2022
Translational PET Imaging of Spinal Cord Injury with the Serotonin Transporter Tracer [11C]AFM
Fang H, Rossano S, Wang X, Nabulsi N, Kelley B, Fowles K, Ropchan J, Strittmatter SM, Carson RE, Huang Y. Translational PET Imaging of Spinal Cord Injury with the Serotonin Transporter Tracer [11C]AFM. Molecular Imaging And Biology 2022, 24: 560-569. PMID: 35020138, PMCID: PMC9550197, DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01698-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cord injurySpinal cordHealthy ratsHuman spinal cordCord injurySerotonin transporterRat modelRodent modelsPET imagingTranslational PET imagingSCI rat modelIntact spinal cordSpinal cord caudalRodent spinal cordSerotonin transporter tracerUse of PETCervical uptakeSERT changesSCI animalsSCI patientsPresynaptic serotonin transporterCord caudalAxon damageSerotonin systemSERT radioligand
2020
Nogo receptor decoy promotes recovery and corticospinal growth in non-human primate spinal cord injury
Wang X, Zhou T, Maynard GD, Terse PS, Cafferty WB, Kocsis JD, Strittmatter SM. Nogo receptor decoy promotes recovery and corticospinal growth in non-human primate spinal cord injury. Brain 2020, 143: 1697-1713. PMID: 32375169, PMCID: PMC7850069, DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa116.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPrimate spinal cord injurySpinal cord injuryCord injuryFemale African green monkeysTreatment-related adverse eventsChronic neurological deficitsNogo receptor 1Left motor cortexRecovery of functionPreclinical rodent modelsSpinal cord injury animalsAfrican green monkeysRaphespinal fibersAdverse eventsCervical cordNeurological deficitsSurgical complicationsCNS traumaTreatment cessationCorticospinal axonsLumbar catheterInjury animalsNeural recoverySpontaneous feedingLateral hemisection
2015
Intravitreal Delivery of Human NgR-Fc Decoy Protein Regenerates Axons After Optic Nerve Crush and Protects Ganglion Cells in Glaucoma ModelsNgR-Fc Rescues Ganglion Cells in Glaucoma
Wang X, Lin J, Arzeno A, Choi JY, Boccio J, Frieden E, Bhargava A, Maynard G, Tsai JC, Strittmatter SM. Intravitreal Delivery of Human NgR-Fc Decoy Protein Regenerates Axons After Optic Nerve Crush and Protects Ganglion Cells in Glaucoma ModelsNgR-Fc Rescues Ganglion Cells in Glaucoma. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2015, 56: 1357-1366. PMID: 25655801, PMCID: PMC4338631, DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15472.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsOptic nerve crushFluro-GoldNerve crushAxonal regenerationGanglion cellsOptic nerve crush injuryRetinal ganglion cell degenerationRGC axonal regenerationNerve crush injuryDisease-modifying therapiesGanglion cell degenerationDecoy proteinMicrobead modelVitreal spaceIntravitreal treatmentRGC densityAxonal sproutingCrush injuryGlaucoma modelNeuroprotective effectsAnterior chamberControl ratsVision lossAnterograde labelingBolus administration
2014
Human NgR-Fc Decoy Protein via Lumbar Intrathecal Bolus Administration Enhances Recovery from Rat Spinal Cord Contusion
Wang X, Yigitkanli K, Kim CY, Sekine-Konno T, Wirak D, Frieden E, Bhargava A, Maynard G, Cafferty WB, Strittmatter SM. Human NgR-Fc Decoy Protein via Lumbar Intrathecal Bolus Administration Enhances Recovery from Rat Spinal Cord Contusion. Journal Of Neurotrauma 2014, 31: 1955-1966. PMID: 24964223, PMCID: PMC4245872, DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3355.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cord injuryTraumatic spinal cord injurySpinal cord contusionNeurological recoveryCord contusionRat spinal cord contusionSpinal contusion injuryLumbar intrathecal spaceLumbar spinal cordContinuous intracerebroventricular infusionRodent SCI modelsPercentage of ratsRaphespinal axonsContusion injuryAdministration regimenSCI modelContinuous infusionCord injuryIntracerebroventricular infusionIntrathecal spaceSpinal cordPreclinical modelsEffective treatmentWalking tasksClinical testingDiffusion Tensor Imaging as a Predictor of Locomotor Function after Experimental Spinal Cord Injury and Recovery
Kelley BJ, Harel NY, Kim CY, Papademetris X, Coman D, Wang X, Hasan O, Kaufman A, Globinsky R, Staib LH, Cafferty WB, Hyder F, Strittmatter SM. Diffusion Tensor Imaging as a Predictor of Locomotor Function after Experimental Spinal Cord Injury and Recovery. Journal Of Neurotrauma 2014, 31: 1362-1373. PMID: 24779685, PMCID: PMC4120934, DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3238.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cord injuryDiffusion tensor imagingCord injuryAxonal integrityLocomotor functionExperimental spinal cord injuryTraumatic spinal cord injuryFemale Sprague-Dawley ratsTensor imagingFractional anisotropyFunctional recovery assessmentSpinal cord contusionLimited functional recoveryLong-term disabilityQuantitative diffusion tensor imagingRodent SCI modelsSprague-Dawley ratsSpinal cord morphologyWhite matter pathologyCaudal spinal cordWhite matter integrityInjury epicenterMidthoracic laminectomyCord contusionPrimary outcome
2012
Alzheimer amyloid-β oligomer bound to postsynaptic prion protein activates Fyn to impair neurons
Um JW, Nygaard HB, Heiss JK, Kostylev MA, Stagi M, Vortmeyer A, Wisniewski T, Gunther EC, Strittmatter SM. Alzheimer amyloid-β oligomer bound to postsynaptic prion protein activates Fyn to impair neurons. Nature Neuroscience 2012, 15: 1227-1235. PMID: 22820466, PMCID: PMC3431439, DOI: 10.1038/nn.3178.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAlzheimer DiseaseAmyloid beta-PeptidesAnimalsBlotting, WesternCalcium SignalingCell LineDendritic SpinesElectroencephalographyEnzyme ActivationHumansMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutMice, TransgenicNeuronsPhosphorylationProtein BindingProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fynPrPC ProteinsRatsReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateSeizuresSynapsesAxonal regeneration induced by blockade of glial inhibitors coupled with activation of intrinsic neuronal growth pathways
Wang X, Hasan O, Arzeno A, Benowitz LI, Cafferty WB, Strittmatter SM. Axonal regeneration induced by blockade of glial inhibitors coupled with activation of intrinsic neuronal growth pathways. Experimental Neurology 2012, 237: 55-69. PMID: 22728374, PMCID: PMC3418451, DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.06.009.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRetinal ganglion cellsAxonal regenerationPharmacological approachesCrush injuryChondroitin sulfate proteoglycanInjury siteNeural repairOptic nerve crush injuryDorsal root ganglion neuronsNgr1-/- miceNerve crush injurySciatic nerve axotomySpinal cord injury sitePrimary afferent fibersEffective pharmacological approachSpinal cord injuryAdult mammalian neuronsIntrinsic growth potentialGlial inhibitorsTriple therapyNerve axotomyViral gene therapyWT miceAfferent fibersCNS injury
2011
Membrane-type Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Regulates Neuronal Responsiveness to Myelin through Nogo-66 Receptor 1 Cleavage*
Ferraro GB, Morrison CJ, Overall CM, Strittmatter SM, Fournier AE. Membrane-type Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Regulates Neuronal Responsiveness to Myelin through Nogo-66 Receptor 1 Cleavage*. Journal Of Biological Chemistry 2011, 286: 31418-31424. PMID: 21768085, PMCID: PMC3173120, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.249169.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMatrix metalloproteinase-3Primary neuronsMetalloproteinase-3Neuronal responsesSH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cellsMetalloproteinase-dependent mannerNeuronal responsivenessAxonal regrowthCortical neuronsNeuronal knockdownNgR1Receptor 1Neuroblastoma cellsNeuronsCell surfaceMT3-MMPMyelinSpecific metalloproteinasesGlycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored receptorInhibitorsPhysiological consequencesCleavage fragmentsCleavage-resistant formMetalloproteinasesReceptorsDifferential but Competitive Binding of Nogo Protein and Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHCI) to the PIR-B Ectodomain Provides an Inhibition of Cells*
Matsushita H, Endo S, Kobayashi E, Sakamoto Y, Kobayashi K, Kitaguchi K, Kuroki K, Söderhäll A, Maenaka K, Nakamura A, Strittmatter SM, Takai T. Differential but Competitive Binding of Nogo Protein and Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHCI) to the PIR-B Ectodomain Provides an Inhibition of Cells*. Journal Of Biological Chemistry 2011, 286: 25739-25747. PMID: 21636572, PMCID: PMC3138294, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.157859.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBeta 2-MicroglobulinBinding, CompetitiveFemaleHistocompatibility Antigens Class IHLA AntigensHLA-G AntigensHumansImmunologic FactorsInterleukin-6LipopolysaccharidesMast CellsMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMyelin ProteinsMyelin-Associated GlycoproteinNeurotransmitter AgentsNogo ProteinsProtein Structure, TertiaryRatsReceptors, ImmunologicSubstrate SpecificityConceptsMajor histocompatibility complexRecent unexpected findingsClass I major histocompatibility complexI major histocompatibility complexInterleukin-6 releaseClass I MHC moleculesC-terminal ectodomainNovel inhibitory roleCultured mast cellsI MHC moleculesTerminal domainPeripheral toleranceInhibitory receptorsInhibition of cellMast cellsOutgrowth inhibitorB cellsMyeloid cellsImmune systemMHC moleculesNeurite regenerationNovel mechanismNogo proteinEctodomainInhibitory roleInosine Augments the Effects of a Nogo Receptor Blocker and of Environmental Enrichment to Restore Skilled Forelimb Use after Stroke
Zai L, Ferrari C, Dice C, Subbaiah S, Havton LA, Coppola G, Geschwind D, Irwin N, Huebner E, Strittmatter SM, Benowitz LI. Inosine Augments the Effects of a Nogo Receptor Blocker and of Environmental Enrichment to Restore Skilled Forelimb Use after Stroke. Journal Of Neuroscience 2011, 31: 5977-5988. PMID: 21508223, PMCID: PMC3101108, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4498-10.2011.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntrinsic growth potentialUnilateral strokeSpinal cordLayer 5 pyramidal neuronsForelimb motor areaSimilar functional improvementEnvironmental enrichmentCause of disabilitySkilled forelimb useEffect of treatmentUndamaged cortexReceptor blockersDenervated sidePreoperative levelsNEP1-40Stroke patientsPyramidal neuronsUndamaged hemisphereSkilled reachingTreatment optionsDenervated areaIntact hemisphereReceptor antagonistClinical trialsFunctional improvement
2010
Sortilin-Mediated Endocytosis Determines Levels of the Frontotemporal Dementia Protein, Progranulin
Hu F, Padukkavidana T, Vægter CB, Brady OA, Zheng Y, Mackenzie IR, Feldman HH, Nykjaer A, Strittmatter SM. Sortilin-Mediated Endocytosis Determines Levels of the Frontotemporal Dementia Protein, Progranulin. Neuron 2010, 68: 654-667. PMID: 21092856, PMCID: PMC2990962, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.034.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsFrontotemporal lobar degenerationSerum PGRN levelsFTLD-TDP casesFTLD-TDPMicroglial cellsPGRN levelsCortical neuronsGRN haploinsufficiencyProgranulin mutationsTDP-43Causative rolePGRNUbiquitin aggregatesNeuronsSortilinMiceCell surfaceDetermine levelsPathophysiologyInjuryProgranulinCNSCentral roleDegenerationBrainCombination of NEP 1-40 Treatment and Motor Training Enhances Behavioral Recovery After a Focal Cortical Infarct in Rats
Fang PC, Barbay S, Plautz EJ, Hoover E, Strittmatter SM, Nudo RJ. Combination of NEP 1-40 Treatment and Motor Training Enhances Behavioral Recovery After a Focal Cortical Infarct in Rats. Stroke 2010, 41: 544-549. PMID: 20075346, PMCID: PMC2853474, DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.572073.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMotor trainingWeeks postinfarctBehavioral recoverySkilled reachWeek 2Focal cortical infarctsFocal cortical ischemiaFocal ischemic infarctTreatment week 2Foot-fault testFocal ischemic injuryWeeks of treatmentSkilled reach taskNEP 1Cortical infarctsForelimb impairmentCortical ischemiaFoot faultsMotor recoveryIschemic infarctIschemic injuryMotor cortexEndothelin-1Intraventricular infusionMotor function
2009
Inosine Alters Gene Expression and Axonal Projections in Neurons Contralateral to a Cortical Infarct and Improves Skilled Use of the Impaired Limb
Zai L, Ferrari C, Subbaiah S, Havton LA, Coppola G, Strittmatter S, Irwin N, Geschwind D, Benowitz LI. Inosine Alters Gene Expression and Axonal Projections in Neurons Contralateral to a Cortical Infarct and Improves Skilled Use of the Impaired Limb. Journal Of Neuroscience 2009, 29: 8187-8197. PMID: 19553458, PMCID: PMC2856695, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0414-09.2009.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAxonsBrain InfarctionCerebral CortexComplement C1qComplement C3Disease Models, AnimalExtremitiesFunctional LateralityGene Expression RegulationHeat-Shock ProteinsImmunohistochemistryInjections, IntraventricularInosineNeuronsOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisProteasome Endopeptidase ComplexRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyRecovery of FunctionRNA, MessengerTreatment OutcomeUbiquitinationConceptsUndamaged neuronsSpinal cordSynaptic bouton-like structuresImpaired limbAlters gene expressionCorticospinal tract axonsSpecific cortical areasBouton-like structuresCortical infarctsCorticospinal neuronsDenervated sideUnaffected hemisphereAxon collateralsSensorimotor cortexBrain damageBrain injuryInjury modelLaser capture microdissectionAxonal projectionsGene expressionCortical areasDenervated halfComplement cascadeNeuronsAxon growthAn Unbiased Expression Screen for Synaptogenic Proteins Identifies the LRRTM Protein Family as Synaptic Organizers
Linhoff MW, Laurén J, Cassidy RM, Dobie FA, Takahashi H, Nygaard HB, Airaksinen MS, Strittmatter SM, Craig AM. An Unbiased Expression Screen for Synaptogenic Proteins Identifies the LRRTM Protein Family as Synaptic Organizers. Neuron 2009, 61: 734-749. PMID: 19285470, PMCID: PMC2746109, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.017.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsCell DifferentiationCells, CulturedCloning, MolecularCricetinaeCricetulusDisks Large Homolog 4 ProteinEmbryo, MammalianGene ExpressionGene Expression RegulationGene LibraryGenetic TestingGuanylate KinasesHippocampusHumansIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsLuminescent ProteinsMembrane PotentialsMembrane ProteinsMiceMice, KnockoutNeuronsPatch-Clamp TechniquesPDZ DomainsPresynaptic TerminalsRatsSynapsesTransfectionVesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1ConceptsExpression screenSynaptogenic proteinsTrans-synaptic signalingDomain proteinsProtein familyTransmembrane proteinCDNA libraryMolecular basisSynaptogenic activityPresynaptic differentiationVesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT1Postsynaptic differentiationSynaptic organizersSynapse developmentPositive clonesCocultures of neuronsReported linkageLRRTMsCellular basisProteinGlutamate transporter VGLUT1LRRTM1Synaptic functionCurrent understandingAltered distributionIbuprofen Enhances Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury by Limiting Tissue Loss and Stimulating Axonal Growth
Wang X, Budel S, Baughman K, Gould G, Song KH, Strittmatter SM. Ibuprofen Enhances Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury by Limiting Tissue Loss and Stimulating Axonal Growth. Journal Of Neurotrauma 2009, 26: 81-95. PMID: 19125588, PMCID: PMC2913782, DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0464.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalAxotomyChick EmbryoDisease Models, AnimalEfferent PathwaysFemaleGrowth ConesGrowth InhibitorsIbuprofenMiceNerve RegenerationNIH 3T3 CellsPyramidal TractsRaphe NucleiRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyRhoA GTP-Binding ProteinSpinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesConceptsSpinal cord injuryAxonal sproutingCord injuryAxonal regenerationAxon regenerationNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsComplete spinal cord transectionWeight-bearing statusSpinal cord contusionRecovery of ratsSpinal cord traumaTreatment of miceAdministration of ibuprofenSpinal cord transectionAnti-inflammatory drugsCorticospinal axon regenerationAction of ibuprofenRaphespinal axonsSpinal contusionCord contusionCord traumaMicroglial reactionChondroitin sulfate proteoglycanCord transectionCorticospinal fibers
2008
Genetic Variants of Nogo-66 Receptor with Possible Association to Schizophrenia Block Myelin Inhibition of Axon Growth
Budel S, Padukkavidana T, Liu BP, Feng Z, Hu F, Johnson S, Lauren J, Park JH, McGee AW, Liao J, Stillman A, Kim JE, Yang BZ, Sodi S, Gelernter J, Zhao H, Hisama F, Arnsten AF, Strittmatter SM. Genetic Variants of Nogo-66 Receptor with Possible Association to Schizophrenia Block Myelin Inhibition of Axon Growth. Journal Of Neuroscience 2008, 28: 13161-13172. PMID: 19052207, PMCID: PMC2892845, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3828-08.2008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBrainChick EmbryoChlorocebus aethiopsChromosome MappingCodonCOS CellsFemaleGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGPI-Linked ProteinsGrowth ConesGrowth InhibitorsHumansMaleMiceMice, KnockoutMutationMyelin ProteinsNerve Fibers, MyelinatedNeurogenesisNeuronal PlasticityNogo Receptor 1Organ Culture TechniquesRatsReceptors, Cell SurfaceSchizophreniaConceptsMyelin inhibitionNogo-66 receptorCase-control analysisMyelin-specific genesAxonal sproutingMyelin signalGenetic predispositionAxon inhibitionNeuronal culturesPossible associationReceptor 1Disease riskAxon growthSchizophreniaAxonal proteinsPotential endophenotypeMemory functionGenetic variantsDysfunctional proteinsInhibitionSchizophrenia susceptibilityDominant negativeProtein exhibitCandidate genesChromosome 22q11Nogo-66 Receptor Antagonist Peptide (NEP1-40) Administration Promotes Functional Recovery and Axonal Growth After Lateral Funiculus Injury in the Adult Rat
Cao Y, Shumsky JS, Sabol MA, Kushner RA, Strittmatter S, Hamers FP, Lee DH, Rabacchi SA, Murray M. Nogo-66 Receptor Antagonist Peptide (NEP1-40) Administration Promotes Functional Recovery and Axonal Growth After Lateral Funiculus Injury in the Adult Rat. Neurorehabilitation And Neural Repair 2008, 22: 262-278. PMID: 18056009, PMCID: PMC2853251, DOI: 10.1177/1545968307308550.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBehavior, AnimalDenervationEfferent PathwaysFemaleGPI-Linked ProteinsGrowth ConesMyelin ProteinsNerve RegenerationNeuronal PlasticityNogo Receptor 1Peptide FragmentsPyramidal TractsRaphe NucleiRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyReceptors, Cell SurfaceRecovery of FunctionRed NucleusSpinal Cord InjuriesSpinal Nerve RootsTreatment OutcomeWallerian DegenerationConceptsNEP1-40 groupDorsal root axonsRST axonsRubrospinal axonsRubrospinal tractAxonal growthNEP1-40 treatmentPromotes Functional RecoveryCervical spinal cordDorsal hemisectionForelimb usageNEP1-40Corticospinal axonsFunctional recoveryIntrathecal deliveryLateral funiculusSpinal cordMotor functionOutcome measuresAdult ratsLesion siteOperated controlsWhite matterGait analysisAxonsThe N-Terminal Domain of Nogo-A Inhibits Cell Adhesion and Axonal Outgrowth by an Integrin-Specific Mechanism
Hu F, Strittmatter SM. The N-Terminal Domain of Nogo-A Inhibits Cell Adhesion and Axonal Outgrowth by an Integrin-Specific Mechanism. Journal Of Neuroscience 2008, 28: 1262-1269. PMID: 18234903, PMCID: PMC2856844, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1068-07.2008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCell adhesionFocal adhesion kinase activationN-terminal domainAxonal outgrowthInhibits cell adhesionAxonal growth conesCNS axon regenerationKinase activationCertain integrinsIntegrin activatorIntegrin beta1Widespread expressionExtracellular matrixSecond domainAlpha5 integrinUnknown mechanismIntegrinsGrowth conesNogo-A proteinCell linesAlpha6 integrinNogo-66 receptorAxonal growthAdult brainOutgrowth
2006
Subcutaneous Nogo Receptor Removes Brain Amyloid-β and Improves Spatial Memory in Alzheimer's Transgenic Mice
Park JH, Widi GA, Gimbel DA, Harel NY, Lee DH, Strittmatter SM. Subcutaneous Nogo Receptor Removes Brain Amyloid-β and Improves Spatial Memory in Alzheimer's Transgenic Mice. Journal Of Neuroscience 2006, 26: 13279-13286. PMID: 17182778, PMCID: PMC2856604, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4504-06.2006.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAmyloid precursor proteinTransgenic miceAlzheimer's diseaseAbeta clearanceAbeta plaque loadAlzheimer's transgenic miceImproved spatial memoryRadial arm water mazeNogo-66 receptorEffective therapeutic approachPotential therapeutic benefitSpatial memoryAmyloid-beta peptidePlaque loadAbeta levelsBrain amyloidDisease onsetAbeta productionTherapeutic approachesNogo receptorTherapeutic benefitWater mazeInverse correlationAbetaMiceDelayed Nogo receptor therapy improves recovery from spinal cord contusion
Wang X, Baughman KW, Basso DM, Strittmatter SM. Delayed Nogo receptor therapy improves recovery from spinal cord contusion. Annals Of Neurology 2006, 60: 540-549. PMID: 16958113, PMCID: PMC2855693, DOI: 10.1002/ana.20953.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAxonsDisease Models, AnimalDrug Administration ScheduleDrug Therapy, CombinationFemaleInjections, IntraventricularLocomotionMyelin SheathPhosphodiesterase InhibitorsPyramidal TractsRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyRecombinant Fusion ProteinsRecovery of FunctionRolipramSpinal Cord InjuriesTime FactorsTreatment OutcomeConceptsSpinal cord contusionCord contusionSpinal cordAxonal growthHuman spinal cord injuryAdult central nervous systemBresnahan locomotor scoresFc treatment groupVehicle-treated groupTime of injuryCyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase inhibitorSpinal cord injuryRecovery of locomotionAddition of rolipramRostral spinal cordCentral nervous systemCaudal spinal cordBeneficial behavioral effectsDelayed therapyNeurological recoveryRaphespinal axonsAcute therapyCorticospinal axonsLocomotor scoresIntracerebroventricular route