2022
First-In-Human Phase I Study of the OX40 Agonist MOXR0916 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
Kim TW, Burris HA, de Miguel Luken MJ, Pishvaian MJ, Bang YJ, Gordon M, Awada A, Camidge DR, Hodi FS, McArthur GA, Miller WH, Cervantes A, Chow LQ, Lesokhin AM, Rutten A, Sznol M, Rishipathak D, Chen SC, Stefanich E, Pourmohamad T, Anderson M, Kim J, Huseni M, Rhee I, Siu LL. First-In-Human Phase I Study of the OX40 Agonist MOXR0916 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Clinical Cancer Research 2022, 28: of1-of12. PMID: 35699599, PMCID: PMC9662912, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-4020.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAdverse eventsImmune activationT cellsMost common treatment-related adverse eventsCommon treatment-related adverse eventsSolid tumorsTreatment-related adverse eventsRenal cell carcinoma patientsNon-small cell lung carcinomaRegulatory T cell functionTriple-negative breast cancerPD-1/PD-L1 antagonistsDose-escalation stageInfusion-related reactionsAdvanced solid tumorsRefractory solid tumorsCell carcinoma patientsDose-limiting toxicityEffector T cellsSubset of patientsFavorable safety profileHuman phase IPD-L1 antagonistsT cell functionCell lung carcinoma
2021
Molecular correlates of response to nivolumab at baseline and on treatment in patients with RCC
Ross-Macdonald P, Walsh AM, Chasalow SD, Ammar R, Papillon-Cavanagh S, Szabo PM, Choueiri TK, Sznol M, Wind-Rotolo M. Molecular correlates of response to nivolumab at baseline and on treatment in patients with RCC. Journal For ImmunoTherapy Of Cancer 2021, 9: e001506. PMID: 33658305, PMCID: PMC7931766, DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001506.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsB7-H1 AntigenBiomarkers, TumorCarcinoma, Renal CellCD4 AntigensCD8 AntigensCytokinesDrug Resistance, NeoplasmHumansImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsKidney NeoplasmsLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingMutationNivolumabProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorReceptors, Antigen, T-CellT-LymphocytesTime FactorsTreatment OutcomeConceptsClear cell renal cell carcinomaMetastatic clear cell renal cell carcinomaT cell infiltrationNivolumab responseExact testDeath ligand 1 (PD-L1) statusFirst-line treatment decisionsT-cell receptor clonalitySerum cytokine assaysImmune checkpoint inhibitorsNon-responding patientsDeath-1 receptorCell renal cell carcinomaSubset of patientsRenal cell carcinomaFisher's exact testWnt/β-cateninLogistic regression modelsRank sum testCD8 statusCheckpoint inhibitorsIndex lesionPatient selectionTCR clonalityCell carcinomaResistance mechanisms to checkpoint inhibitors
Weiss SA, Sznol M. Resistance mechanisms to checkpoint inhibitors. Current Opinion In Immunology 2021, 69: 47-55. PMID: 33676271, DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.02.001.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsImmune checkpoint inhibitorsPD-1/PD-L1 axisMultiple immune checkpoint inhibitorsPD1/PD-L1PD-L1 axisHuman translational studiesPre-clinical studiesPre-clinical animalResistance mechanismsCheckpoint inhibitorsPD-L1Clinical outcomesTreatment failureClinical trialsTranslational studiesCancer treatmentPotential mechanismsInhibitorsPatientsClinicTrialsAntibodies
2019
Patterns of failure after immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors predict durable progression-free survival after local therapy for metastatic melanoma
Klemen ND, Wang M, Feingold PL, Cooper K, Pavri SN, Han D, Detterbeck FC, Boffa DJ, Khan SA, Olino K, Clune J, Ariyan S, Salem RR, Weiss SA, Kluger HM, Sznol M, Cha C. Patterns of failure after immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors predict durable progression-free survival after local therapy for metastatic melanoma. Journal For ImmunoTherapy Of Cancer 2019, 7: 196. PMID: 31340861, PMCID: PMC6657062, DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0672-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsThree-year progression-free survivalProgression-free survivalDisease-specific survivalFive-year disease-specific survivalPatterns of failureDurable progression-free survivalLocal therapyStereotactic body radiotherapyMetastatic melanomaNew metastasesPatient selectionIndependent radiological reviewOngoing complete responseResultsFour hundred twentyEvidence of diseaseCNS metastasisCPI treatmentImmunotherapy failureCheckpoint inhibitorsMost patientsProgressive diseaseRadiological reviewComplete responsePD-1PD-L1
2018
Bullous disorders associated with anti–PD-1 and anti–PD-L1 therapy: A retrospective analysis evaluating the clinical and histopathologic features, frequency, and impact on cancer therapy
Siegel J, Totonchy M, Damsky W, Berk-Krauss J, Castiglione F, Sznol M, Petrylak DP, Fischbach N, Goldberg SB, Decker RH, Stamatouli AM, Hafez N, Glusac EJ, Tomayko MM, Leventhal JS. Bullous disorders associated with anti–PD-1 and anti–PD-L1 therapy: A retrospective analysis evaluating the clinical and histopathologic features, frequency, and impact on cancer therapy. Journal Of The American Academy Of Dermatology 2018, 79: 1081-1088. PMID: 30025829, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.07.008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdrenal Cortex HormonesAgedAntibodies, MonoclonalAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedAntineoplastic Agents, ImmunologicalB7-H1 AntigenDrug EruptionsFemaleHumansLichenoid EruptionsMaleMiddle AgedNeoplasm ProteinsNeoplasmsNivolumabPemphigoid, BullousProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorRetrospective StudiesSkin Diseases, VesiculobullousTertiary Care CentersTreatment OutcomeConceptsPD-L1 therapyAnti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapyBullous disordersBullous eruptionPD-1/PD-L1 therapyCell death ligand-1 therapyAnti-programmed cell death 1Cancer therapyDeath ligand 1 therapySingle tertiary care centerLinear IgA bullous dermatosisYale-New Haven HospitalDistinct therapeutic challengesInterruption of immunotherapyPositive tumor responseSteroid-sparing agentTertiary care centerIgA bullous dermatosisCell death 1New Haven HospitalStable diseaseSystemic corticosteroidsSystemic steroidsMaintenance therapyL1 therapyCollateral Damage: Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Induced With Checkpoint Inhibitors
Stamatouli AM, Quandt Z, Perdigoto AL, Clark PL, Kluger H, Weiss SA, Gettinger S, Sznol M, Young A, Rushakoff R, Lee J, Bluestone JA, Anderson M, Herold KC. Collateral Damage: Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Induced With Checkpoint Inhibitors. Diabetes 2018, 67: dbi180002. PMID: 29937434, PMCID: PMC6054443, DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAntineoplastic Agents, ImmunologicalAutoimmune DiseasesB7-H1 AntigenDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Genetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenotypeHLA-DR4 AntigenHumansHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinInsulin SecretionIsoantibodiesKetosisModels, ImmunologicalNeoplasmsPancreasPancreatitisProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorConceptsInsulin-dependent diabetesCheckpoint inhibitorsAdverse eventsHLA-DR4Classic type 1 diabetesPD-L1 checkpoint inhibitorsEvidence of pancreatitisImmune adverse eventsSolid organ cancersType 1 diabetesPeridiagnosis periodPositive autoantibodiesL1 antibodyInsulin-DependentHigh riskPatientsDiabetesCancerInhibitorsKetoacidosisAutoimmuneAutoantibodiesPancreatitisComplicationsSyndromeCombination Strategies PD-1/PD-L1 Antagonists
Sznol M. Combination Strategies PD-1/PD-L1 Antagonists. The Cancer Journal 2018, 24: 54-57. PMID: 29360729, DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000304.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPD-1/PD-L1 antagonistsPD-L1 antagonistsClinical antitumor activityEarly clinical developmentClinical trial designOptimal combination partnersSuboptimal responsePromising regimensCombination partnersMechanisms of resistanceCombination trialsClinical progressIndividual patientsOptimal doseBiomarker strategiesTrial designClinical developmentOverall outcomeAntagonistPatientsPrior exposureAntitumor activityRegimensAgentsInnate
2017
PD-L1 Studies Across Tumor Types, Its Differential Expression and Predictive Value in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Kluger HM, Zito CR, Turcu G, Baine M, Zhang H, Adeniran A, Sznol M, Rimm DL, Kluger Y, Chen L, Cohen JV, Jilaveanu LB. PD-L1 Studies Across Tumor Types, Its Differential Expression and Predictive Value in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Clinical Cancer Research 2017, 23: 4270-4279. PMID: 28223273, PMCID: PMC5540774, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-3146.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNon-small cell lung cancerPD-L1 expressionRenal cell carcinomaPD-1 inhibitorsCell carcinomaImmune-infiltrating cellsMelanoma patientsPD-L1Tumor cellsTumor typesTumor-associated inflammatory cellsCTLA-4 inhibitorsCell lung cancerRenal cell carcinoma cellsHigh response rateClin Cancer ResCell linesMelanoma tumor cellsPD-1Multivariable analysisNSCLC specimensInflammatory cellsLung cancerTissue microarrayResponse rateChanges in serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels reflect and predict response to anti-PD-1 treatment in melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer patients
Sanmamed MF, Perez-Gracia JL, Schalper KA, Fusco JP, Gonzalez A, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Oñate C, Perez G, Alfaro C, Martín-Algarra S, Andueza MP, Gurpide A, Morgado M, Wang J, Bacchiocchi A, Halaban R, Kluger H, Chen L, Sznol M, Melero I. Changes in serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels reflect and predict response to anti-PD-1 treatment in melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Annals Of Oncology 2017, 28: 1988-1995. PMID: 28595336, PMCID: PMC5834104, DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx190.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSerum IL-8 levelsIL-8 levelsCell lung cancer patientsLung cancer patientsNSCLC patientsCancer patientsMelanoma patientsPD1/PD-L1 therapyAnti-PD-1 treatmentAnti-PD-1 blockadeSerum interleukin-8 levelsPD-L1 therapyImmune checkpoint blockadeInterleukin-8 levelsLonger overall survivalBiomarkers of responseMann-Whitney testCheckpoint blockadeFirst doseOverall survivalStrength of associationClinical benefitReceiver operation characteristic curveMetastatic melanomaSurrogate biomarkerEndocrine-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade and expert insights on their management
Sznol M, Postow MA, Davies MJ, Pavlick AC, Plimack ER, Shaheen M, Veloski C, Robert C. Endocrine-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade and expert insights on their management. Cancer Treatment Reviews 2017, 58: 70-76. PMID: 28689073, DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.06.002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsImmune-related adverse eventsImmune checkpoint inhibitorsCytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4Checkpoint inhibitorsEndocrine eventsAdverse eventsTypes of irAEsEndocrine-related adverse eventsT-lymphocyte antigen-4Replacement of hormonesDeath receptor-1Target organ damageClose patient monitoringImmune checkpoint blockadeNon-specific symptomsAppropriate laboratory testingImmune checkpoint proteinsCheckpoint blockadeGrade 1/2Organ damageClinical benefitAdrenal glandAntigen-4Endocrine functionGastrointestinal tractNuclear IRF-1 expression as a mechanism to assess “Capability” to express PD-L1 and response to PD-1 therapy in metastatic melanoma
Smithy JW, Moore LM, Pelekanou V, Rehman J, Gaule P, Wong PF, Neumeister VM, Sznol M, Kluger HM, Rimm DL. Nuclear IRF-1 expression as a mechanism to assess “Capability” to express PD-L1 and response to PD-1 therapy in metastatic melanoma. Journal For ImmunoTherapy Of Cancer 2017, 5: 25. PMID: 28331615, PMCID: PMC5359951, DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0229-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAntibodies, MonoclonalAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedB7-H1 AntigenBiomarkers, PharmacologicalDisease-Free SurvivalFemaleGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticHumansImmunotherapyInterferon Regulatory Factor-1IpilimumabMaleMelanomaMiddle AgedNeoplasm MetastasisNeoplasms, Second PrimaryNivolumabProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorConceptsProgression-free survivalObjective radiographic responsePD-L1 expressionPD-L1IRF-1 expressionMetastatic melanomaAnti-PD-1 therapyCombination ipilimumab/nivolumabHigh PD-L1 expressionAnti-PD-1 immunotherapyYale-New Haven HospitalIpilimumab/nivolumabPD-1 therapyPR/CRPre-treatment formalinRECIST v1.1 criteriaDeath ligand 1Valuable predictive biomarkerMajor unmet needNew Haven HospitalInterferon regulatory factor 1Combination ipilimumabProgressive diseaseRadiographic responseComplete response
2016
Immunomodulatory Activity of Nivolumab in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Choueiri TK, Fishman MN, Escudier B, McDermott DF, Drake CG, Kluger H, Stadler WM, Perez-Gracia JL, McNeel DG, Curti B, Harrison MR, Plimack ER, Appleman L, Fong L, Albiges L, Cohen L, Young TC, Chasalow SD, Ross-Macdonald P, Srivastava S, Jure-Kunkel M, Kurland JF, Simon JS, Sznol M. Immunomodulatory Activity of Nivolumab in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clinical Cancer Research 2016, 22: 5461-5471. PMID: 27169994, PMCID: PMC5106340, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2839.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMetastatic renal cell carcinomaTreatment-naïve patientsPD-L1 expressionTumor-associated lymphocytesTreatment biopsiesOverall survivalAnti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitorImmune checkpoint inhibitorsMedian overall survivalNew safety signalsPD-1 inhibitionPhase 3 trialMedian percent changeRenal cell carcinomaUpregulation of IFNγTumor gene expressionNivolumab dosesSerum chemokinesCheckpoint inhibitorsChemokine levelsBaseline biopsiesCell carcinomaImmunomodulatory effectsPeripheral bloodClinical activityAtezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab enhances antigen-specific T-cell migration in metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Wallin JJ, Bendell JC, Funke R, Sznol M, Korski K, Jones S, Hernandez G, Mier J, He X, Hodi FS, Denker M, Leveque V, Cañamero M, Babitski G, Koeppen H, Ziai J, Sharma N, Gaire F, Chen DS, Waterkamp D, Hegde PS, McDermott DF. Atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab enhances antigen-specific T-cell migration in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Nature Communications 2016, 7: 12624. PMID: 27571927, PMCID: PMC5013615, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12624.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAntibodies, MonoclonalAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedAntigens, NeoplasmAntineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ProtocolsB7-H1 AntigenBevacizumabCarcinoma, Renal CellCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCell MovementDrug SynergismFemaleHumansKidneyKidney NeoplasmsMaleMaximum Tolerated DoseMiddle AgedTreatment OutcomeVascular Endothelial Growth Factor AConceptsAntigen-specific T-cell migrationT cell migrationT cellsCombination treatmentAnti-tumor immune activationPD-L1 checkpoint inhibitionMetastatic renal cell carcinomaAddition of atezolizumabIntra-tumoral CD8Subset of patientsT cell infiltrationImmune cell activityRenal cell carcinomaEndothelial cell activationVariety of cancersLymphocytes increasesPeripheral CD8Checkpoint inhibitorsDurable responsesCheckpoint inhibitionImmune activationCell carcinomaVascular normalizationReceptor increasesCell activationAtezolizumab, an Anti–Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Antibody, in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Long-Term Safety, Clinical Activity, and Immune Correlates From a Phase Ia Study
McDermott DF, Sosman JA, Sznol M, Massard C, Gordon MS, Hamid O, Powderly JD, Infante JR, Fassò M, Wang YV, Zou W, Hegde PS, Fine GD, Powles T. Atezolizumab, an Anti–Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Antibody, in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Long-Term Safety, Clinical Activity, and Immune Correlates From a Phase Ia Study. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2016, 34: 833-842. PMID: 26755520, DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.63.7421.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAntibodies, MonoclonalAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedB7-H1 AntigenBiomarkers, TumorCarcinoma, Renal CellDose-Response Relationship, DrugDose-Response Relationship, ImmunologicFemaleHumansImmunohistochemistryKidney NeoplasmsLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingMaleMiddle AgedT-LymphocytesConceptsMetastatic renal cell carcinomaRenal cell carcinomaClinical activityCell carcinomaImmune cellsAnti-programmed death ligand 1 antibodyImmune-mediated adverse eventsNon-clear cell histologySolid Tumors version 1.1Death ligand 1 antibodyTumor-infiltrating immune cellsEnd pointFuhrman grade 4Phase Ia studyManageable safety profileObjective response ratePrimary end pointSecondary end pointsPD-L1 expressionPD-L1 stainingProgression-free survivalResponse Evaluation CriteriaEffector T cellsAcute phase proteinsGrade 4
2015
Characterization of PD-L1 Expression and Associated T-cell Infiltrates in Metastatic Melanoma Samples from Variable Anatomic Sites
Kluger HM, Zito CR, Barr ML, Baine MK, Chiang VL, Sznol M, Rimm DL, Chen L, Jilaveanu LB. Characterization of PD-L1 Expression and Associated T-cell Infiltrates in Metastatic Melanoma Samples from Variable Anatomic Sites. Clinical Cancer Research 2015, 21: 3052-3060. PMID: 25788491, PMCID: PMC4490112, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3073.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPD-L1 expressionT-cell contentPD-1/PD-L1 inhibitorsHigher T-cell contentT-cell infiltratesPD-L1 inhibitorsAnatomic sitesBrain metastasesMetastatic melanomaTissue microarrayHigh PD-L1 expressionLess PD-L1 expressionLow PD-L1 expressionTumor PD-L1 expressionHigher TIL contentImproved overall survivalT cell infiltrationLess T cellsMetastatic melanoma samplesExtracerebral metastasesCerebral metastasesOverall survivalDermal metastasesImproved survivalPD-L1
2014
Blockade of the B7-H1/PD-1 Pathway as a Basis for Combination Anticancer Therapy
Sznol M. Blockade of the B7-H1/PD-1 Pathway as a Basis for Combination Anticancer Therapy. The Cancer Journal 2014, 20: 290-295. PMID: 25098290, DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000056.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPD-1/PD-L1 blockadePD-L1 blockadeT cell responsesTumor-specific T-cell responsesB7-H1/PDCell responsesOverall risk-benefit ratioAntitumor T-cell responsesTumor microenvironmentAnimal tumor model systemsAbundant preclinical dataAutoimmune-like toxicitiesSubset of patientsRecent clinical trialsRisk-benefit ratioT lymphocyte suppressionEarly clinical developmentActivated T lymphocytesTumor model systemsCombination anticancer therapyClinical responseDurable responsesDeath-1Metastatic melanomaPreclinical data
2013
Programmed death ligand-1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer
Velcheti V, Schalper KA, Carvajal DE, Anagnostou VK, Syrigos KN, Sznol M, Herbst RS, Gettinger SN, Chen L, Rimm DL. Programmed death ligand-1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Laboratory Investigation 2013, 94: 107-116. PMID: 24217091, PMCID: PMC6125250, DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.130.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedB7-H1 AntigenBiomarkers, TumorCarcinoma, Non-Small-Cell LungCell Line, TumorChi-Square DistributionCohort StudiesConnecticutFemaleGreeceHumansImmunohistochemistryLung NeoplasmsLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingMalePrognosisReproducibility of ResultsRNA, MessengerSurvival AnalysisTissue Array AnalysisConceptsNon-small cell lung cancerPD-L1 expressionCell lung cancerPD-L1Tissue microarrayBetter outcomesNSCLC casesLung cancerDeath ligand 1 (PD-L1) expressionCell death ligand 1PD-L1 protein expressionEarly phase clinical trialsLigand 1 expressionTumor-infiltrating lymphocytesDeath ligand 1Significant better outcomePD-L1 mRNAPD-L1 proteinPhase clinical trialsNormal human placentaPrediction of responseQuantitative fluorescence approachesFrequency of expressionPD-1Prognostic valueAntagonist Antibodies to PD-1 and B7-H1 (PD-L1) in the Treatment of Advanced Human Cancer—Response
Sznol M, Chen L. Antagonist Antibodies to PD-1 and B7-H1 (PD-L1) in the Treatment of Advanced Human Cancer—Response. Clinical Cancer Research 2013, 19: 5542-5542. PMID: 24048329, PMCID: PMC6101650, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2234.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAntagonist Antibodies to PD-1 and B7-H1 (PD-L1) in the Treatment of Advanced Human Cancer
Sznol M, Chen L. Antagonist Antibodies to PD-1 and B7-H1 (PD-L1) in the Treatment of Advanced Human Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 2013, 19: 1021-1034. PMID: 23460533, PMCID: PMC3702373, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2063.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsB7-H1PD-1PD-1/PDAnti-PD-1 antibodyTumor microenvironmentAccurate predictive biomarkersEncouraging safety profileLigand B7-H1Antitumor immune responseB7-H1 expressionSubset of patientsImmune suppressive moleculesT cell functionInitial clinical studiesActivated T lymphocytesAdvanced human cancersRemarkable antitumor activityB7-DCClinical responseMetastatic diseaseDeath-1Immune suppressionSafety profileLung cancerPredictive biomarkers
2011
Blockade of the B7-H1/PD-1 pathway for cancer immunotherapy.
Flies DB, Sandler BJ, Sznol M, Chen L. Blockade of the B7-H1/PD-1 pathway for cancer immunotherapy. The Yale Journal Of Biology And Medicine 2011, 84: 409-21. PMID: 22180678, PMCID: PMC3238327.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsB7-H1/PDTumor-associated antigensImmune responseCancer immunotherapyMolecular pathwaysCancer-specific immune responsesImmune-mediated destructionSpecific immune responseCancer immunotherapy researchAnti-cancer effectsCoinhibitory functionImmunotherapeutic modalitiesCoinhibitory moleculesClinical evidenceImmunotherapy researchMalignant diseaseNew immunotherapeuticsImmune cellsImmune functionStromal cellsCancerMonoclonal antibodiesCancer cellsImmunotherapyCurrent knowledge