1996
Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: I. preclinical studies
Bremner J, Krystal J, Southwick S, Charney D. Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: I. preclinical studies. Synapse 1996, 23: 28-38. PMID: 8723133, DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199605)23:1<28::aid-syn4>3.0.co;2-j.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPost-traumatic stress disorderBrain regionsNoradrenergic brain systemsMultiple subcortical areasConsiderable preclinical evidenceLocus coeruleusBrain systemsNeural mechanismsStress disorderTarget brain regionsBehavioral manifestationsBrain functionPanic disorderStress exposureChronic stress resultsTurnover of norepinephrineSubcortical areasAnxietyPsychiatric disordersNoradrenergic systemLong-term alterationsNoradrenergic mechanismsNoradrenergic neuronsNorepinephrine releasePreclinical evidence
1990
Noradrenergic function in panic disorder.
Charney DS, Woods SW, Nagy LM, Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Heninger GR. Noradrenergic function in panic disorder. The Journal Of Clinical Psychiatry 1990, 51 Suppl A: 5-11. PMID: 2258377.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLocus ceruleusNoradrenergic functionPanic disorderBrain noradrenergic functionNoradrenergic neuronal activityPanic disorder patientsNoradrenergic neuronsPreclinical evidenceNatural courseNoradrenergic nucleusDevelopment of anxietyAnxiogenic effectsClinical investigationDisorder patientsNeuronal activityUncontrollable stressNeuron firingNonhuman primatesNeurodevelopmental perspectiveLaboratory animalsSystem regulationFear responsesDisordersAnxietyElectrical activation