and Digit Anomalies. American Journal Of Human Genetics 2019, 105: 640-657. PMID: 31402090, PMCID: PMC6731360, DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.07.005.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsF-box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complexF-box proteinsMultiple developmental processesPectoral fin developmentSubstrate-binding domainUbiquitin ligase complexGli transcription factorsHuman developmental disordersSecond-generation sequencingDe novo missense variantsWhole-genome sequencingSkp1-CullinDevelopmental phenotypesLigase complexFin developmentResidue clustersTranscription factorsProteasomal degradationEye developmentNovo missense variantsDevelopmental processesFBXW11Genome sequencingEmbryonic tissuesUnderdeveloped eyes
2018
Environmental enrichment has minimal effects on behavior in the Shank3 complete knockout model of autism spectrum disorder
Hulbert SW, Bey AL, Jiang Y. Environmental enrichment has minimal effects on behavior in the Shank3 complete knockout model of autism spectrum disorder. Brain And Behavior 2018, 8: e01107. PMID: 30317697, PMCID: PMC6236244, DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1107.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchFurther evidence for the involvement of EFL1 in a Shwachman–Diamond-like syndrome and expansion of the phenotypic features
Tan Q, Cope H, Spillmann RC, Stong N, Jiang YH, McDonald MT, Rothman JA, Butler MW, Frush DP, Lachman RS, Lee B, Bacino CA, Bonner MJ, McCall CM, Pendse AA, Walley N, Network U, Shashi V, Pena L, Alejandro M, Azamian M, Bacino C, Balasubramanyam A, Bostwick B, Burrage L, Chen S, Clark G, Craigen W, Dhar S, Emrick L, Goldman A, Hanchard N, Jamal F, Karaviti L, Lalani S, Lee B, Lewis R, Marom R, Moretti P, Murdock D, Nicholas S, Orange J, Orengo J, Posey J, Potocki L, Rosenfeld J, Samson S, Scott D, Tran A, Vogel T, Bellen H, Wangler M, Yamamoto S, Eng C, Muzny D, Ward P, Yang Y, Goldstein D, Stong N, Cope H, Jiang Y, McConkie-Rosell A, Pena L, Schoch K, Shashi V, Spillmann R, Sullivan J, Tan Q, Walley N, Aaron A, Beggs A, Berry G, Briere L, Cooper C, Donnell-Fink L, Fieg E, High F, Korrick S, Krier J, Lincoln S, Loscalzo J, Maas R, MacRae C, Pallais J, Rodan L, Silverman E, Stoler J, Sweetser D, Walker M, Walsh C, Esteves C, Glanton E, Holm I, Kohane I, McCray A, Might M, LeBlanc K, Bick D, Birch C, Boone B, Brown D, Dorset D, Jones A, Lazar J, Levy S, May T, Newberry J, Worthey E, Batzli G, Colley H, Dayal J, Eckstein D, Gould S, Howerton E, Krasnewich D, Mamounas L, Manolio T, Mulvihill J, Urv T, Wise A, Brush M, Gourdine J, Haendel M, Koeller D, Kyle J, Metz T, Waters K, Webb-Robertson B, Ashley E, Bernstein J, Bonner D, Coakley T, Davidson J, Dries A, Enns G, Fernandez L, Fisher P, Friedman N, Hom J, Huang Y, Kohler J, Majcherska M, Marwaha S, McCormack C, Merker J, Reuter C, Sampson J, Smith K, Waggott D, Wheeler M, Zastrow D, Zhao C, Allard P, Barseghyan H, Butte M, Dell'Angelica E, Dipple K, Dorrani N, Douine E, Eskin A, Fogel B, Lee H, Loo S, Martin M, Martínez-Agosto J, Nelson S, Palmer C, Papp J, Parker N, Signer R, Sinsheimer J, Vilain E, Wan J, Yoon A, Zheng A, Behnam B, Burke E, D'Souza P, Davids M, Draper D, Estwick T, Ferreira C, Godfrey R, Groden C, Johnston J, Lau C, Macnamara E, Maduro V, Markello T, Morimoto M, Murphy J, Nehrebecky M, Novacic D, Pusey B, Sharma P, CamiloToro, Wahl C, Yu G, Gropman A, Baker E, Adams D, Gahl W, Malicdan M, Tifft C, Wolfe L, Yang J, Postlethwait J, Westerfield M, Bican A, Brokamp E, Duncan L, Hamid R, Kozuira M, Newman J, Phillips J, Rives L, Robertson A, Shakachite L, Cogan J. Further evidence for the involvement of EFL1 in a Shwachman–Diamond-like syndrome and expansion of the phenotypic features. Molecular Case Studies 2018, 4: a003046. PMID: 29970384, PMCID: PMC6169826, DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a003046.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsShwachman-Diamond syndromeBone marrow abnormalitiesShwachman-DiamondPediatric patientsClinical featuresPancreatic insufficiencyDe novo variantsLike syndromeMarrow abnormalitiesMetaphyseal abnormalitiesPathogenic variantsBiallelic variantsMetaphyseal dysplasiaWhole-exome sequencing dataNovo variantsRecent evidenceEquivocal evidenceCausative genesPatientsPhenotypic featuresSyndromeAbnormalitiesPhenotypeFurther evidenceInitial indicationA comprehensive iterative approach is highly effective in diagnosing individuals who are exome negative
Shashi V, Schoch K, Spillmann R, Cope H, Tan Q, Walley N, Pena L, McConkie-Rosell A, Jiang YH, Stong N, Need AC, Goldstein DB. A comprehensive iterative approach is highly effective in diagnosing individuals who are exome negative. Genetics In Medicine 2018, 21: 161-172. PMID: 29907797, PMCID: PMC6295275, DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0044-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchBrain region-specific disruption of Shank3 in mice reveals a dissociation for cortical and striatal circuits in autism-related behaviors
Bey AL, Wang X, Yan H, Kim N, Passman RL, Yang Y, Cao X, Towers AJ, Hulbert SW, Duffney LJ, Gaidis E, Rodriguiz RM, Wetsel WC, Yin HH, Jiang YH. Brain region-specific disruption of Shank3 in mice reveals a dissociation for cortical and striatal circuits in autism-related behaviors. Translational Psychiatry 2018, 8: 94. PMID: 29700290, PMCID: PMC5919902, DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0142-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAutism Spectrum DisorderBehavior, AnimalCorpus StriatumDisease Models, AnimalExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsHippocampusHomer Scaffolding ProteinsMice, KnockoutMicrofilament ProteinsNerve Tissue ProteinsNeuronsPhenotypeProsencephalonReceptors, Dopamine D1Receptors, Dopamine D2Receptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateSocial BehaviorSynapsesConceptsDeletion of Shank3Brain regionsAutism-related behaviorsWhole-cell patch recordingsGluN2B-containing NMDARsShank3 mutant miceHomer1b/cRegion-specific disruptionRespective brain regionsNeural circuit mechanismsSpecific brain regionsASD-like behaviorsStriatal lossStriatal neuronsElectrophysiological findingsExcitatory neuronsHippocampal neuronsCell type-specific rolesInhibitory neuronsASD-related behaviorsStriatal circuitsSHANK3 deletionStriatal D1Excessive groomingPatch recordingsSystematic reconstruction of autism biology from massive genetic mutation profiles
Luo W, Zhang C, Jiang YH, Brouwer CR. Systematic reconstruction of autism biology from massive genetic mutation profiles. Science Advances 2018, 4: e1701799. PMID: 29651456, PMCID: PMC5895441, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701799.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsComplex genetic diseasesWhole-exome studiesHundreds of variantsGene functionNovel genesSubpathway levelGene groupsSame geneCanonical pathwaysPathway levelAutism-related mutationsSecond messenger systemsGenesGenetic diseasesASD biologyCAMP second messenger systemBiologyGenetic associationMutationsMultiple independent analysesMost variantsPathwayVariant levelsSynaptic functionGenetic mutation profiles
2017
Deficiency of Shank2 causes mania-like behavior that responds to mood stabilizers
Pappas A, Bey A, Wang X, Rossi M, Kim Y, Yan H, Porkka F, Duffney L, Phillips S, Cao X, Ding J, Rodriguiz R, Yin H, Weinberg R, Ji R, Wetsel W, Jiang Y. Deficiency of Shank2 causes mania-like behavior that responds to mood stabilizers. JCI Insight 2017, 2: e92052. PMID: 29046483, PMCID: PMC5846902, DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92052.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAmphetamineAnhedoniaAnimalsAntimanic AgentsBehavior, AnimalBipolar DisorderCentral Nervous System StimulantsChronobiology DisordersCognitive DysfunctionFemaleHippocampusLithium CompoundsMaleMiceMice, KnockoutMotor ActivityNerve Tissue ProteinsN-MethylaspartatePhenotypeProsencephalonReceptors, AMPAReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateSocial Behavior DisordersSynapsesLooking beyond the exome: a phenotype-first approach to molecular diagnostic resolution in rare and undiagnosed diseases
Pena LDM, Jiang YH, Schoch K, Spillmann RC, Walley N, Stong N, Rapisardo Horn S, Sullivan JA, McConkie-Rosell A, Kansagra S, Smith EC, El-Dairi M, Bellet J, Keels MA, Jasien J, Kranz PG, Noel R, Nagaraj SK, Lark RK, Wechsler DSG, del Gaudio D, Leung ML, Hendon LG, Parker CC, Jones KL, Goldstein D, Shashi V. Looking beyond the exome: a phenotype-first approach to molecular diagnostic resolution in rare and undiagnosed diseases. Genetics In Medicine 2017, 20: 464-469. PMID: 28914269, PMCID: PMC5851806, DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.128.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsWhole-exome sequencingMagnetic resonance image changesPathogenic variantsSanger sequencingPhenotype-first approachFurther diagnostic testingNew clinical findingsInfantile neuroaxonal dystrophyHeterozygous pathogenic variantsInfantile systemic hyalinosisSingle-gene testingClinical suspicionClinical findingsConclusionThese casesCerebellar atrophyWhite matter leukoencephalopathyNeuroaxonal dystrophyProgressive ataxiaMolecular testingSystemic hyalinosisNGS testingNovel homozygous deletionUndiagnosed diseaseClinical diagnosisDiagnostic testingThe importance of managing the patient and not the gene: expanded phenotype of GLE1-associated arthrogryposis
Tan Q, McConkie-Rosell A, Juusola J, Gustafson KE, Pizoli CE, Buckley AF, Jiang YH. The importance of managing the patient and not the gene: expanded phenotype of GLE1-associated arthrogryposis. Molecular Case Studies 2017, 3: a002063. PMID: 28729373, PMCID: PMC5701308, DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a002063.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAnterior horn cell diseaseCell diseasePathogenic variantsMotor neuron diseaseBiallelic missense mutationsSpinal muscular atrophyWhole-exome sequencingMotor weaknessRespiratory supportRespiratory difficultyNeuron diseaseMotor phenotypePerinatal periodPrenatal symptomsContracture syndromeMuscle biopsySevere formFetal akinesiaMuscular atrophyDiseaseMRNA exportLethal arthrogryposisTranslation initiationPerinatal lethalityArthrogryposisNeonatal nonepileptic myoclonus is a prominent clinical feature of KCNQ2 gain‐of‐function variants R201C and R201H
Mulkey SB, Ben‐Zeev B, Nicolai J, Carroll JL, Grønborg S, Jiang Y, Joshi N, Kelly M, Koolen DA, Mikati MA, Park K, Pearl PL, Scheffer IE, Spillmann RC, Taglialatela M, Vieker S, Weckhuysen S, Cooper EC, Cilio MR. Neonatal nonepileptic myoclonus is a prominent clinical feature of KCNQ2 gain‐of‐function variants R201C and R201H. Epilepsia 2017, 58: 436-445. PMID: 28139826, PMCID: PMC5339037, DOI: 10.1111/epi.13676.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNonepileptic myoclonusClinical presentationFunction variantsMultifocal epileptiform dischargesProminent clinical featureDistinct clinical presentationsProfound developmental delayBurst-suppression patternInstitutional review boardNeonatal encephalopathyClinical featuresEpileptic spasmsNeonatal periodNeonatal seizuresRespiratory dysfunctionPatient RegistryMedical recordsNeonatal presentationElectrophysiologic propertiesEpileptiform dischargesParoxysmal movementsTherapeutic approachesPatientsBrain volumeMyoclonus
2015
Whole-exome sequencing in undiagnosed genetic diseases: interpreting 119 trios
Zhu X, Petrovski S, Xie P, Ruzzo EK, Lu YF, McSweeney KM, Ben-Zeev B, Nissenkorn A, Anikster Y, Oz-Levi D, Dhindsa RS, Hitomi Y, Schoch K, Spillmann RC, Heimer G, Marek-Yagel D, Tzadok M, Han Y, Worley G, Goldstein J, Jiang YH, Lancet D, Pras E, Shashi V, McHale D, Need AC, Goldstein DB. Whole-exome sequencing in undiagnosed genetic diseases: interpreting 119 trios. Genetics In Medicine 2015, 17: 774-781. PMID: 25590979, PMCID: PMC4791490, DOI: 10.1038/gim.2014.191.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDisease genesWhole-exome sequencingDamaging de novo mutationsNovel bioinformatics approachNovel disease genesAppropriate bioinformatics analysisNew gene-disease associationsClinical sequence dataGene-disease associationsDisease-causing genesNovel genesIntolerant genesBioinformatics approachSequence dataBioinformatics analysisDe novo mutationsGenomic interpretationPattern of genotypesSimilar phenotypeGenesGenetic diseasesDiagnostic genotypesUndiagnosed genetic diseasesNovo mutationsCandidate genotypes
2014
A genomic copy number variant analysis implicates the MBD5 and HNRNPUgenes in Chinese children with infantile spasms and expands the clinical spectrum of 2q23.1 deletion
Du X, An Y, Yu L, Liu R, Qin Y, Guo X, Sun D, Zhou S, Wu B, Jiang YH, Wang Y. A genomic copy number variant analysis implicates the MBD5 and HNRNPUgenes in Chinese children with infantile spasms and expands the clinical spectrum of 2q23.1 deletion. BMC Medical Genomics 2014, 15: 62. PMID: 24885232, PMCID: PMC4061518, DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-62.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine EsteraseAge of OnsetBrainChild, PreschoolChromosome DeletionChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2DNA Copy Number VariationsDNA-Binding ProteinsFaciesFemaleFoot Deformities, CongenitalHand Deformities, CongenitalHeterogeneous-Nuclear RibonucleoproteinsHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsPhenotypeSpasms, InfantileConceptsInfantile spasmsEpileptic encephalopathyChinese childrenCNV lossDistinct clinical presentationsCopy number variantsPathogenicity of CNVsAutism spectrum disorderCausative genesMajority of casesWhole-exome sequencingRole of CNVsGeneralized seizuresClinical featuresClinical presentationClinical spectrumPrimary diagnosisSevere developmental disabilitiesSpasmConclusionOur findingsMBD5 geneReal-time qPCRExome sequencingGenetic factorsDifferent ethnic backgrounds
2008
De novo and complex imbalanced chromosomal rearrangements revealed by array CGH in a patient with an abnormal phenotype and apparently “balanced” paracentric inversion of 14(q21q23)
Jiang Y, Martinez JE, Ou Z, Cooper ML, Kang S, Pursley A, Cheung SW. De novo and complex imbalanced chromosomal rearrangements revealed by array CGH in a patient with an abnormal phenotype and apparently “balanced” paracentric inversion of 14(q21q23). American Journal Of Medical Genetics Part A 2008, 146A: 1986-1993. PMID: 18627051, DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32408.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAbnormalities, MultipleChild, PreschoolChromosome BreakageChromosome DeletionChromosome InversionChromosomes, Artificial, BacterialChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Developmental DisabilitiesFemaleGenome, HumanHumansIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceKaryotypingMuscle HypotoniaOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisPhenotype
2002
A Rheostat Model for a Rapid and Reversible Form of Imprinting-Dependent Evolution
Beaudet AL, Jiang YH. A Rheostat Model for a Rapid and Reversible Form of Imprinting-Dependent Evolution. American Journal Of Human Genetics 2002, 70: 1389-1397. PMID: 11992247, PMCID: PMC379123, DOI: 10.1086/340969.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGenomic imprintingRheostat modelGene expressionSelective advantageNon-Mendelian inheritanceDosage-sensitive lociMajority of variantsEpigenetic variantsEvolutionary advantageForm of evolutionSilent alleleImprintingPhenotypeIntegrated mechanismEnhanced adaptabilityExpressionDeleterious effectsEvolutionMammalsHypervariabilityWide continuumGenesMendelianLociMechanism
1999
Mutation of the E6-AP Ubiquitin Ligase Reduces Nuclear Inclusion Frequency While Accelerating Polyglutamine-Induced Pathology in SCA1 Mice
Cummings C, Reinstein E, Sun Y, Antalffy B, Jiang Y, Ciechanover A, Orr H, Beaudet A, Zoghbi H. Mutation of the E6-AP Ubiquitin Ligase Reduces Nuclear Inclusion Frequency While Accelerating Polyglutamine-Induced Pathology in SCA1 Mice. Neuron 1999, 24: 879-892. PMID: 10624951, DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81035-1.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAtaxin-1AtaxinsCell NucleusCells, CulturedCysteine EndopeptidasesFluorescent Antibody TechniqueHeLa CellsHumansImmunoblottingImmunohistochemistryInclusion BodiesLigasesMiceMice, KnockoutMicroscopy, ConfocalMultienzyme ComplexesMutationNerve Tissue ProteinsNuclear ProteinsPeptidesPhenotypePlasmidsProteasome Endopeptidase ComplexPurkinje CellsSpinocerebellar DegenerationsUbiquitin-Protein LigasesUbiquitinsConceptsMutant ataxin-1Ataxin-1Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1Ataxin-1 aggregationUbiquitin-protein ligaseUbiquitin-positive nuclear inclusionsUbiquitin-proteasome pathwayNuclear inclusionsPolyglutamine proteinsProteasomal degradationProteasome distributionMutant formsSCA1 pathogenesisAtaxia type 1Patient neuronsPurkinje cell pathologySCA1 miceCell pathologyInclusion frequencyCellsLigasePurkinje cellsProteinPaternal Deletion from Snrpn to Ube3a in the Mouse Causes Hypotonia, Growth Retardation and Partial Lethality and Provides Evidence for a Gene Contributing to Prader-Willi Syndrome
Tsai T, Jiang Y, Bressler J, Armstrong D, Beaudet A. Paternal Deletion from Snrpn to Ube3a in the Mouse Causes Hypotonia, Growth Retardation and Partial Lethality and Provides Evidence for a Gene Contributing to Prader-Willi Syndrome. Human Molecular Genetics 1999, 8: 1357-1364. PMID: 10400982, DOI: 10.1093/hmg/8.8.1357.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAbnormalities, MultipleAnimalsAutoantigensBrainChromosome DeletionFemaleGene ExpressionGenomic ImprintingHumansLigasesMaleMiceMice, Inbred StrainsMuscle HypotoniaMutagenesis, Site-DirectedOpen Reading FramesPedigreePhenotypePrader-Willi SyndromeRibonucleoproteins, Small NuclearRNASnRNP Core ProteinsUbiquitin-Protein LigasesConceptsOpen reading framePartial lethalityExon 2Pathogenesis of PWSUpstream open reading framesObvious phenotypic abnormalitiesMouse chromosome 7CGenomic imprintsImprinted expressionPrader-Willi syndromeHuman translocationImprinted genesGene ContributingStructural genePaternal deficiencyChromosome 7CPaternal chromosomesGenotype/phenotype correlationHuman chromosomesMethylation patternsImprinting mutationsReading frameMultiple genesLoss of expressionSNRPN