Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)
October 08, 2024Information
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- 12185
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- 04:24Wait. That would be all
- 04:25just
- 04:27Okay. Good. Great. Thank you.
- 04:31So here's this is one
- 04:32of these slides that I
- 04:33think doctor Weiner was warning
- 04:34us about,
- 04:36early in his talk. Since
- 04:37the problem with triple negative
- 04:39breast cancer is it's a
- 04:40much more aggressive cancer on
- 04:42average.
- 04:42And people with triple negative
- 04:44breast cancer don't do as
- 04:45well as people who don't
- 04:46have triple negative breast cancer
- 04:47in the long run. It's
- 04:48largely because
- 04:50our treatments aren't as good.
- 04:51We don't have as many
- 04:52treatments, but also
- 04:54the cancer itself is much
- 04:55more aggressive.
- 04:58And now I can't advance
- 04:59my slides.
- 05:01Fantastic.
- 05:02I'm gonna get them.
- 05:05Stop. Moral of the story
- 05:06like, there's stagnation.
- 05:08Moral of the story is
- 05:10that we really need better
- 05:11therapies,
- 05:12especially for this more aggressive
- 05:14subtype of cancer.
- 05:17So we talked about hormone
- 05:19based therapies. There are HER2
- 05:20based therapies, but in triple
- 05:21negative breast cancer, we can't
- 05:23use them. And what we've
- 05:24got is chemotherapy.
- 05:26And so chemotherapy is the
- 05:27backbone of the treatment for
- 05:29triple negative breast cancer. And
- 05:30there are a lot of
- 05:31them. There's a huge arsenal
- 05:33of chemotherapy,
- 05:34but as you probably know,
- 05:36chemotherapy
- 05:37has a lot of potential
- 05:38side effects. It can be
- 05:39pretty toxic.
- 05:41It can affect almost any
- 05:43part of the body,
- 05:45from the brain all the
- 05:47way down to the bones
- 05:48and the skin and the
- 05:49muscles,
- 05:51and in anything in between.
- 05:54It's inconvenient.
- 05:55It requires,
- 05:56in most cases,
- 05:58IV treatments that people have
- 06:00to come in to clinic
- 06:01and infusion to get those
- 06:03treatments. That can be a
- 06:04problem for child care. It
- 06:06can be a problem for
- 06:07transportation.
- 06:10And if you have to
- 06:11get repeated IV therapies, that
- 06:13can affect your blood vessels,
- 06:15which makes it very difficult
- 06:16to even give blood or
- 06:18get blood for for blood
- 06:19tests.
- 06:21People can't work as much
- 06:23if you have to come
- 06:23in all the time for
- 06:24treatments, and that can lead
- 06:26to financial toxicity or or
- 06:28financial problems. And and all
- 06:30kinds of effects on mental
- 06:32health have been described over
- 06:33time.
- 06:34And this is work that
- 06:35I've done,
- 06:37now a while back twenty
- 06:38nineteen. It's pre COVID, like,
- 06:40a whole different lifetime.
- 06:42But what we know is
- 06:43that more than half of
- 06:44patients report difficulties with nonphysical
- 06:47concerns. So I think when
- 06:49you think about chemotherapy, you
- 06:50think about nausea, and you
- 06:52think about all of the
- 06:52physical side effects, but there
- 06:54are all kinds of other
- 06:55things that this sort of
- 06:56treatment impacts.
- 06:58I'm just trying to make
- 06:59the case that we need
- 07:00better therapies.
- 07:03So
- 07:04you have likely heard of
- 07:06this concept of immunotherapy,
- 07:08which is
- 07:10the latest and greatest in
- 07:11all kinds of cancers that's
- 07:12used in lung cancer and
- 07:13melanoma and bladder cancer and
- 07:15renal cell cancer. And it's
- 07:17kind of all over all
- 07:18the the
- 07:19lay press in terms of
- 07:20cancer treatments. Well, what is
- 07:22it?
- 07:23Immunotherapy
- 07:25takes the brakes off the
- 07:27immune system.
- 07:28So immunotherapy,
- 07:32when when there is an
- 07:33immune cell, and in this
- 07:34case, this is an immune
- 07:35t cell,
- 07:37the cancer cell
- 07:38comes along and kind of
- 07:40tells the t cells to
- 07:41stop working.
- 07:43It puts the brakes on
- 07:45the the immune system. So
- 07:46the immune system is not
- 07:47fighting the cancer. But these
- 07:49immunotherapies
- 07:50and here I've listed some
- 07:51here. We call them checkpoint
- 07:52inhibitors or immunotherapies or immuno
- 07:54oncologics.
- 07:57They
- 07:58put they they take the
- 07:59brakes off. So they allow
- 08:01the the immune system to
- 08:02kind of get back in
- 08:04gear and fight the cancer
- 08:06and start attacking the cancer
- 08:07cells. So it's harnessing the
- 08:09own power
- 08:10of your of a patient's
- 08:12own immune system to help
- 08:13combat the cancer.
- 08:16And we
- 08:18now are using immunotherapy
- 08:20as part of the standard
- 08:21of care for treatment of
- 08:24patients that have triple negative
- 08:25breast cancer.
- 08:27And this is,
- 08:29a slide from
- 08:30the initial presentation of a
- 08:32study called the keynote three
- 08:33fifty five study.
- 08:35Keynote,
- 08:37is a a series of
- 08:38studies that studied Keytruda, very
- 08:40cleverly named, and they're like
- 08:42a thousand of them. I
- 08:43only have I only know
- 08:44a couple. I only need
- 08:45to know a couple, but
- 08:46there are a whole bunch
- 08:47of them. But this is
- 08:48keynote three fifty five. And
- 08:49what it showed was that
- 08:51when we add the drug
- 08:52Keytruda
- 08:53to chemotherapy,
- 08:55we actually
- 08:57pro that that combination
- 08:59prolongs the time that patients
- 09:01can stay on those treatments
- 09:03and prolongs the time to
- 09:05the cancer growing and having
- 09:07to switch therapies
- 09:08from
- 09:09and
- 09:10furthermore, it actually prolongs how
- 09:13long people live.
- 09:15And in this case, it
- 09:16was in the the three
- 09:18fifty five study, it was
- 09:19a difference in overall survival
- 09:20of seven months.
- 09:24And what we
- 09:25when when the the people,
- 09:27the very smart people, not
- 09:28me, very smart people,
- 09:30did
- 09:31these studies,
- 09:33they found that the particular
- 09:34people who benefit
- 09:36were people who have certain
- 09:37levels of a of a
- 09:38protein called PDL one.
- 09:42So immunotherapy
- 09:43is kind of the latest
- 09:44and greatest. Yes, please. Great
- 09:46question.
- 09:48So
- 09:49people with higher levels of
- 09:51PD L1 benefit More. More.
- 09:54Mhmm. People with lower levels
- 09:56of PD L1 benefit a
- 09:57little bit?
- 09:59They they the cutoff of
- 10:00this
- 10:01it's a special test called
- 10:03the CPS
- 10:04where the cutoff is ten.
- 10:05People who had a CPS
- 10:06of less than ten did
- 10:07not seem to benefit,
- 10:09which is unfortunate.
- 10:11But
- 10:12I'll I'll kind of direct
- 10:13you to
- 10:14our next talk after this,
- 10:16which is from doctor Khan,
- 10:17who's gonna be talking about,
- 10:20phase one and early phase
- 10:21clinical trials. That doesn't mean
- 10:23that they may not benefit
- 10:24from some other combination
- 10:26of immunotherapy plus another drug
- 10:29or some other
- 10:30creative,
- 10:32approach
- 10:32to kind of using the
- 10:34immune system to target triple
- 10:35negative breast cancer. And we've
- 10:37got trials that are looking
- 10:38at that, and I bet
- 10:39you're gonna talk about it
- 10:40more. Yes.
- 10:42Is that CPS ten the
- 10:43same as the blood tumor
- 10:45burden?
- 10:46Oh, great question. Great question.
- 10:48It's not. So
- 10:50the CPS is looking specifically
- 10:53at PD L1,
- 10:55which is
- 10:56when we think about,
- 10:58the immune system interacting with
- 11:00cancer cells, there's an interaction
- 11:02between a protein called PDL
- 11:04one and PD one. That's
- 11:06Lynn.
- 11:07So they're looking for a
- 11:08specific marker
- 11:10on the cancer.
- 11:12Tumor burden or,
- 11:15circulating tumor DNA. Is that
- 11:17I think because there's The
- 11:18one in the blood. The
- 11:19one in the the one
- 11:20in the blood. There are
- 11:21a lot of different blood
- 11:22tests that we can do,
- 11:23but certain Foundation.
- 11:24But found so foundation is
- 11:26one thing. Signatera is another.
- 11:27Let's talk about both.
- 11:30Sign so foundation,
- 11:34is a blood test that
- 11:37looks at the DNA
- 11:39of the cancer
- 11:41and what are the mutations
- 11:43inside that DNA. What is
- 11:44making cancer cancer?
- 11:46So
- 11:48cells are normally controlled by
- 11:49your DNA.
- 11:50And and
- 11:52under normal circumstances,
- 11:53normal DNA, it makes proteins
- 11:56and cells grow
- 11:57and stop growing in a
- 11:59regulated fashion.
- 12:01But when you've got abnormal
- 12:03DNA, there's a mutation.
- 12:05That's one of the things
- 12:06that can make cancer cancer.
- 12:07So you're looking for specific
- 12:09mutations in genes
- 12:12of the of the cancer
- 12:13cell itself.
- 12:14And why do we do
- 12:15that? Well,
- 12:16we actually have some drugs,
- 12:18not necessarily in too much
- 12:20in my talk today, but
- 12:21in other other talks and
- 12:23certainly in doctor Khan's world,
- 12:25where when we see certain
- 12:26mutations,
- 12:28it may suggest
- 12:29that we have a drug
- 12:30that can target that mutation,
- 12:32which is one of the
- 12:33reasons why we check foundation.
- 12:35There's another test called Signatera,
- 12:37which is looking just at
- 12:39circulating tumor DNA to
- 12:42to kind of give us
- 12:43a sense of how much
- 12:44cancer is around.
- 12:47Not usually used too much
- 12:49in this in this, scenario.
- 12:54Other questions? Oh, yeah. Great.
- 12:56On a prior slide, you
- 12:57had no other immunotherapies
- 12:59listed. Are those all
- 13:01cheap, using standard of care,
- 13:03or is it just the
- 13:03intruder?
- 13:05In terms of standard of
- 13:07care for breast cancer Triple
- 13:08negative. For triple negative breast
- 13:10cancer and breast cancer in
- 13:12general, but triple negative breast
- 13:13cancer, Keytruda is the only
- 13:15one that's approved right now.
- 13:17The drug Tecentriq or atezolizumab
- 13:19was approved a while back,
- 13:21but that FDA,
- 13:23indication got pulled.
- 13:25The others are all FDA
- 13:27approved and are being studied.
- 13:29There have been studies that
- 13:30have been looking at,
- 13:32nivolumab and evolimumab, Mopdevo, Nirvoy.
- 13:35There are an, we have
- 13:36a number of studies
- 13:38that look at durvalumab,
- 13:40or in
- 13:43school names these things. I
- 13:44know. Infinzi.
- 13:47Sometimes it's harder than the
- 13:50brand name's harder
- 13:51than the generic. There's a
- 13:52funny formula about how they
- 13:54come up with these. It's
- 13:55three zero four syllables, and
- 13:56it can't sound like another
- 13:58drum. That's right. And I
- 13:59think they get bonus points
- 14:00if they have q's and
- 14:01z's.
- 14:04So,
- 14:06anyway, the, so it's just
- 14:08heat treated as z's. So
- 14:10what is the to determine
- 14:12the PDL?
- 14:13Because I thought that was
- 14:14tumor burden.
- 14:16Yeah.
- 14:17PDL
- 14:19is not tumor burden. Tumor
- 14:20burden kind of speaks to
- 14:23the volume of
- 14:25of cancer. Feel free. If
- 14:26you if you have a
- 14:27a better way of explaining
- 14:28what it is, please chime
- 14:30in.
- 14:33PDL is a it's measuring
- 14:35whether a protein is present
- 14:37on the tumor cells, so
- 14:38not how much cancer there
- 14:40is. What'd you say the
- 14:41test was for that CSP?
- 14:42It's CBS. It's the
- 14:46CBS tamper. Combine
- 14:48Combined. Prob
- 14:50prob prognostic store, prob prob
- 14:52something like that. Okay. It's
- 14:54a special it it's a
- 14:55test,
- 14:56that looks at how much
- 14:59is there and then what
- 15:00strength,
- 15:01is a particular,
- 15:05branded test that's associated
- 15:07with the key truth, and
- 15:08they were kind of approved
- 15:09together. I can try to
- 15:11do it maybe in a
- 15:11different language just to see
- 15:12if Yeah. So the the
- 15:14Portuguese. The
- 15:16cps or PDL one testing
- 15:18or or PD one test.
- 15:20So those the pathologist, which
- 15:22is the doctor that has
- 15:23a microscope,
- 15:24they get a piece of
- 15:25the tumor, they slice it,
- 15:27They get it into his
- 15:28face. He puts this dye,
- 15:30like, PDL dye, and then
- 15:31he throw throws it. And
- 15:33then if he does have
- 15:34those receptors get in the
- 15:36dye, he catches it. And
- 15:37then when he looks into
- 15:38the microscope, he says, oh,
- 15:39I see everything is kind
- 15:40of lining up from this
- 15:41PDL one receptor.
- 15:43That's a test that is
- 15:44easier or easy easily done
- 15:46in the hospital. Okay? Pathologists
- 15:48can put it in the
- 15:48microscope, throw the dye, and
- 15:50see if it catches it.
- 15:51And then it looks to
- 15:52see, do you have those
- 15:53markers that are gonna show
- 15:55that the immune cells are
- 15:56gonna engage with the cancer
- 15:57cells and and that some
- 15:58Higgs and Mel was more
- 16:00shown to work.
- 16:01That is the CPS combined
- 16:03positive score or the PDL
- 16:04one hundred and ten, and
- 16:05that's all under just a
- 16:06microscope.
- 16:07Then we have the tumor
- 16:08mutation BERT. Remember she was
- 16:10talking about the how the
- 16:11tumor is made and this
- 16:12DNA code. So I think
- 16:13of that as like a
- 16:14barcode. You have a barcode
- 16:16at the grocery store. You
- 16:16read it. It tells you
- 16:17something. That's how we know
- 16:19the cancer cells has it's,
- 16:20like, all of the bunch
- 16:22of random letters and codes
- 16:23that that turns into some
- 16:25sort of message
- 16:26that can be read. If
- 16:27you have a lot of
- 16:28changes in the barcode, like
- 16:29the barcode is all, like,
- 16:31full of mistakes,
- 16:32that's what they call mutation
- 16:33burden. How many mutations do
- 16:35you have? Just one mutation
- 16:36or have thirty mutations?
- 16:38And then that is something
- 16:39that they see when they
- 16:40read a whole DNA barcode
- 16:42of this cancer, which is
- 16:43the foundation test. That's a
- 16:45more expensive fancier test. They
- 16:46need to look at the
- 16:47coding on both the cancer.
- 16:49And then they say, I
- 16:50have a few mutations. Your
- 16:51tumor mutation burden is gonna
- 16:52be low. If you have
- 16:54a ton of different mutations
- 16:55in the barcode is full
- 16:56of mistakes, then the tumor
- 16:57mutation burden is high.
- 16:59And that's another marker for
- 17:00immunotherapists to work. Immunotherapists
- 17:02like tumors that have a
- 17:04ton of mutations that look
- 17:05gangrier and then immune cells
- 17:07can recognize that better and
- 17:08cure. And the cutoff is
- 17:10interestingly and confusingly the same.
- 17:12So cps of ten and
- 17:14tumor mutation burden of ten,
- 17:16both have two totally different
- 17:18tens, but the number is
- 17:20the same. But if you
- 17:21have a TMD, your tumor
- 17:22mutation burden higher than ten,
- 17:24mutations per megabase of the
- 17:26DNA reading, then you can
- 17:28get Keytruda regardless of your
- 17:30tumor type. If you have,
- 17:32CVS or PDL one ink
- 17:34test that is super inky,
- 17:36like, super positive and colorful,
- 17:39more than ten,
- 17:40then you see they also
- 17:41can benefit from the case
- 17:42scenario. So it's just different
- 17:44tests, but that ten to
- 17:45ten makes things confusing.
- 17:47Thank you for that clarify.
- 17:48I'm sorry. I'm gonna cut
- 17:49you off because we got
- 17:49nothing here. But, no, thank
- 17:50you for
- 17:51thank you for the clarification.
- 17:52I was there was a
- 17:53disconnect there. So you totally,
- 17:55I think, answered the question
- 17:56much better than I did.
- 17:57So thank you for being
- 17:58here.
- 18:01The, the really quickly because
- 18:03we're down to eight minutes.
- 18:05I I suspect that Renee
- 18:06is gonna come in and
- 18:07tell us that we have
- 18:08to stop. But,
- 18:10lots of people,
- 18:12with triple negative breast cancer,
- 18:14higher percentage than people without
- 18:16triple negative breast cancer, have,
- 18:19a a mutation in the
- 18:20genes BRCA one or b
- 18:22r BRCA
- 18:23two.
- 18:24And those folks can develop,
- 18:26have a very high chance
- 18:27of developing breast cancer in
- 18:28the lifetime in their lifetime.
- 18:30And in triple negative breast
- 18:32cancer, it makes up about
- 18:33almost a quarter.
- 18:37BRCA
- 18:38leads to lots of errors
- 18:40in DNA replication. That's kind
- 18:42of how cancer is formed,
- 18:44and I'm not gonna get
- 18:45too much into why
- 18:47like, how this happens.
- 18:50But people who have BRCA
- 18:52one and BRCA two mutations,
- 18:55cancers,
- 18:56associated with those mutations are
- 18:58very sensitive to drugs called
- 19:00PARP inhibitors. So we use
- 19:01PARP inhibitors a lot
- 19:03in people, with these types
- 19:05of mutations and particularly,
- 19:07in people with breast cancer,
- 19:09triple negative breast cancer.
- 19:11The pill, generally well tolerated,
- 19:13and and it's an yet
- 19:15another
- 19:16drug that we can put
- 19:17in the arsenal against this
- 19:19cancer.
- 19:20And, again,
- 19:21these are these are called
- 19:22Kaplan Meier curves. If you've
- 19:24not seen these, basically, it
- 19:25tells us
- 19:26what what's happening with patients
- 19:28on the y axis and
- 19:30how long out,
- 19:32we go. And the longer
- 19:34this tells us how many
- 19:35patients are alive in a
- 19:37big clinical trial and duration
- 19:39so that you want the
- 19:41curves to be as flat
- 19:42as possible. So a curve
- 19:44that comes in that's a
- 19:45little much shallower is better
- 19:46than a curve that drops
- 19:48off.
- 19:49But this tells us these
- 19:51these curves, these graphs are
- 19:52telling us that the drug
- 19:54olaparib in the top and
- 19:56the drug talozaparib
- 19:57in the bottom,
- 19:58both are very effective or
- 20:00more effective
- 20:01in people with BRCA mutations
- 20:03than not using these drugs.
- 20:07There's another really cool class
- 20:09of medications called antibody drug
- 20:09seeking missiles because they're antibodies,
- 20:10which are looking for a
- 20:11particular protein.
- 20:22They attach to a particular
- 20:23protein, but riding along with
- 20:25the with the antibody
- 20:27is a drug.
- 20:29And
- 20:30so when the antibody finds
- 20:32the tumor antigen that it's
- 20:33looking for, it delivers the
- 20:35chemotherapy drug right to that
- 20:37area.
- 20:38So it's it's,
- 20:40a very
- 20:41exciting,
- 20:44group of drugs. We've got
- 20:45a couple of them in
- 20:46breast cancer,
- 20:48that we use very routinely.
- 20:52In fact, the first antibody
- 20:54drug conjugate,
- 20:55was
- 20:56in breast cancer was approved
- 20:58for people with triple negative
- 20:59breast cancer. This is a
- 21:00drug called sacituzumab,
- 21:02or Trodelvie is the other
- 21:03name.
- 21:05And it was based on
- 21:06a a phase three
- 21:08large clinical trial of five
- 21:10hundred and thirty patients and
- 21:11found that people who received
- 21:13sacituzumab,
- 21:15or TRODELV
- 21:16did better
- 21:17than people who had just
- 21:19single agent regular chemotherapy
- 21:22that's really nonspecific.
- 21:24So where are we moving?
- 21:26You've got a we've got
- 21:27to fine tune our treatments
- 21:29for metastatic triple negative breast
- 21:31cancer.
- 21:32So everybody with metastatic triple
- 21:34negative breast cancer gets genetic
- 21:36testing.
- 21:37What's the DNA that they
- 21:38are born with?
- 21:40We're looking for BRCA one,
- 21:42BRCA two mutations as well
- 21:44as some other mutations
- 21:45that might suggest
- 21:47that people would respond to
- 21:49a PARP inhibitor.
- 21:51We're looking at PD L1
- 21:52status, which we've we've talked
- 21:54about. We look at HER2
- 21:56status.
- 21:56So even though triple negative
- 21:58breast cancers by definition
- 22:00are HER2 negative,
- 22:03There is a class of
- 22:05HER2
- 22:06low, which I'm not gonna
- 22:07get into, but
- 22:09depending on if patients have
- 22:11a little bit of HER2
- 22:13expression, they could benefit from
- 22:15this drug called nHER2, which
- 22:16you may have heard about.
- 22:18We also look at mutational
- 22:20burden. We look at deficient
- 22:22mismatch repair, microsatellite instability. These
- 22:24are all markers of
- 22:26lots of mutations,
- 22:28that suggest that those patients
- 22:30may benefit from drugs like
- 22:32Keytruda.
- 22:33And then more genomic and
- 22:35molecular pro profiling like foundation
- 22:37to see if the if
- 22:39patients are eligible for,
- 22:41importantly, clinical trials, but there
- 22:43are other couple of other
- 22:45mutations that we look for
- 22:46that we have specific drugs.
- 22:50This is a really complicated
- 22:51slide that I probably can't
- 22:52explain,
- 22:53give it and give it,
- 22:55the the explanation that it
- 22:57deserves.
- 22:58But this is a map
- 23:00of all of the different
- 23:01pathways that are that are
- 23:04used in some cancers, and
- 23:06it's not even all of
- 23:06them, it's just some of
- 23:08the pathways.
- 23:09And these red lines with
- 23:11the kind of stop sign,
- 23:12these are the drugs that
- 23:14we have that are either
- 23:15in development or approved already
- 23:18that
- 23:19may
- 23:20work against those particular proteins
- 23:22and and pathways.
- 23:24These are all it's
- 23:25cell growth is a series
- 23:27of light switches, and it's
- 23:29like a circuit, and you
- 23:30gotta block the circuit in
- 23:31order to tell certain in
- 23:33order to tell cancer cells,
- 23:36to to stop growing.
- 23:38So I know I told
- 23:39you that I didn't change
- 23:40any any of the the
- 23:42slides. This is Eleanor.
- 23:44She had her biopsy. It
- 23:46confirmed that she had metastatic
- 23:48breast cancer.
- 23:49She did we did check
- 23:50her PDL one, and it
- 23:52did come back positive,
- 23:54greater than ten.
- 23:56And so she started on
- 23:58chemotherapy
- 23:59with Keytruda.
- 24:01And you can see that
- 24:03spot in the liver, that
- 24:04dark area of the liver,
- 24:06just the the whole thing
- 24:07on the on the left
- 24:08side there.
- 24:09And her most recent scans
- 24:12show
- 24:13almost a complete resolution of
- 24:14metastatic lesions. So she's basically
- 24:17got no evidence of cancer
- 24:19on her scans,
- 24:21and then we dropped the
- 24:22chemotherapy. She's been hanging out
- 24:24on Keytruda. This is her
- 24:26most recent liver scan. Well,
- 24:27no. This was her most
- 24:28recent liver scan last year.
- 24:29So her her scan this
- 24:30year looks exactly the same.
- 24:33But
- 24:34that that cancer has completely
- 24:37resolved on the CAT scan.
- 24:38She's doing great. She has
- 24:40a man friend. She won't
- 24:41call him a boyfriend,
- 24:43because he's a man.
- 24:45And she retired from her
- 24:47job. She sees her friends.
- 24:48She goes to visit her
- 24:49family in Portland,
- 24:51multiple times a year, and
- 24:53they're going to the Caribbean.
- 24:54They go someplace fantastic every
- 24:56year with her man friends.
- 24:57So she's, like, living her
- 24:59best life.
- 25:01And it's it's it's just
- 25:03one of the success stories
- 25:05that I
- 25:06think, you know, she is
- 25:08really enjoying every day.
- 25:10She's been living with metastatic
- 25:11triple negative breast cancer now
- 25:13for over three years
- 25:15doing fantastic, and I don't
- 25:16see that changing anytime in
- 25:18the near future. And,
- 25:20hopefully, by if if her
- 25:21cancer ever does
- 25:23make an appearance again, we'll
- 25:25have even more exciting options
- 25:27for.
- 25:29That is
- 25:30it is time to see
- 25:32on the dot. I wanna
- 25:34exercise it.
- 25:36What
- 25:37can I answer other questions?
- 25:41Anything else kind of come
- 25:42up
- 25:43in this yes, please. Asking
- 25:45for in folks who have
- 25:46the aesthetic look at
- 25:49does the KEYTRIA work better
- 25:50if it's in different parts
- 25:52of the body? You know,
- 25:53liver versus lung versus brain?
- 25:56Bones, you know.
- 25:58I I don't I am
- 25:59not aware of any data
- 26:00that suggests that it does
- 26:02work better in any particular
- 26:04part of the body,
- 26:07with the exception of it
- 26:08doesn't get to the brain
- 26:10all that well.
- 26:12And some of these drugs
- 26:13do penetrate
- 26:15what we call the the
- 26:16blood brain barrier
- 26:18better than others. And and
- 26:19Keytruda is a big drug,
- 26:21It's a big antibody, so
- 26:22it doesn't penetrate as well.
- 26:26In my experience, people
- 26:29people with bone only disease,
- 26:31and triple negative breast cancer
- 26:33don't tend to respond as
- 26:34well, but they also don't
- 26:35tend to be CVS positive.
- 26:37So it's again, even triple
- 26:39negative breast cancer is
- 26:41a spectrum
- 26:43of diseases with not everybody's
- 26:45cancer behaving exactly the same
- 26:47way.
- 26:51So if it's bone and
- 26:53then it's hard to do
- 26:54the test on
- 26:55bone biopsies
- 26:56Yes. So you kinda have
- 26:58to keep repeating, you know,
- 26:59if it's just only your
- 27:00bone and it spreads around.
- 27:02Yes. And so bone only
- 27:05cancer is challenging for a
- 27:06number of reasons. It's a
- 27:07little bit harder to follow
- 27:09on scans, and
- 27:11you you may be there
- 27:12are PET scans and bone
- 27:13scans and CAT scans, and
- 27:15then they don't always,
- 27:18follow the disease activity for
- 27:20one. Second is biopsies are
- 27:22challenging because you've gotta get
- 27:24to the bone, and then
- 27:25it has to be decalcified.
- 27:26And and sometimes you can
- 27:28lose some diagnostic material
- 27:30in that process.
- 27:33But oftentimes,
- 27:34because people with breast cancer
- 27:36do well for a long
- 27:37time
- 27:38and the mutation
- 27:40the mutational profile can change
- 27:42over time,
- 27:43people can develop new things,
- 27:44we do biopsy
- 27:46sometimes people
- 27:47multiple times throughout the course
- 27:49of their their treatment to
- 27:50see if
- 27:52there's something new that's developed
- 27:54over time because cancers can
- 27:56develop resistance to things and
- 27:59create new mutations and and
- 28:01that all of a sudden
- 28:02we may have a new
- 28:02drug
- 28:07for. Yeah. Is there a
- 28:08concern of,
- 28:11of number of scams that
- 28:12a person a patient should
- 28:14be subject to?
- 28:16There's always kind of that
- 28:17concern about radiation exposure and,
- 28:19you know, are we scanning
- 28:21somebody too often or not
- 28:22often enough?
- 28:25And I think there's no
- 28:27standard answer to that question
- 28:29because every patient's different.
- 28:32And sometimes
- 28:34we do need to scan
- 28:35someone every six weeks or
- 28:37two months because we're really
- 28:39looking for a particular we're
- 28:41we're watching them very closely.
- 28:42Other times, we might do
- 28:43it less frequently.
- 28:45There's certainly financial considerations as
- 28:47well and
- 28:49and convenience considerations.
- 28:50So there's no
- 28:52set answer to that. Typically,
- 28:54we do something every three
- 28:56months,
- 28:59subject to change depending on
- 29:00a patient's particular situation.
- 29:05Thank you all so much
- 29:07for being here.
- 29:09I really I appreciate the
- 29:10questions. I'm sorry for the
- 29:12miss
- 29:13my my lack of understanding
- 29:15earlier questions, but,
- 29:18please don't hesitate to reach
- 29:20out if other things come
- 29:21up. My
- 29:22ask your