2023
Daily Oral HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States: Cost-saving at Generic Drug Price
Amick A, Eskibozkurt G, Hosek S, Flanagan C, Landovitz R, Jin E, Wilson C, Freedberg K, Weinstein M, Kazemian P, Paltiel A, Ciaranello A, Neilan A. Daily Oral HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States: Cost-saving at Generic Drug Price. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2023, 78: 402-410. PMID: 37823865, PMCID: PMC10874274, DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad566.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchPre-exposure prophylaxisHIV incidenceRisk of HIVOral PrEPAnnual screeningHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxisOral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxisHIV pre-exposure prophylaxisIncremental cost-effectiveness ratioHIV RNA levelsYoung menCost-effectiveness ratioAnnual HIVHigher discontinuationPrEP retentionAntiretroviral therapyDrug pricesHIV careLow adherenceLifetime horizonNew infectionsHIVIncidencePrEPRNA levelsHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Status, Tenofovir Exposure, and the Risk of Poor Coronavirus Disease 19 Outcomes: Real-World Analysis From 6 United States Cohorts Before Vaccine Rollout
Lea A, Leyden W, Sofrygin O, Marafino B, Skarbinski J, Napravnik S, Agil D, Augenbraun M, Benning L, Horberg M, Jefferson C, Marconi V, Park L, Gordon K, Bastarache L, Gangireddy S, Althoff K, Coburn S, Gebo K, Lang R, Williams C, Silverberg M. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status, Tenofovir Exposure, and the Risk of Poor Coronavirus Disease 19 Outcomes: Real-World Analysis From 6 United States Cohorts Before Vaccine Rollout. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2023, 76: 1727-1734. PMID: 36861341, PMCID: PMC10209434, DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad084.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman immunodeficiency virusAdjusted risk ratioCOVID-19 hospitalizationMechanical ventilationTenofovir useHIV statusAcute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infectionSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infectionSevere coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomesSyndrome coronavirus 2 infectionCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomesHuman immunodeficiency virus statusCohort of PWHCD4 cell countCharlson Comorbidity IndexCoronavirus 2 infectionHIV RNA levelsUnited States cohortBody mass indexCOVID-19 severityCOVID-19 vaccine availabilityReal-world analysisTenofovir exposureComorbidity indexMass index
2021
Trends in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence and Risk Among Persons With HIV in the US and Canada, 1996-2015
Sun J, Althoff KN, Jing Y, Horberg MA, Buchacz K, Gill MJ, Justice AC, Rabkin CS, Goedert JJ, Sigel K, Cachay E, Park L, Lim JK, Kim HN, Re V, Moore R, Sterling T, Peters MG, Achenbach CJ, Silverberg M, Thorne JE, Mayor AM, Crane HM, Kitahata MM, Klein M, Kirk GD. Trends in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence and Risk Among Persons With HIV in the US and Canada, 1996-2015. JAMA Network Open 2021, 4: e2037512. PMID: 33595662, PMCID: PMC7890526, DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37512.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHCC incidence ratesHigher HCC riskHepatitis C virusHepatitis B virusModern cART eraCD4 cell countIncidence rateCART eraHCC riskHepatocellular carcinomaCohort studyTriple infectionNorth American AIDS Cohort CollaborationCell countAvailable CD4 cell countHigher HIV RNA levelsLow CD4 cell countsCombination antiretroviral therapy eraDiagnosis of HCCAnti-HCV seropositivityAntiretroviral therapy eraHBV-HCV coinfectionRecent HIV RNAHIV RNA levelsHBV e antigen
2020
Liver function test abnormalities in a longitudinal cohort of Thai individuals treated since acute HIV infection
Peluso MJ, Colby DJ, Pinyakorn S, Ubolyam S, Intasan J, Trichavaroj R, Chomchey N, Prueksakaew P, Slike BM, Krebs SJ, Jian N, Robb ML, Phanuphak P, Phanuphak N, Spudich S, Ananworanich J, Kroon E, Teeratakulpisarn N, Pattanachaiwit S, Sacdalan C, Sriplienchan S, de Souza M, Tantivitayakul P, Poltavee K, Luekasemsuk T, Savadsuk H, Tipsuk S, Puttamsawin S, Benjapornpong K, Ratnaratorn N, Tangnaree K, Munkong C, Thaimanee R, Eamyoung P, Buranapraditkun S, Lerdlum S, Manasnayakorn S, Rerknimitr R, Sirivichayakul S, Wattanaboonyongcharoen P, Suttichom D, O'Connell R, Schuetz A, Hsu D, Akapirat S, Nuntapinit B, Tantibul N, Churikanont N, Getchalarat S, Michael N, Vasan S, Crowell T, Turk E, McCullough C, Butterworth O, Milazzo M, Eller L. Liver function test abnormalities in a longitudinal cohort of Thai individuals treated since acute HIV infection. Journal Of The International AIDS Society 2020, 23: e25444. PMID: 31953919, PMCID: PMC6968973, DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25444.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute HIV infectionLiver function test abnormalitiesBaseline alanine aminotransferaseAntiretroviral therapyHIV infectionAlanine aminotransferaseALT elevationALT levelsTest abnormalitiesCopies/Baseline plasma HIV RNA levelElevated baseline alanine aminotransferasePlasma HIV RNA levelsBaseline ALT levelsBaseline HIV RNAConcomitant viral hepatitisEfavirenz-based regimensFiebig stage IIIFiebig stages IGrade 1 elevationImmediate antiretroviral therapyHIV RNA levelsEarly HIV infectionCombination of HIVThai individuals
2018
Brief Report
Yanik EL, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Qin L, Lin H, Leyden W, Neugebauer RS, Horberg MA, Moore RD, Mathews WC, Justice AC, Hessol NA, Mayor AM, Gill MJ, Brooks JT, Sun J, Althoff KN, Engels EA, Silverberg MJ, Dubrow R. Brief Report. JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2018, 78: 499-504. PMID: 29771785, PMCID: PMC6037538, DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001719.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMelanoma incidenceAntiretroviral therapyGeneral populationMelanoma riskNorth American AIDS Cohort CollaborationRelationship of immunosuppressionWhite general populationHIV RNA levelsStandardized incidence ratiosCutaneous melanoma incidenceUltraviolet B exposureHigher melanoma incidenceHigh UVB exposureCohort CollaborationSkin surveillanceCD4 countHIV RNAImmune dysfunctionIncidence ratiosCox regressionHIV replicationRisk factorsCalendar periodWhite raceClinical care
2015
Neurological Response to cART vs. cART plus Integrase Inhibitor and CCR5 Antagonist Initiated during Acute HIV
Valcour VG, Spudich SS, Sailasuta N, Phanuphak N, Lerdlum S, Fletcher JL, Kroon ED, Jagodzinski LL, Allen IE, Adams CL, Prueksakaew P, Slike BM, Hellmuth JM, Kim JH, Ananworanich J. Neurological Response to cART vs. cART plus Integrase Inhibitor and CCR5 Antagonist Initiated during Acute HIV. PLOS ONE 2015, 10: e0142600. PMID: 26555069, PMCID: PMC4640512, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142600.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCombination antiretroviral therapyStandard combination antiretroviral therapyLog10 HIV RNAAcute HIVCSF cytokinesHIV RNACentral nervous system outcomesIntegrase inhibitorsGamma-induced protein 10Duration of HIVFiebig stages IAcute HIV infectionHIV RNA levelsCNS outcomesAntiretroviral therapyInflammatory markersWeek 24Antiretroviral treatmentHIV infectionPlasma neopterinRandomized armProspective evaluationMean ageHealthy controlsCCR5 antagonistsDeep sequencing of HIV-1 variants from paired plasma and cerebrospinal fluid during primary HIV infection
Gega A, Kozal MJ, Chiarella J, Lee E, Peterson J, Hecht FM, Liegler T, St John EP, Simen BB, Price RW, Spudich SS. Deep sequencing of HIV-1 variants from paired plasma and cerebrospinal fluid during primary HIV infection. Journal Of Virus Eradication 2015, 1: 264-268. PMID: 26855971, PMCID: PMC4743659, DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30926-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchPrimary HIV infectionHIV RNA levelsCopies/mLHIV infectionCerebrospinal fluidCSF samplesAge 32 yearsDrug resistance patternsHIV-1 variantsCSF HIVHIV plasmaHigh mutational loadMutational loadDays postDeep sequencingInfectionPilot studyLow-abundance variantsResistance variantsCells/Plasma samplesViral quasispeciesLimited dataMale participantsQuasispeciesAssociation between depression and nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women with perinatally acquired HIV
Sheth SS, Coleman J, Cannon T, Milio L, Keller J, Anderson J, Argani C. Association between depression and nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women with perinatally acquired HIV. AIDS Care 2015, 27: 350-354. PMID: 25616659, DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2014.998610.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHistory of depressionHIV RNA levelsAntiretroviral therapyThird trimesterMedication adherencePregnant womenMean HIV RNA levelUndetectable HIV RNA levelsCharts of womenHIV infection characteristicsLifelong chronic illnessRNA levelsRetrospective cohort studyPoor medication adherenceUnique psychosocial challengesOptimal medication adherenceTreatment of depressionUnstable living situationsPregnant patientsCohort studyPreconception periodPregnancy outcomesART nonadherenceHIV treatmentPrenatal care
2014
Peripheral Neuropathy in Primary HIV Infection Associates With Systemic and Central Nervous System Immune Activation
Wang SX, Ho EL, Grill M, Lee E, Peterson J, Robertson K, Fuchs D, Sinclair E, Price RW, Spudich S. Peripheral Neuropathy in Primary HIV Infection Associates With Systemic and Central Nervous System Immune Activation. JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2014, 66: 303-310. PMID: 24732871, PMCID: PMC4147038, DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000167.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPrimary HIV infectionPeripheral neuropathyCerebrospinal fluidHIV infectionHIV transmissionPN subjectsCentral nervous system immune activationCSF white blood cell countPlasma HIV RNA levelsSigns of PNWhite blood cell countChronic HIV infectionHIV RNA levelsCD8 T lymphocytesDetailed neurologic examinationSymptomatic peripheral neuropathyBlood cell countChemoattractant protein-1Blood CD4Blood neopterinCD8 countsCSF neopterinBilateral findingsFrequent complicationAnalysis of bloodAdjudicated Morbidity and Mortality Outcomes by Age among Individuals with HIV Infection on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy
Miller CJ, Baker JV, Bormann AM, Erlandson KM, Hullsiek K, Justice AC, Neuhaus J, Paredes R, Petoumenos K, Wentworth D, Winston A, Wolfson J, Neaton JD. Adjudicated Morbidity and Mortality Outcomes by Age among Individuals with HIV Infection on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. PLOS ONE 2014, 9: e95061. PMID: 24728071, PMCID: PMC3984283, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095061.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSerious non-AIDS eventsNon-AIDS eventsComposite outcomeAntiretroviral therapyCardiovascular diseaseSuppressive combination antiretroviral therapyEnd-stage renal diseaseEndpoint review committeeFive-year KaplanNon-AIDS cancerCombination antiretroviral therapyHIV RNA levelsSerious adverse eventsSuppressive antiretroviral therapyCause of morbidityLarge international trialCause of deathStudies of interventionsPre-specified criteriaCause mortalityAdverse eventsAIDS eventsEffect of ageMeier estimatesBaseline factors
2012
Central Nervous System Viral Invasion and Inflammation During Acute HIV Infection
Valcour V, Chalermchai T, Sailasuta N, Marovich M, Lerdlum S, Suttichom D, Suwanwela NC, Jagodzinski L, Michael N, Spudich S, van Griensven F, de Souza M, Kim J, Ananworanich J. Central Nervous System Viral Invasion and Inflammation During Acute HIV Infection. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2012, 206: 275-282. PMID: 22551810, PMCID: PMC3490695, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis326.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIV RNA levelsAcute HIV infectionCSF HIV RNA levelsCopies/mLHIV infectionCerebrospinal fluidHIV RNARNA levelsPlasma HIV RNA levelsCentral nervous system eventsHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionCSF HIV RNAFiebig stages IIntrathecal immune activationAcute retroviral syndromeImmunodeficiency virus infectionNervous system eventsMagnetic resonance imagingMagnetic resonance spectroscopy characterizationCSF neopterinBrain inflammationCNS inflammationCSF levelsHIV transmissionImmune activationImpact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Tuberculosis Incidence Among HIV-Positive Patients in High-Income Countries
del Amo J, Moreno S, Bucher HC, Furrer H, Logan R, Sterne J, Pérez-Hoyos S, Jarrín I, Phillips A, Lodi S, van Sighem A, de Wolf W, Sabin C, Bansi L, Justice A, Goulet J, Miró JM, Ferrer E, Meyer L, Seng R, Toulomi G, Gargalianos P, Costagliola D, Abgrall S, Hernán MA. Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Tuberculosis Incidence Among HIV-Positive Patients in High-Income Countries. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012, 54: 1364-1372. PMID: 22460971, PMCID: PMC3404691, DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis203.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAIDS-Related Opportunistic InfectionsAnti-HIV AgentsCD4 Lymphocyte CountCohort StudiesDeveloped CountriesDrug Therapy, CombinationEuropeFemaleHIV InfectionsHIV SeropositivityHumansImmune Reconstitution Inflammatory SyndromeIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedMycobacterium tuberculosisPneumocystis cariniiPneumonia, PneumocystisRNA, ViralTuberculosisUnited StatesViral LoadConceptsImmune reconstitution inflammatory syndromeCD4 cell countCells/μL.HIV RNA levelsHazard ratioTuberculosis incidenceCART initiationCell countAntiretroviral therapyTime-varying CD4 cell countBaseline CD4 cell countAIDS-free individualsEffects of CARTLow tuberculosis incidenceMonths of ARTReconstitution inflammatory syndromeHIV-positive patientsRNA levelsHIV-positive individualsHuman immunodeficiency virusHIV-CAUSAL CollaborationInflammatory syndromeImmunodeficiency virusInverse probability weightingPositive individuals
2011
Raltegravir Treatment Intensification Does Not Alter Cerebrospinal Fluid HIV-1 Infection or Immunoactivation in Subjects on Suppressive Therapy
Dahl V, Lee E, Peterson J, Spudich SS, Leppla I, Sinclair E, Fuchs D, Palmer S, Price RW. Raltegravir Treatment Intensification Does Not Alter Cerebrospinal Fluid HIV-1 Infection or Immunoactivation in Subjects on Suppressive Therapy. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2011, 204: 1936-1945. PMID: 22021620, PMCID: PMC3209817, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir667.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIV-1 RNA levelsHIV-1 RNAImmune activationRaltegravir intensificationRNA levelsPlasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNACSF HIV-1 RNA levelsMedian HIV-1 RNA levelT-cell surface antigen expressionHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNAOpen-label pilot studySingle-copy assayHIV RNA levelsCerebrospinal fluid infectionHIV-1 infectionCentral nervous systemBaseline viral suppressionSurface antigen expressionT cell activationCSF neopterinIntrathecal immunoactivationSuppressive therapyAntiretroviral therapyTreatment intensificationViral suppression
2010
HIV Infection and Risk for Incident Pulmonary Diseases in the Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Era
Crothers K, Huang L, Goulet JL, Goetz MB, Brown ST, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Oursler KK, Rimland D, Gibert CL, Butt AA, Justice AC. HIV Infection and Risk for Incident Pulmonary Diseases in the Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Era. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2010, 183: 388-395. PMID: 20851926, PMCID: PMC3266024, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201006-0836oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseObstructive pulmonary diseaseCombination antiretroviral therapy eraAntiretroviral therapy eraPulmonary diseaseTherapy eraPulmonary infectionHIV infectionVeterans Aging Cohort Study Virtual CohortIncident chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseLower HIV RNA levelsVirtual cohortVeterans Affairs Healthcare SystemAssociation of HIVMost pulmonary diseasesHIV RNA levelsRates of asthmaIncidence rate ratiosSelf-reported smokingLarge Health SurveyPulmonary hypertensionUninfected patientsComorbid diseasesOpportunistic pneumoniaBacterial pneumoniaTest and Treat DC: Forecasting the Impact of a Comprehensive HIV Strategy in Washington DC
Walensky RP, Paltiel AD, Losina E, Morris BL, Scott CA, Rhode ER, Seage GR, Freedberg KA, Investigators F. Test and Treat DC: Forecasting the Impact of a Comprehensive HIV Strategy in Washington DC. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010, 51: 392-400. PMID: 20617921, PMCID: PMC2906630, DOI: 10.1086/655130.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIV RNA levelsAntiretroviral therapyLife expectancyAdministration of ARTHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemicART initiation strategiesHIV case detectionRNA levelsUndiagnosed HIV prevalenceCells/microLEarly case identificationInitial mean ageRegular screening programsHIV screeningHIV testAnnual incidenceAnnual screeningHIV prevalenceHIV transmissionHIV strategiesMean ageHIV epidemicCase detectionScreening programART efficacyCerebrospinal fluid in HIV-1 systemic viral controllers: absence of HIV-1 RNA and intrathecal inflammation
Probasco JC, Deeks SG, Lee E, Hoh R, Hunt PW, Liegler T, Price RW, Spudich SS. Cerebrospinal fluid in HIV-1 systemic viral controllers: absence of HIV-1 RNA and intrathecal inflammation. AIDS 2010, 24: 1001-1005. PMID: 20299968, DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328331e15b.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIV RNA levelsViral controllersIntrathecal inflammationCSF white blood cell countUndetectable plasma HIV RNA levelsCerebrospinal fluid HIV RNACSF HIV RNA levelsPlasma HIV RNA levelsTreatment-mediated viral suppressionWhite blood cell countCSF HIV infectionIP-10 concentrationsRNA levelsChronic systemic inflammationSubset of HIVHIV-1 RNAPlasma albumin ratioAbsence of therapyBlood cell countCentral nervous systemCross-sectional analysisCSF neopterinViremic HIVHIV RNAViral suppression
2009
Trends in Multidrug Treatment Failure and Subsequent Mortality among Antiretroviral Therapy-Experienced Patients with HIV Infection in North America
Deeks SG, Gange SJ, Kitahata MM, Saag MS, Justice AC, Hogg RS, Eron JJ, Brooks JT, Rourke SB, Gill MJ, Bosch RJ, Benson CA, Collier AC, Martin JN, Klein MB, Jacobson LP, Rodriguez B, Sterling TR, Kirk GD, Napravnik S, Rachlis AR, Calzavara LM, Horberg MA, Silverberg MJ, Gebo KA, Kushel MB, Goedert JJ, McKaig RG, Moore RD, Research and Design N. Trends in Multidrug Treatment Failure and Subsequent Mortality among Antiretroviral Therapy-Experienced Patients with HIV Infection in North America. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009, 49: 1582-1590. PMID: 19845473, PMCID: PMC2871149, DOI: 10.1086/644768.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPlasma HIV RNA levelsCombination antiretroviral therapyHIV RNA levelsVirologic failureRegimen failureHistory of AIDSAntiretroviral therapyTreatment failureHigher plasma HIV RNA levelsAbility of therapyRNA levelsT-cell countsTreatment-naive patientsIndependent risk factorMultivariate Cox regressionAggressive therapeutic interventionMore effective optionsModified therapyHIV infectionCox regressionRisk factorsT cellsSubsequent mortalityMortality rateClinical practice
2008
Impact of small reductions in plasma HIV RNA levels on the risk of heterosexual transmission and disease progression
Modjarrad K, Chamot E, Vermund SH. Impact of small reductions in plasma HIV RNA levels on the risk of heterosexual transmission and disease progression. AIDS 2008, 22: 2179-2185. PMID: 18832881, PMCID: PMC2661869, DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328312c756.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRisk of progressionHeterosexual transmissionDisease progressionHIV RNALog10 incrementAntiretroviral therapyPlasma HIV RNA levelsGreater riskTreatment of coinfectionHIV RNA levelsHIV viral loadViral load changesHIV-1 RNARelative risk estimatesHIV loadAdjunctive careViral loadPlasma levelsHeterosexual contactWorld's HIVAnnual riskHIVAdult populationViral transmissionRisk estimatesEpisodic Antiretroviral Therapy Increases HIV Transmission Risk Compared With Continuous Therapy: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Burman W, Grund B, Neuhaus J, Douglas J, Friedland G, Telzak E, Colebunders R, Paton N, Fisher M, Rietmeijer C. Episodic Antiretroviral Therapy Increases HIV Transmission Risk Compared With Continuous Therapy: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2008, 49: 142-150. PMID: 18769356, PMCID: PMC2749067, DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e318183a9ad.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIV transmission riskHigh-risk behaviorsEpisodic antiretroviral therapyAntiretroviral therapyTransmission riskContinuous antiretroviral therapyHIV RNA levelsAntiretroviral Therapy studyProportion of participantsTherapy armContinuous therapyControlled TrialsRandomized armHIV transmissionMean ageNeedle sharingPatientsTherapyTherapy studiesStrategy of managementRNA levelsSexual activityRiskBaselineLaboratory testingHLA Class I-Restricted T-Cell Responses May Contribute to the Control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, but Such Responses Are Not Always Necessary for Long-Term Virus Control
Emu B, Sinclair E, Hatano H, Ferre A, Shacklett B, Martin JN, McCune JM, Deeks SG. HLA Class I-Restricted T-Cell Responses May Contribute to the Control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, but Such Responses Are Not Always Necessary for Long-Term Virus Control. Journal Of Virology 2008, 82: 5398-5407. PMID: 18353945, PMCID: PMC2395228, DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02176-07.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsT cell responsesHLA class IElite controllersT cellsViremic controllersVirus controlClass IInterleukin-2HIV-specific T-cell responsesT cell-mediated controlUndetectable HIV RNA levelsHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionHLA class I allelesProtective class IHIV RNA levelsHLA class I polymorphismImmunodeficiency virus infectionLong-term virus controlCell-mediated controlHuman immunodeficiency virusClass I allelesClass I polymorphismAntiretroviral therapyHIV controllersHIV transmission
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