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Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)

October 08, 2024
ID
12185

Transcript

  • 04:24Wait. That would be all
  • 04:25just
  • 04:27Okay. Good. Great. Thank you.
  • 04:31So here's this is one
  • 04:32of these slides that I
  • 04:33think doctor Weiner was warning
  • 04:34us about,
  • 04:36early in his talk. Since
  • 04:37the problem with triple negative
  • 04:39breast cancer is it's a
  • 04:40much more aggressive cancer on
  • 04:42average.
  • 04:42And people with triple negative
  • 04:44breast cancer don't do as
  • 04:45well as people who don't
  • 04:46have triple negative breast cancer
  • 04:47in the long run. It's
  • 04:48largely because
  • 04:50our treatments aren't as good.
  • 04:51We don't have as many
  • 04:52treatments, but also
  • 04:54the cancer itself is much
  • 04:55more aggressive.
  • 04:58And now I can't advance
  • 04:59my slides.
  • 05:01Fantastic.
  • 05:02I'm gonna get them.
  • 05:05Stop. Moral of the story
  • 05:06like, there's stagnation.
  • 05:08Moral of the story is
  • 05:10that we really need better
  • 05:11therapies,
  • 05:12especially for this more aggressive
  • 05:14subtype of cancer.
  • 05:17So we talked about hormone
  • 05:19based therapies. There are HER2
  • 05:20based therapies, but in triple
  • 05:21negative breast cancer, we can't
  • 05:23use them. And what we've
  • 05:24got is chemotherapy.
  • 05:26And so chemotherapy is the
  • 05:27backbone of the treatment for
  • 05:29triple negative breast cancer. And
  • 05:30there are a lot of
  • 05:31them. There's a huge arsenal
  • 05:33of chemotherapy,
  • 05:34but as you probably know,
  • 05:36chemotherapy
  • 05:37has a lot of potential
  • 05:38side effects. It can be
  • 05:39pretty toxic.
  • 05:41It can affect almost any
  • 05:43part of the body,
  • 05:45from the brain all the
  • 05:47way down to the bones
  • 05:48and the skin and the
  • 05:49muscles,
  • 05:51and in anything in between.
  • 05:54It's inconvenient.
  • 05:55It requires,
  • 05:56in most cases,
  • 05:58IV treatments that people have
  • 06:00to come in to clinic
  • 06:01and infusion to get those
  • 06:03treatments. That can be a
  • 06:04problem for child care. It
  • 06:06can be a problem for
  • 06:07transportation.
  • 06:10And if you have to
  • 06:11get repeated IV therapies, that
  • 06:13can affect your blood vessels,
  • 06:15which makes it very difficult
  • 06:16to even give blood or
  • 06:18get blood for for blood
  • 06:19tests.
  • 06:21People can't work as much
  • 06:23if you have to come
  • 06:23in all the time for
  • 06:24treatments, and that can lead
  • 06:26to financial toxicity or or
  • 06:28financial problems. And and all
  • 06:30kinds of effects on mental
  • 06:32health have been described over
  • 06:33time.
  • 06:34And this is work that
  • 06:35I've done,
  • 06:37now a while back twenty
  • 06:38nineteen. It's pre COVID, like,
  • 06:40a whole different lifetime.
  • 06:42But what we know is
  • 06:43that more than half of
  • 06:44patients report difficulties with nonphysical
  • 06:47concerns. So I think when
  • 06:49you think about chemotherapy, you
  • 06:50think about nausea, and you
  • 06:52think about all of the
  • 06:52physical side effects, but there
  • 06:54are all kinds of other
  • 06:55things that this sort of
  • 06:56treatment impacts.
  • 06:58I'm just trying to make
  • 06:59the case that we need
  • 07:00better therapies.
  • 07:03So
  • 07:04you have likely heard of
  • 07:06this concept of immunotherapy,
  • 07:08which is
  • 07:10the latest and greatest in
  • 07:11all kinds of cancers that's
  • 07:12used in lung cancer and
  • 07:13melanoma and bladder cancer and
  • 07:15renal cell cancer. And it's
  • 07:17kind of all over all
  • 07:18the the
  • 07:19lay press in terms of
  • 07:20cancer treatments. Well, what is
  • 07:22it?
  • 07:23Immunotherapy
  • 07:25takes the brakes off the
  • 07:27immune system.
  • 07:28So immunotherapy,
  • 07:32when when there is an
  • 07:33immune cell, and in this
  • 07:34case, this is an immune
  • 07:35t cell,
  • 07:37the cancer cell
  • 07:38comes along and kind of
  • 07:40tells the t cells to
  • 07:41stop working.
  • 07:43It puts the brakes on
  • 07:45the the immune system. So
  • 07:46the immune system is not
  • 07:47fighting the cancer. But these
  • 07:49immunotherapies
  • 07:50and here I've listed some
  • 07:51here. We call them checkpoint
  • 07:52inhibitors or immunotherapies or immuno
  • 07:54oncologics.
  • 07:57They
  • 07:58put they they take the
  • 07:59brakes off. So they allow
  • 08:01the the immune system to
  • 08:02kind of get back in
  • 08:04gear and fight the cancer
  • 08:06and start attacking the cancer
  • 08:07cells. So it's harnessing the
  • 08:09own power
  • 08:10of your of a patient's
  • 08:12own immune system to help
  • 08:13combat the cancer.
  • 08:16And we
  • 08:18now are using immunotherapy
  • 08:20as part of the standard
  • 08:21of care for treatment of
  • 08:24patients that have triple negative
  • 08:25breast cancer.
  • 08:27And this is,
  • 08:29a slide from
  • 08:30the initial presentation of a
  • 08:32study called the keynote three
  • 08:33fifty five study.
  • 08:35Keynote,
  • 08:37is a a series of
  • 08:38studies that studied Keytruda, very
  • 08:40cleverly named, and they're like
  • 08:42a thousand of them. I
  • 08:43only have I only know
  • 08:44a couple. I only need
  • 08:45to know a couple, but
  • 08:46there are a whole bunch
  • 08:47of them. But this is
  • 08:48keynote three fifty five. And
  • 08:49what it showed was that
  • 08:51when we add the drug
  • 08:52Keytruda
  • 08:53to chemotherapy,
  • 08:55we actually
  • 08:57pro that that combination
  • 08:59prolongs the time that patients
  • 09:01can stay on those treatments
  • 09:03and prolongs the time to
  • 09:05the cancer growing and having
  • 09:07to switch therapies
  • 09:08from
  • 09:09and
  • 09:10furthermore, it actually prolongs how
  • 09:13long people live.
  • 09:15And in this case, it
  • 09:16was in the the three
  • 09:18fifty five study, it was
  • 09:19a difference in overall survival
  • 09:20of seven months.
  • 09:24And what we
  • 09:25when when the the people,
  • 09:27the very smart people, not
  • 09:28me, very smart people,
  • 09:30did
  • 09:31these studies,
  • 09:33they found that the particular
  • 09:34people who benefit
  • 09:36were people who have certain
  • 09:37levels of a of a
  • 09:38protein called PDL one.
  • 09:42So immunotherapy
  • 09:43is kind of the latest
  • 09:44and greatest. Yes, please. Great
  • 09:46question.
  • 09:48So
  • 09:49people with higher levels of
  • 09:51PD L1 benefit More. More.
  • 09:54Mhmm. People with lower levels
  • 09:56of PD L1 benefit a
  • 09:57little bit?
  • 09:59They they the cutoff of
  • 10:00this
  • 10:01it's a special test called
  • 10:03the CPS
  • 10:04where the cutoff is ten.
  • 10:05People who had a CPS
  • 10:06of less than ten did
  • 10:07not seem to benefit,
  • 10:09which is unfortunate.
  • 10:11But
  • 10:12I'll I'll kind of direct
  • 10:13you to
  • 10:14our next talk after this,
  • 10:16which is from doctor Khan,
  • 10:17who's gonna be talking about,
  • 10:20phase one and early phase
  • 10:21clinical trials. That doesn't mean
  • 10:23that they may not benefit
  • 10:24from some other combination
  • 10:26of immunotherapy plus another drug
  • 10:29or some other
  • 10:30creative,
  • 10:32approach
  • 10:32to kind of using the
  • 10:34immune system to target triple
  • 10:35negative breast cancer. And we've
  • 10:37got trials that are looking
  • 10:38at that, and I bet
  • 10:39you're gonna talk about it
  • 10:40more. Yes.
  • 10:42Is that CPS ten the
  • 10:43same as the blood tumor
  • 10:45burden?
  • 10:46Oh, great question. Great question.
  • 10:48It's not. So
  • 10:50the CPS is looking specifically
  • 10:53at PD L1,
  • 10:55which is
  • 10:56when we think about,
  • 10:58the immune system interacting with
  • 11:00cancer cells, there's an interaction
  • 11:02between a protein called PDL
  • 11:04one and PD one. That's
  • 11:06Lynn.
  • 11:07So they're looking for a
  • 11:08specific marker
  • 11:10on the cancer.
  • 11:12Tumor burden or,
  • 11:15circulating tumor DNA. Is that
  • 11:17I think because there's The
  • 11:18one in the blood. The
  • 11:19one in the the one
  • 11:20in the blood. There are
  • 11:21a lot of different blood
  • 11:22tests that we can do,
  • 11:23but certain Foundation.
  • 11:24But found so foundation is
  • 11:26one thing. Signatera is another.
  • 11:27Let's talk about both.
  • 11:30Sign so foundation,
  • 11:34is a blood test that
  • 11:37looks at the DNA
  • 11:39of the cancer
  • 11:41and what are the mutations
  • 11:43inside that DNA. What is
  • 11:44making cancer cancer?
  • 11:46So
  • 11:48cells are normally controlled by
  • 11:49your DNA.
  • 11:50And and
  • 11:52under normal circumstances,
  • 11:53normal DNA, it makes proteins
  • 11:56and cells grow
  • 11:57and stop growing in a
  • 11:59regulated fashion.
  • 12:01But when you've got abnormal
  • 12:03DNA, there's a mutation.
  • 12:05That's one of the things
  • 12:06that can make cancer cancer.
  • 12:07So you're looking for specific
  • 12:09mutations in genes
  • 12:12of the of the cancer
  • 12:13cell itself.
  • 12:14And why do we do
  • 12:15that? Well,
  • 12:16we actually have some drugs,
  • 12:18not necessarily in too much
  • 12:20in my talk today, but
  • 12:21in other other talks and
  • 12:23certainly in doctor Khan's world,
  • 12:25where when we see certain
  • 12:26mutations,
  • 12:28it may suggest
  • 12:29that we have a drug
  • 12:30that can target that mutation,
  • 12:32which is one of the
  • 12:33reasons why we check foundation.
  • 12:35There's another test called Signatera,
  • 12:37which is looking just at
  • 12:39circulating tumor DNA to
  • 12:42to kind of give us
  • 12:43a sense of how much
  • 12:44cancer is around.
  • 12:47Not usually used too much
  • 12:49in this in this, scenario.
  • 12:54Other questions? Oh, yeah. Great.
  • 12:56On a prior slide, you
  • 12:57had no other immunotherapies
  • 12:59listed. Are those all
  • 13:01cheap, using standard of care,
  • 13:03or is it just the
  • 13:03intruder?
  • 13:05In terms of standard of
  • 13:07care for breast cancer Triple
  • 13:08negative. For triple negative breast
  • 13:10cancer and breast cancer in
  • 13:12general, but triple negative breast
  • 13:13cancer, Keytruda is the only
  • 13:15one that's approved right now.
  • 13:17The drug Tecentriq or atezolizumab
  • 13:19was approved a while back,
  • 13:21but that FDA,
  • 13:23indication got pulled.
  • 13:25The others are all FDA
  • 13:27approved and are being studied.
  • 13:29There have been studies that
  • 13:30have been looking at,
  • 13:32nivolumab and evolimumab, Mopdevo, Nirvoy.
  • 13:35There are an, we have
  • 13:36a number of studies
  • 13:38that look at durvalumab,
  • 13:40or in
  • 13:43school names these things. I
  • 13:44know. Infinzi.
  • 13:47Sometimes it's harder than the
  • 13:50brand name's harder
  • 13:51than the generic. There's a
  • 13:52funny formula about how they
  • 13:54come up with these. It's
  • 13:55three zero four syllables, and
  • 13:56it can't sound like another
  • 13:58drum. That's right. And I
  • 13:59think they get bonus points
  • 14:00if they have q's and
  • 14:01z's.
  • 14:04So,
  • 14:06anyway, the, so it's just
  • 14:08heat treated as z's. So
  • 14:10what is the to determine
  • 14:12the PDL?
  • 14:13Because I thought that was
  • 14:14tumor burden.
  • 14:16Yeah.
  • 14:17PDL
  • 14:19is not tumor burden. Tumor
  • 14:20burden kind of speaks to
  • 14:23the volume of
  • 14:25of cancer. Feel free. If
  • 14:26you if you have a
  • 14:27a better way of explaining
  • 14:28what it is, please chime
  • 14:30in.
  • 14:33PDL is a it's measuring
  • 14:35whether a protein is present
  • 14:37on the tumor cells, so
  • 14:38not how much cancer there
  • 14:40is. What'd you say the
  • 14:41test was for that CSP?
  • 14:42It's CBS. It's the
  • 14:46CBS tamper. Combine
  • 14:48Combined. Prob
  • 14:50prob prognostic store, prob prob
  • 14:52something like that. Okay. It's
  • 14:54a special it it's a
  • 14:55test,
  • 14:56that looks at how much
  • 14:59is there and then what
  • 15:00strength,
  • 15:01is a particular,
  • 15:05branded test that's associated
  • 15:07with the key truth, and
  • 15:08they were kind of approved
  • 15:09together. I can try to
  • 15:11do it maybe in a
  • 15:11different language just to see
  • 15:12if Yeah. So the the
  • 15:14Portuguese. The
  • 15:16cps or PDL one testing
  • 15:18or or PD one test.
  • 15:20So those the pathologist, which
  • 15:22is the doctor that has
  • 15:23a microscope,
  • 15:24they get a piece of
  • 15:25the tumor, they slice it,
  • 15:27They get it into his
  • 15:28face. He puts this dye,
  • 15:30like, PDL dye, and then
  • 15:31he throw throws it. And
  • 15:33then if he does have
  • 15:34those receptors get in the
  • 15:36dye, he catches it. And
  • 15:37then when he looks into
  • 15:38the microscope, he says, oh,
  • 15:39I see everything is kind
  • 15:40of lining up from this
  • 15:41PDL one receptor.
  • 15:43That's a test that is
  • 15:44easier or easy easily done
  • 15:46in the hospital. Okay? Pathologists
  • 15:48can put it in the
  • 15:48microscope, throw the dye, and
  • 15:50see if it catches it.
  • 15:51And then it looks to
  • 15:52see, do you have those
  • 15:53markers that are gonna show
  • 15:55that the immune cells are
  • 15:56gonna engage with the cancer
  • 15:57cells and and that some
  • 15:58Higgs and Mel was more
  • 16:00shown to work.
  • 16:01That is the CPS combined
  • 16:03positive score or the PDL
  • 16:04one hundred and ten, and
  • 16:05that's all under just a
  • 16:06microscope.
  • 16:07Then we have the tumor
  • 16:08mutation BERT. Remember she was
  • 16:10talking about the how the
  • 16:11tumor is made and this
  • 16:12DNA code. So I think
  • 16:13of that as like a
  • 16:14barcode. You have a barcode
  • 16:16at the grocery store. You
  • 16:16read it. It tells you
  • 16:17something. That's how we know
  • 16:19the cancer cells has it's,
  • 16:20like, all of the bunch
  • 16:22of random letters and codes
  • 16:23that that turns into some
  • 16:25sort of message
  • 16:26that can be read. If
  • 16:27you have a lot of
  • 16:28changes in the barcode, like
  • 16:29the barcode is all, like,
  • 16:31full of mistakes,
  • 16:32that's what they call mutation
  • 16:33burden. How many mutations do
  • 16:35you have? Just one mutation
  • 16:36or have thirty mutations?
  • 16:38And then that is something
  • 16:39that they see when they
  • 16:40read a whole DNA barcode
  • 16:42of this cancer, which is
  • 16:43the foundation test. That's a
  • 16:45more expensive fancier test. They
  • 16:46need to look at the
  • 16:47coding on both the cancer.
  • 16:49And then they say, I
  • 16:50have a few mutations. Your
  • 16:51tumor mutation burden is gonna
  • 16:52be low. If you have
  • 16:54a ton of different mutations
  • 16:55in the barcode is full
  • 16:56of mistakes, then the tumor
  • 16:57mutation burden is high.
  • 16:59And that's another marker for
  • 17:00immunotherapists to work. Immunotherapists
  • 17:02like tumors that have a
  • 17:04ton of mutations that look
  • 17:05gangrier and then immune cells
  • 17:07can recognize that better and
  • 17:08cure. And the cutoff is
  • 17:10interestingly and confusingly the same.
  • 17:12So cps of ten and
  • 17:14tumor mutation burden of ten,
  • 17:16both have two totally different
  • 17:18tens, but the number is
  • 17:20the same. But if you
  • 17:21have a TMD, your tumor
  • 17:22mutation burden higher than ten,
  • 17:24mutations per megabase of the
  • 17:26DNA reading, then you can
  • 17:28get Keytruda regardless of your
  • 17:30tumor type. If you have,
  • 17:32CVS or PDL one ink
  • 17:34test that is super inky,
  • 17:36like, super positive and colorful,
  • 17:39more than ten,
  • 17:40then you see they also
  • 17:41can benefit from the case
  • 17:42scenario. So it's just different
  • 17:44tests, but that ten to
  • 17:45ten makes things confusing.
  • 17:47Thank you for that clarify.
  • 17:48I'm sorry. I'm gonna cut
  • 17:49you off because we got
  • 17:49nothing here. But, no, thank
  • 17:50you for
  • 17:51thank you for the clarification.
  • 17:52I was there was a
  • 17:53disconnect there. So you totally,
  • 17:55I think, answered the question
  • 17:56much better than I did.
  • 17:57So thank you for being
  • 17:58here.
  • 18:01The, the really quickly because
  • 18:03we're down to eight minutes.
  • 18:05I I suspect that Renee
  • 18:06is gonna come in and
  • 18:07tell us that we have
  • 18:08to stop. But,
  • 18:10lots of people,
  • 18:12with triple negative breast cancer,
  • 18:14higher percentage than people without
  • 18:16triple negative breast cancer, have,
  • 18:19a a mutation in the
  • 18:20genes BRCA one or b
  • 18:22r BRCA
  • 18:23two.
  • 18:24And those folks can develop,
  • 18:26have a very high chance
  • 18:27of developing breast cancer in
  • 18:28the lifetime in their lifetime.
  • 18:30And in triple negative breast
  • 18:32cancer, it makes up about
  • 18:33almost a quarter.
  • 18:37BRCA
  • 18:38leads to lots of errors
  • 18:40in DNA replication. That's kind
  • 18:42of how cancer is formed,
  • 18:44and I'm not gonna get
  • 18:45too much into why
  • 18:47like, how this happens.
  • 18:50But people who have BRCA
  • 18:52one and BRCA two mutations,
  • 18:55cancers,
  • 18:56associated with those mutations are
  • 18:58very sensitive to drugs called
  • 19:00PARP inhibitors. So we use
  • 19:01PARP inhibitors a lot
  • 19:03in people, with these types
  • 19:05of mutations and particularly,
  • 19:07in people with breast cancer,
  • 19:09triple negative breast cancer.
  • 19:11The pill, generally well tolerated,
  • 19:13and and it's an yet
  • 19:15another
  • 19:16drug that we can put
  • 19:17in the arsenal against this
  • 19:19cancer.
  • 19:20And, again,
  • 19:21these are these are called
  • 19:22Kaplan Meier curves. If you've
  • 19:24not seen these, basically, it
  • 19:25tells us
  • 19:26what what's happening with patients
  • 19:28on the y axis and
  • 19:30how long out,
  • 19:32we go. And the longer
  • 19:34this tells us how many
  • 19:35patients are alive in a
  • 19:37big clinical trial and duration
  • 19:39so that you want the
  • 19:41curves to be as flat
  • 19:42as possible. So a curve
  • 19:44that comes in that's a
  • 19:45little much shallower is better
  • 19:46than a curve that drops
  • 19:48off.
  • 19:49But this tells us these
  • 19:51these curves, these graphs are
  • 19:52telling us that the drug
  • 19:54olaparib in the top and
  • 19:56the drug talozaparib
  • 19:57in the bottom,
  • 19:58both are very effective or
  • 20:00more effective
  • 20:01in people with BRCA mutations
  • 20:03than not using these drugs.
  • 20:07There's another really cool class
  • 20:09of medications called antibody drug
  • 20:09seeking missiles because they're antibodies,
  • 20:10which are looking for a
  • 20:11particular protein.
  • 20:22They attach to a particular
  • 20:23protein, but riding along with
  • 20:25the with the antibody
  • 20:27is a drug.
  • 20:29And
  • 20:30so when the antibody finds
  • 20:32the tumor antigen that it's
  • 20:33looking for, it delivers the
  • 20:35chemotherapy drug right to that
  • 20:37area.
  • 20:38So it's it's,
  • 20:40a very
  • 20:41exciting,
  • 20:44group of drugs. We've got
  • 20:45a couple of them in
  • 20:46breast cancer,
  • 20:48that we use very routinely.
  • 20:52In fact, the first antibody
  • 20:54drug conjugate,
  • 20:55was
  • 20:56in breast cancer was approved
  • 20:58for people with triple negative
  • 20:59breast cancer. This is a
  • 21:00drug called sacituzumab,
  • 21:02or Trodelvie is the other
  • 21:03name.
  • 21:05And it was based on
  • 21:06a a phase three
  • 21:08large clinical trial of five
  • 21:10hundred and thirty patients and
  • 21:11found that people who received
  • 21:13sacituzumab,
  • 21:15or TRODELV
  • 21:16did better
  • 21:17than people who had just
  • 21:19single agent regular chemotherapy
  • 21:22that's really nonspecific.
  • 21:24So where are we moving?
  • 21:26You've got a we've got
  • 21:27to fine tune our treatments
  • 21:29for metastatic triple negative breast
  • 21:31cancer.
  • 21:32So everybody with metastatic triple
  • 21:34negative breast cancer gets genetic
  • 21:36testing.
  • 21:37What's the DNA that they
  • 21:38are born with?
  • 21:40We're looking for BRCA one,
  • 21:42BRCA two mutations as well
  • 21:44as some other mutations
  • 21:45that might suggest
  • 21:47that people would respond to
  • 21:49a PARP inhibitor.
  • 21:51We're looking at PD L1
  • 21:52status, which we've we've talked
  • 21:54about. We look at HER2
  • 21:56status.
  • 21:56So even though triple negative
  • 21:58breast cancers by definition
  • 22:00are HER2 negative,
  • 22:03There is a class of
  • 22:05HER2
  • 22:06low, which I'm not gonna
  • 22:07get into, but
  • 22:09depending on if patients have
  • 22:11a little bit of HER2
  • 22:13expression, they could benefit from
  • 22:15this drug called nHER2, which
  • 22:16you may have heard about.
  • 22:18We also look at mutational
  • 22:20burden. We look at deficient
  • 22:22mismatch repair, microsatellite instability. These
  • 22:24are all markers of
  • 22:26lots of mutations,
  • 22:28that suggest that those patients
  • 22:30may benefit from drugs like
  • 22:32Keytruda.
  • 22:33And then more genomic and
  • 22:35molecular pro profiling like foundation
  • 22:37to see if the if
  • 22:39patients are eligible for,
  • 22:41importantly, clinical trials, but there
  • 22:43are other couple of other
  • 22:45mutations that we look for
  • 22:46that we have specific drugs.
  • 22:50This is a really complicated
  • 22:51slide that I probably can't
  • 22:52explain,
  • 22:53give it and give it,
  • 22:55the the explanation that it
  • 22:57deserves.
  • 22:58But this is a map
  • 23:00of all of the different
  • 23:01pathways that are that are
  • 23:04used in some cancers, and
  • 23:06it's not even all of
  • 23:06them, it's just some of
  • 23:08the pathways.
  • 23:09And these red lines with
  • 23:11the kind of stop sign,
  • 23:12these are the drugs that
  • 23:14we have that are either
  • 23:15in development or approved already
  • 23:18that
  • 23:19may
  • 23:20work against those particular proteins
  • 23:22and and pathways.
  • 23:24These are all it's
  • 23:25cell growth is a series
  • 23:27of light switches, and it's
  • 23:29like a circuit, and you
  • 23:30gotta block the circuit in
  • 23:31order to tell certain in
  • 23:33order to tell cancer cells,
  • 23:36to to stop growing.
  • 23:38So I know I told
  • 23:39you that I didn't change
  • 23:40any any of the the
  • 23:42slides. This is Eleanor.
  • 23:44She had her biopsy. It
  • 23:46confirmed that she had metastatic
  • 23:48breast cancer.
  • 23:49She did we did check
  • 23:50her PDL one, and it
  • 23:52did come back positive,
  • 23:54greater than ten.
  • 23:56And so she started on
  • 23:58chemotherapy
  • 23:59with Keytruda.
  • 24:01And you can see that
  • 24:03spot in the liver, that
  • 24:04dark area of the liver,
  • 24:06just the the whole thing
  • 24:07on the on the left
  • 24:08side there.
  • 24:09And her most recent scans
  • 24:12show
  • 24:13almost a complete resolution of
  • 24:14metastatic lesions. So she's basically
  • 24:17got no evidence of cancer
  • 24:19on her scans,
  • 24:21and then we dropped the
  • 24:22chemotherapy. She's been hanging out
  • 24:24on Keytruda. This is her
  • 24:26most recent liver scan. Well,
  • 24:27no. This was her most
  • 24:28recent liver scan last year.
  • 24:29So her her scan this
  • 24:30year looks exactly the same.
  • 24:33But
  • 24:34that that cancer has completely
  • 24:37resolved on the CAT scan.
  • 24:38She's doing great. She has
  • 24:40a man friend. She won't
  • 24:41call him a boyfriend,
  • 24:43because he's a man.
  • 24:45And she retired from her
  • 24:47job. She sees her friends.
  • 24:48She goes to visit her
  • 24:49family in Portland,
  • 24:51multiple times a year, and
  • 24:53they're going to the Caribbean.
  • 24:54They go someplace fantastic every
  • 24:56year with her man friends.
  • 24:57So she's, like, living her
  • 24:59best life.
  • 25:01And it's it's it's just
  • 25:03one of the success stories
  • 25:05that I
  • 25:06think, you know, she is
  • 25:08really enjoying every day.
  • 25:10She's been living with metastatic
  • 25:11triple negative breast cancer now
  • 25:13for over three years
  • 25:15doing fantastic, and I don't
  • 25:16see that changing anytime in
  • 25:18the near future. And,
  • 25:20hopefully, by if if her
  • 25:21cancer ever does
  • 25:23make an appearance again, we'll
  • 25:25have even more exciting options
  • 25:27for.
  • 25:29That is
  • 25:30it is time to see
  • 25:32on the dot. I wanna
  • 25:34exercise it.
  • 25:36What
  • 25:37can I answer other questions?
  • 25:41Anything else kind of come
  • 25:42up
  • 25:43in this yes, please. Asking
  • 25:45for in folks who have
  • 25:46the aesthetic look at
  • 25:49does the KEYTRIA work better
  • 25:50if it's in different parts
  • 25:52of the body? You know,
  • 25:53liver versus lung versus brain?
  • 25:56Bones, you know.
  • 25:58I I don't I am
  • 25:59not aware of any data
  • 26:00that suggests that it does
  • 26:02work better in any particular
  • 26:04part of the body,
  • 26:07with the exception of it
  • 26:08doesn't get to the brain
  • 26:10all that well.
  • 26:12And some of these drugs
  • 26:13do penetrate
  • 26:15what we call the the
  • 26:16blood brain barrier
  • 26:18better than others. And and
  • 26:19Keytruda is a big drug,
  • 26:21It's a big antibody, so
  • 26:22it doesn't penetrate as well.
  • 26:26In my experience, people
  • 26:29people with bone only disease,
  • 26:31and triple negative breast cancer
  • 26:33don't tend to respond as
  • 26:34well, but they also don't
  • 26:35tend to be CVS positive.
  • 26:37So it's again, even triple
  • 26:39negative breast cancer is
  • 26:41a spectrum
  • 26:43of diseases with not everybody's
  • 26:45cancer behaving exactly the same
  • 26:47way.
  • 26:51So if it's bone and
  • 26:53then it's hard to do
  • 26:54the test on
  • 26:55bone biopsies
  • 26:56Yes. So you kinda have
  • 26:58to keep repeating, you know,
  • 26:59if it's just only your
  • 27:00bone and it spreads around.
  • 27:02Yes. And so bone only
  • 27:05cancer is challenging for a
  • 27:06number of reasons. It's a
  • 27:07little bit harder to follow
  • 27:09on scans, and
  • 27:11you you may be there
  • 27:12are PET scans and bone
  • 27:13scans and CAT scans, and
  • 27:15then they don't always,
  • 27:18follow the disease activity for
  • 27:20one. Second is biopsies are
  • 27:22challenging because you've gotta get
  • 27:24to the bone, and then
  • 27:25it has to be decalcified.
  • 27:26And and sometimes you can
  • 27:28lose some diagnostic material
  • 27:30in that process.
  • 27:33But oftentimes,
  • 27:34because people with breast cancer
  • 27:36do well for a long
  • 27:37time
  • 27:38and the mutation
  • 27:40the mutational profile can change
  • 27:42over time,
  • 27:43people can develop new things,
  • 27:44we do biopsy
  • 27:46sometimes people
  • 27:47multiple times throughout the course
  • 27:49of their their treatment to
  • 27:50see if
  • 27:52there's something new that's developed
  • 27:54over time because cancers can
  • 27:56develop resistance to things and
  • 27:59create new mutations and and
  • 28:01that all of a sudden
  • 28:02we may have a new
  • 28:02drug
  • 28:07for. Yeah. Is there a
  • 28:08concern of,
  • 28:11of number of scams that
  • 28:12a person a patient should
  • 28:14be subject to?
  • 28:16There's always kind of that
  • 28:17concern about radiation exposure and,
  • 28:19you know, are we scanning
  • 28:21somebody too often or not
  • 28:22often enough?
  • 28:25And I think there's no
  • 28:27standard answer to that question
  • 28:29because every patient's different.
  • 28:32And sometimes
  • 28:34we do need to scan
  • 28:35someone every six weeks or
  • 28:37two months because we're really
  • 28:39looking for a particular we're
  • 28:41we're watching them very closely.
  • 28:42Other times, we might do
  • 28:43it less frequently.
  • 28:45There's certainly financial considerations as
  • 28:47well and
  • 28:49and convenience considerations.
  • 28:50So there's no
  • 28:52set answer to that. Typically,
  • 28:54we do something every three
  • 28:56months,
  • 28:59subject to change depending on
  • 29:00a patient's particular situation.
  • 29:05Thank you all so much
  • 29:07for being here.
  • 29:09I really I appreciate the
  • 29:10questions. I'm sorry for the
  • 29:12miss
  • 29:13my my lack of understanding
  • 29:15earlier questions, but,
  • 29:18please don't hesitate to reach
  • 29:20out if other things come
  • 29:21up. My
  • 29:22ask your