2023
HSV-2 triggers upregulation of MALAT1 in CD4+ T cells and promotes HIV latency reversal
Pierce C, Loh L, Steach H, Cheshenko N, Preston-Hurlburt P, Zhang F, Stransky S, Kravets L, Sidoli S, Philbrick W, Nassar M, Krishnaswamy S, Herold K, Herold B. HSV-2 triggers upregulation of MALAT1 in CD4+ T cells and promotes HIV latency reversal. Journal Of Clinical Investigation 2023, 133: e164317. PMID: 37079384, PMCID: PMC10232005, DOI: 10.1172/jci164317.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIV-1 reactivationHIV latency reversalT cellsLatency reversalHuman CD4HIV-1 viral loadHIV-1 restriction factorsHSV-2 recurrencesHSV-2 infectionHIV-1 latencyUpregulation of MALAT1Primary human CD4HSV-2 proteinsViral loadHIV replicationPeripheral bloodMALAT1 expressionHSV-2Tissue reservoirsCD4Viral replicationExpression of transcriptsBystander cellsRestriction factorsMALAT1
2022
RAGE antagonism with azeliragon improves xenograft rejection by T cells in humanized mice.
Joshi AA, Wu Y, Deng S, Preston-Hurlburt P, Forbes JM, Herold KC. RAGE antagonism with azeliragon improves xenograft rejection by T cells in humanized mice. Clinical Immunology 2022, 245: 109165. PMID: 36257528, DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109165.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsXenograft rejectionIL-17AHumanized miceIL-1βT cellsImmune responseRAGE antagonistsAdaptive human immune responsesPD-1 expressionSkin graft rejectionHuman immune cell responsesImmune cell responsesHuman immune responseHuman immune cellsInnate immune responseAdvanced glycation endproductsInhibition of pathwaysSmall molecule antagonistsMultiple inflammatory processesAZ therapyRAGE antagonismGraft rejectionIL-23Serum levelsMedian time
2020
The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) modulates T cell signaling
Reed JC, Preston-Hurlburt P, Philbrick W, Betancur G, Korah M, Lucas C, Herold KC. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) modulates T cell signaling. PLOS ONE 2020, 15: e0236921. PMID: 32986722, PMCID: PMC7521722, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236921.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsT cellsAdvanced glycation endproductsRAGE expressionGlycation endproductsType 1 diabetes mellitusLess IL-2T cell reactivityT-cell phenotypeHealthy control subjectsIL-2 productionT cell receptorPhosphorylation of ZAP70Human T cellsDiabetes mellitusAutoimmune diseasesJurkat cellsCell reactivityControl subjectsInflammatory productsIL-2Primary CD4T cell signalingCell receptorPatientsCell phenotypeImmune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized pediatric and adult patients
Pierce CA, Preston-Hurlburt P, Dai Y, Aschner CB, Cheshenko N, Galen B, Garforth SJ, Herrera NG, Jangra RK, Morano NC, Orner E, Sy S, Chandran K, Dziura J, Almo SC, Ring A, Keller MJ, Herold KC, Herold BC. Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized pediatric and adult patients. Science Translational Medicine 2020, 12: eabd5487. PMID: 32958614, PMCID: PMC7658796, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd5487.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsImmune responsePediatric patientsAntibody titersAdult patientsSerum concentrationsT cellsSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2IFN-γ serum concentrationsAcute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Robust T cell responsesSARS-CoV-2 infectionAntibody-dependent cellular phagocytosisRespiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Frequency of IFNMultisystem inflammatory syndromeT cell responsesCellular immune responsesSyndrome coronavirus 2Adaptive immune responsesAntiviral immune responseTumor necrosis factorMetropolitan hospital systemCoronavirus disease 2019COVID-19Age-dependent factors
2018
Treatment of type 1 diabetes with teplizumab: clinical and immunological follow-up after 7 years from diagnosis
Perdigoto AL, Preston-Hurlburt P, Clark P, Long SA, Linsley PS, Harris KM, Gitelman SE, Greenbaum CJ, Gottlieb PA, Hagopian W, Woodwyk A, Dziura J, Herold KC. Treatment of type 1 diabetes with teplizumab: clinical and immunological follow-up after 7 years from diagnosis. Diabetologia 2018, 62: 655-664. PMID: 30569273, PMCID: PMC6402971, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4786-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedArea Under CurveAutoimmunityCD3 ComplexCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesChildC-PeptideCytokinesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1FemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinIslets of LangerhansMaleRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicRemission InductionTreatment OutcomeYoung AdultConceptsC-peptide responseType 1 diabetesMixed meal tolerance testDetectable C-peptideC-peptideInsulin useTolerance testT cellsControl groupNew-onset type 1 diabetesPeripheral blood mononuclear cellsConclusions/interpretationThese findingsAnti-CD3 monoclonal antibodyDaily insulin useBlood mononuclear cellsDiagnosis of diabetesSuccessful immune therapiesOriginal control groupCell death proteinAnergic CD8ResultsFifty-sixImmune therapyInterpretationThese findingsMononuclear cellsCytokine releaseIdentification and Analysis of Islet Antigen–Specific CD8+ T Cells with T Cell Libraries
Ogura H, Preston-Hurlburt P, Perdigoto AL, Amodio M, Krishnaswamy S, Clark P, Yu H, Egli D, Fouts A, Steck AK, Herold KC. Identification and Analysis of Islet Antigen–Specific CD8+ T Cells with T Cell Libraries. The Journal Of Immunology 2018, 201: 1662-1670. PMID: 30082321, PMCID: PMC6449153, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800267.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAg-specific T cellsT cellsT cell librariesIslet antigen-specific CD8Antigen-specific CD8Class I MHC tetramersAg-specific cellsT cell subsetsHealthy control subjectsType 1 diabetesT cell clonotypesTCR gene sequencesAutoreactive CD8Reactive CD8T1D patientsCell subsetsMHC tetramersPeripheral bloodControl subjectsHealthy controlsCell clonotypesCD8Activation phenotypePatientsTCR sequences
2017
Microbiota control immune regulation in humanized mice
Gülden E, Vudattu NK, Deng S, Preston-Hurlburt P, Mamula M, Reed JC, Mohandas S, Herold BC, Torres R, Vieira SM, Lim B, Herazo-Maya JD, Kriegel M, Goodman AL, Cotsapas C, Herold KC. Microbiota control immune regulation in humanized mice. JCI Insight 2017, 2: e91709. PMID: 29093268, PMCID: PMC5752290, DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91709.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdaptive ImmunityAnimalsAntibodies, AntinuclearAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedAutoimmune DiseasesB7-2 AntigenCD11b AntigenCD11c AntigenCD3 ComplexCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCytokinesDisease Models, AnimalGastrointestinal MicrobiomeGastrointestinal TractGraft RejectionHumansImmunosuppressive AgentsImmunotherapyInterferon-gammaInterleukin-10Interleukin-27Leukocytes, MononuclearMiceMice, KnockoutMucous MembraneSkin TransplantationSTAT5 Transcription FactorT-LymphocytesTransplantation, HeterologousConceptsT cellsIL-10Humanized miceHuman peripheral blood mononuclear cellsPeripheral blood mononuclear cellsIL-27 expressionIL-10 levelsAnti-nuclear antibodiesEffector T cellsLevels of IFNCentral memory cellsLess IL-10Markers of efficacyBlood mononuclear cellsExpression of CD86Immune regulatory pathwaysIL-10 inductionHuman immune cellsHuman stool samplesImmunosuppressive medicationsIL-27Xenograft rejectionImmune therapyMononuclear cellsAntibiotic treatmentOral treatment with foralumab, a fully human anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, prevents skin xenograft rejection in humanized mice
Ogura M, Deng S, Preston-Hurlburt P, Ogura H, Shailubhai K, Kuhn C, Weiner HL, Herold KC. Oral treatment with foralumab, a fully human anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, prevents skin xenograft rejection in humanized mice. Clinical Immunology 2017, 183: 240-246. PMID: 28739191, DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.07.005.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSkin xenograft rejectionOral treatmentXenograft rejectionT cellsAnti-CD3 monoclonal antibodyConsecutive daily dosesPeripheral T cellsActivation of splenocytesHuman immune systemSplenic CD8Graft acceptanceWeekly dosingIL-10Serum levelsImmune therapySmall bowelHumanized miceDaily dosesImmune modulationMucosal barrierIntragastric doseOral administrationSkin graftsProliferative responseLymphoid cells
2016
Role of Interleukin 32 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reactivation and Its Link to Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Herpes Simplex Virus Coinfection
Mesquita PM, Preston-Hurlburt P, Keller MJ, Vudattu N, Espinoza L, Altrich M, Anastos K, Herold KC, Herold BC. Role of Interleukin 32 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reactivation and Its Link to Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Herpes Simplex Virus Coinfection. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2016, 215: 614-622. PMID: 28007920, PMCID: PMC5388286, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw612.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCoinfectionCore Binding Factor Alpha 2 SubunitCross-Sectional StudiesDNA, ViralFemaleHerpes GenitalisHerpesvirus 2, HumanHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansInterleukinsLeukocytes, MononuclearMiddle AgedRecombinant ProteinsRNA, ViralViral LoadYoung AdultConceptsHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1T cellsIL-32HSV-2HIV reactivationHIV reservoirHIV DNACell-associated HIV DNAHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ReactivationHerpes simplex virus type 2Peripheral blood mononuclear cellsSimplex virus type 2Immunodeficiency virus type 1Frequency of CCR5Higher HIV DNARecombinant IL-32γSystemic T cellsRUNX1 inhibitorT-cell phenotypeBlood mononuclear cellsSubpopulation of CD4Virus type 1Virus type 2Interleukin-32γAntiretroviral therapyThe Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts Drives T Cell Survival and Inflammation in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Durning SP, Preston-Hurlburt P, Clark PR, Xu D, Herold KC, Group T. The Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts Drives T Cell Survival and Inflammation in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. The Journal Of Immunology 2016, 197: 3076-3085. PMID: 27655844, PMCID: PMC5101164, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600197.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAsymptomatic DiseasesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCell SurvivalCells, CulturedChildDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Disease ProgressionFemaleGene Expression ProfilingHumansImmunologic MemoryInflammationLymphocyte ActivationMaleReceptor for Advanced Glycation End ProductsRiskSignal TransductionUp-RegulationYoung AdultConceptsDamage-associated molecular patternsT cellsRAGE expressionT1D patientsInflammatory functionsRisk relativesCell activationHigh mobility group box 1Mobility group box 1Advanced glycated endproductsChronic autoimmune responseMolecular patternsEffector memory cellsHealthy control subjectsExpression of RAGEGroup box 1Type 1 diabetesAdvanced glycation endproductsT cell survivalAutoimmune responseAutoimmune diseasesControl subjectsDisease onsetRisk subjectsCell injury
2014
Humanized Mice as a Model for Aberrant Responses in Human T Cell Immunotherapy
Vudattu NK, Waldron-Lynch F, Truman LA, Deng S, Preston-Hurlburt P, Torres R, Raycroft MT, Mamula MJ, Herold KC. Humanized Mice as a Model for Aberrant Responses in Human T Cell Immunotherapy. The Journal Of Immunology 2014, 193: 587-596. PMID: 24943216, PMCID: PMC4123131, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302455.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdrenal GlandsAnimalsAntibodies, MonoclonalAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedAutoimmune DiseasesCytokinesDisease Models, AnimalFlow CytometryHumansInterleukin Receptor Common gamma SubunitIpilimumabLiverLymphocyte ActivationMacrophagesMiceMice, Inbred NODMice, KnockoutMice, SCIDPhosphorylationSTAT5 Transcription FactorStem Cell TransplantationSurvival AnalysisT-LymphocytesT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryTransplantation, HeterologousWeight LossConceptsAnti-nuclear AbsAutoimmune diseasesRegulatory cellsHumanized miceT cellsImmune responseWeight lossMesenteric lymph nodesHuman autoimmune diseasesInduction of autoimmunityT-cell immunotherapyRelease of IFNHuman immune responseImmune-deficient miceIpilimumab treatmentInflammatory sequelaeLymph nodesCell immunotherapyIP-10Macrophage infiltrationCytokine productionSpleen cellsPathologic processesHepatitisMice
2013
Specific peripheral B cell tolerance defects in patients with multiple sclerosis
Kinnunen T, Chamberlain N, Morbach H, Cantaert T, Lynch M, Preston-Hurlburt P, Herold KC, Hafler DA, O’Connor K, Meffre E. Specific peripheral B cell tolerance defects in patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal Of Clinical Investigation 2013, 123: 2737-2741. PMID: 23676463, PMCID: PMC3668812, DOI: 10.1172/jci68775.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsB cell tolerance checkpointsB cell tolerance defectsMultiple sclerosisRheumatoid arthritisTolerance checkpointsB cellsPeripheral B cell tolerance checkpointsTolerance defectsAutoreactive B cell clonesMature naive B cellsType 1 diabetesAutoreactive B cellsB cell toleranceCentral nervous systemNaive B cellsB cell clonesB cell selectionEarly B cell developmentIPEX patientsMost patientsTreg functionHomeostatic proliferationAutoimmune diseasesPatientsHealthy individuals
2012
Relapsing and Remitting Severe Hypoglycemia due to a Monoclonal Anti-insulin Antibody Heralding a Case of Multiple Myeloma
Waldron-Lynch F, Inzucchi SE, Menard L, Tai N, Preston-Hurlburt P, Hui P, McClaskey J, Hagopian WA, Meffre E, Marks PW, Wen L, Herold KC. Relapsing and Remitting Severe Hypoglycemia due to a Monoclonal Anti-insulin Antibody Heralding a Case of Multiple Myeloma. The Journal Of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2012, 97: 4317-4323. PMID: 23074233, PMCID: PMC3513536, DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2388.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInsulin autoimmune syndromeAnti-insulin antibodiesMonoclonal anti-insulin antibodiesMultiple myelomaPathogenic antibodiesCases of MMSelf-reactive clonesPrimary multiple myelomaSynchronized courseHepatitis C.Autoimmune syndromeClinical courseSevere hypoglycemiaAntibody subtypesMonoclonal gammopathyPatientsAntibodiesNovel caseHypoglycemiaMyelomaAffinity maturationLongitudinal case historiesLaboratory investigationsTreatmentLow affinityEnhanced Anti-Serpin Antibody Activity Inhibits Autoimmune Inflammation in Type 1 Diabetes
Czyzyk J, Henegariu O, Preston-Hurlburt P, Baldzizhar R, Fedorchuk C, Esplugues E, Bottomly K, Gorus FK, Herold K, Flavell RA. Enhanced Anti-Serpin Antibody Activity Inhibits Autoimmune Inflammation in Type 1 Diabetes. The Journal Of Immunology 2012, 188: 6319-6327. PMID: 22593614, PMCID: PMC3370061, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200467.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAutoimmune diabetes-prone NOD miceDiabetes-prone NOD miceHuman type 1 diabetesAnti-insulin autoantibodiesOnset of diabetesProtective humoral immunityType 1 diabetesNOD miceAutoimmune inflammationIslet inflammationNOD modelSuboptimal doseAutoimmune diseasesHumoral immunityImmunological toleranceT cellsHumoral activityType 1Early onsetDiabetesElevated levelsClade B serpinsAutoantibodiesInflammationProtease inhibitorsRAGE Expression in Human T Cells: A Link between Environmental Factors and Adaptive Immune Responses
Akirav EM, Preston-Hurlburt P, Garyu J, Henegariu O, Clynes R, Schmidt AM, Herold KC. RAGE Expression in Human T Cells: A Link between Environmental Factors and Adaptive Immune Responses. PLOS ONE 2012, 7: e34698. PMID: 22509345, PMCID: PMC3324532, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034698.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman immune responseT cellsImmune responseHuman T cellsRAGE expressionAntigen-specific T cellsAdaptive human immune responsesAdaptive immune cellsSpecific T cellsHealthy control subjectsAdaptive immune responsesExpression of RAGELevels of RAGEInnate immune responseAdvanced glycation endproductsActivated T cellsT cell activationIL-17AGlucose controlControl subjectsIL-5Immune cellsGlycation endproductsCell activationPatientsTeplizumab Induces Human Gut-Tropic Regulatory Cells in Humanized Mice and Patients
Waldron-Lynch F, Henegariu O, Deng S, Preston-Hurlburt P, Tooley J, Flavell R, Herold KC. Teplizumab Induces Human Gut-Tropic Regulatory Cells in Humanized Mice and Patients. Science Translational Medicine 2012, 4: 118ra12. PMID: 22277969, PMCID: PMC4131554, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003401.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedCD3 ComplexCell MovementDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Forkhead Transcription FactorsGastrointestinal TractHumansHypoglycemic AgentsInterleukin-10Intestine, SmallL-SelectinMiceMucous MembraneNatalizumabOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisReceptors, CCR6T-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryConceptsHumanized micePeripheral circulationSmall intestineType 1 diabetes mellitusNovel immunologic mechanismIL-10 expressionTreatment of patientsType 1 diabetesSecondary lymph organsHuman immune cellsT cell migrationMechanism of actionGut-tropicImmunologic mechanismsRegulatory cellsDiabetes mellitusImmune therapyInterleukin-10Immune cellsRegulatory cytokinesClinical trialsPreclinical modelsClinical studiesT cellsHuman hematopoietic stem cells
2011
NKG2A is a marker for acquisition of regulatory function by human CD8+ T cells activated with anti‐CD3 antibody
Ablamunits V, Henegariu O, Preston‐Hurlburt P, Herold KC. NKG2A is a marker for acquisition of regulatory function by human CD8+ T cells activated with anti‐CD3 antibody. European Journal Of Immunology 2011, 41: 1832-1842. PMID: 21538351, PMCID: PMC3517122, DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041258.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAntibodies, MonoclonalBiomarkersCD3 ComplexCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesGene ExpressionHumansInterleukin-2 Receptor alpha SubunitLymphocyte ActivationMicroarray AnalysisNK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily CPolymerase Chain ReactionProtein IsoformsReceptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type IIT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryConceptsT cellsHuman CD8Response of CD8Induction of CD8Inhibitory receptor NKG2AType 1 diabetesAnti-CD3 mAbAnti-CD3 antibodyAcquisition of CD8NKG2A expressionTreg activityTreg inductionDrug therapyCD8TregsImmune responseNKG2ARegulatory functionsNegative signalingMarkersInductionCellsNegative markersDiabetesPatients
2009
Induction of TLR4-target genes entails calcium/calmodulin-dependent regulation of chromatin remodeling
Lai D, Wan M, Wu J, Preston-Hurlburt P, Kushwaha R, Grundström T, Imbalzano AN, Chi T. Induction of TLR4-target genes entails calcium/calmodulin-dependent regulation of chromatin remodeling. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2009, 106: 1169-1174. PMID: 19164553, PMCID: PMC2633529, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811274106.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCalcium/CaMChromatin remodelingBAF complexSWI/SNF-like BAF chromatinTarget genesDominant negative mutantCalcium/calmodulinCalmodulin-dependent regulationHMG domainBAF chromatinCaM-binding peptideNegative mutantGene expressionCaM antagonistsGenesToll-like receptor 4ChromatinRegulationRemodelingRecruitmentComplexesBAF57RNAiMutantsInduction
1998
MyD88 Is an Adaptor Protein in the hToll/IL-1 Receptor Family Signaling Pathways
Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Kopp E, Stadlen A, Chen C, Ghosh S, Janeway C. MyD88 Is an Adaptor Protein in the hToll/IL-1 Receptor Family Signaling Pathways. Molecular Cell 1998, 2: 253-258. PMID: 9734363, DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80136-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdaptor Proteins, Signal TransducingAnimalsAntigens, DifferentiationDrosophilaDrosophila ProteinsHumansInterleukin-1 Receptor-Associated KinasesMembrane GlycoproteinsMembrane ProteinsMyeloid Differentiation Factor 88NF-kappa BProtein KinasesProteinsReceptors, Cell SurfaceReceptors, ImmunologicReceptors, Interleukin-1Signal TransductionTNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6Toll-Like ReceptorsTranscription Factor AP-1ConceptsIL-1R familyNF-kappaB activationNF-kappaB pathwayImmune response genesToll/IL-1R familyAP-1 activationImmune responseIL-1RTRAF6 proteinInnate immunityNF-kappaBMyD88Drosophila Toll proteinReceptor familyToll receptorAdaptor proteinSignaling pathwaysReceptorsActivationToll proteinRegulator moleculesResponse genesAdult DrosophilaPathwayProtein
1997
A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity
Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway C. A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature 1997, 388: 394-397. PMID: 9237759, DOI: 10.1038/41131.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnimalsB7-1 AntigenCell LineCloning, MolecularDrosophilaDrosophila ProteinsHumansImmunityInsect ProteinsInterleukinsJurkat CellsMembrane GlycoproteinsMembrane ProteinsMiceMolecular Sequence DataMutationNF-kappa BReceptors, Cell SurfaceReceptors, ImmunologicRecombinant Fusion ProteinsSequence Homology, Amino AcidSignal TransductionT-LymphocytesToll-Like ReceptorsTransfectionConceptsDrosophila Toll proteinToll proteinCytoplasmic domainDrosophila TollHuman homologueLeucine-rich repeat domainNF-κB-controlled genesHuman cell linesRepeat domainActive mutantExtracellular domainNF-κBImmune responseInnate immune responseCo-stimulatory molecules B7.1Adaptive immune systemComponents of immunityInflammatory cytokines IL-1ProteinCell linesCo-stimulatory moleculesAntigen-presenting cellsAdaptive immune responsesNaive T cellsHomologues