2024
Local-structure-preservation and redundancy-removal-based feature selection method and its application to the identification of biomarkers for schizophrenia
Xing Y, Pearlson G, Kochunov P, Calhoun V, Du Y. Local-structure-preservation and redundancy-removal-based feature selection method and its application to the identification of biomarkers for schizophrenia. NeuroImage 2024, 299: 120839. PMID: 39251116, PMCID: PMC11491165, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120839.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSelection methodClassification accuracy gainsGraph-based regularizationHigh-dimensional dataFeature selection methodLocal structural informationSparse regularizationAblation studiesFeature subsetPublic datasetsFeature selectionClassification accuracyExperimental evaluationAccuracy gainsSelection techniquesNetwork connectivityData transformationSuperior performanceDatasetConvergence analysisStructural informationClassificationRegularizationFeaturesDisorder predictionJoint multi-site domain adaptation and multi-modality feature selection for the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders
Ji Y, Silva R, Adali T, Wen X, Zhu Q, Jiang R, Zhang D, Qi S, Calhoun V. Joint multi-site domain adaptation and multi-modality feature selection for the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. NeuroImage Clinical 2024, 43: 103663. PMID: 39226701, DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103663.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAssociations of alcohol and tobacco use with psychotic, depressive and developmental disorders revealed via multimodal neuroimaging
Qiu L, Liang C, Kochunov P, Hutchison K, Sui J, Jiang R, Zhi D, Vergara V, Yang X, Zhang D, Fu Z, Bustillo J, Qi S, Calhoun V. Associations of alcohol and tobacco use with psychotic, depressive and developmental disorders revealed via multimodal neuroimaging. Translational Psychiatry 2024, 14: 326. PMID: 39112461, PMCID: PMC11306356, DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03035-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsFronto-limbic networkSalience networkAssociated with cognitionFronto-basal gangliaDevelopmental disordersBrain networksLimbic systemAlcohol useAssociated with alcohol useMultimodal brain networksTobacco useAssociation of alcoholPsychiatric disordersMultimodal neuroimagingDMNBrain featuresCognitionAlcohol/tobacco useDisordersAssociated with tobacco useDepressionSymptomsFunctional abnormalitiesAlcoholBrain4D dynamic spatial brain networks at rest linked to cognition show atypical variability and coupling in schizophrenia
Pusuluri K, Fu Z, Miller R, Pearlson G, Kochunov P, Van Erp T, Iraji A, Calhoun V. 4D dynamic spatial brain networks at rest linked to cognition show atypical variability and coupling in schizophrenia. Human Brain Mapping 2024, 45: e26773. PMID: 39045900, PMCID: PMC11267451, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26773.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBrain networksFunctional magnetic resonance imagingAssociated with cognitive performanceDynamics of functional brain networksAssociated with cognitionFunctional brain networksVoxel-wise changesVolumetric couplingDynamical variablesCognitive performanceTypical controlsSchizophreniaCognitive impairmentNetwork pairsMagnetic resonance imagingPair of networksCognitionAtypical variabilityResonance imagingCouplingNetwork connectivityNetwork growthImpairmentBrainStatic networksEstimation of complete mutual information exploiting nonlinear magnitude-phase dependence: Application to spatial FNC for complex-valued fMRI data
Li W, Lin Q, Zhang C, Han Y, Li H, Calhoun V. Estimation of complete mutual information exploiting nonlinear magnitude-phase dependence: Application to spatial FNC for complex-valued fMRI data. Journal Of Neuroscience Methods 2024, 409: 110207. PMID: 38944128, DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110207.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsComplex-valued fMRI dataMutual informationJoint entropyNetwork connectivityComplex-valued signalsFunctional network connectivityMagnitude-phase dependenceDensity estimation methodMI estimationHistogram-basedKernel density estimation methodFMRI dataEstimation accuracyProbability density functionJoint probability density functionSimulated signalsChain rulePhase dependenceEstimation methodHigh-orderDensity functionControl networkInaccurate estimationNonlinear dependenceDependenceThe brain structure, inflammatory, and genetic mechanisms mediate the association between physical frailty and depression
Jiang R, Noble S, Rosenblatt M, Dai W, Ye J, Liu S, Qi S, Calhoun V, Sui J, Scheinost D. The brain structure, inflammatory, and genetic mechanisms mediate the association between physical frailty and depression. Nature Communications 2024, 15: 4411. PMID: 38782943, PMCID: PMC11116547, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48827-8.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIncident depressionPre-frailPhysical frailtyFrail individualsPopulation attributable fraction analysisRisk factors of depressionMendelian randomization analysisFactors of depressionPotential causal effectModifiable risk factorsNon-frail individualsCross-sectional studyEffect of frailtyHigher disease burdenUK BiobankRandomization analysisBrain volumeDepression casesDisease burdenFrailtyRegional brain volumesIncreased riskDepressionHigh riskFollow-upCross‐cohort replicable resting‐state functional connectivity in predicting symptoms and cognition of schizophrenia
Zhao C, Jiang R, Bustillo J, Kochunov P, Turner J, Liang C, Fu Z, Zhang D, Qi S, Calhoun V. Cross‐cohort replicable resting‐state functional connectivity in predicting symptoms and cognition of schizophrenia. Human Brain Mapping 2024, 45: e26694. PMID: 38727014, PMCID: PMC11083889, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26694.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsFunctional magnetic resonance imagingNegative symptomsFunctional connectivityCognitive impairmentPrediction of negative symptomsResting-state functional connectivityAssociated with reduced cognitive functionDebilitating mental illnessHealthy controlsPredicting functional connectivityEarly adulthood onsetPositive symptomsNeural underpinningsSchizophreniaCognitive functionSensorimotor networkPredicting symptomsMental illnessConnectivity patternsClinical interventionsMagnetic resonance imagingAdulthood onsetSymptomsImpairmentResonance imagingMRI morphometry of the anterior and posterior cerebellar vermis and its relationship to sensorimotor and cognitive functions in children
Hodgdon E, Anderson R, Al Azzawi H, Wilson T, Calhoun V, Wang Y, Solis I, Greve D, Stephen J, Ciesielski K. MRI morphometry of the anterior and posterior cerebellar vermis and its relationship to sensorimotor and cognitive functions in children. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 2024, 67: 101385. PMID: 38713999, PMCID: PMC11096723, DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101385.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLobules I-VCognitive functionCerebellar vermis volumePosterior brain structuresCerebellar vermisVI-VIIAnterior cerebellar vermisLobules VI-VIIWASI-IIEmotional processingVermis volumeNeuropsychological scoresPosterior cerebellar vermisBrain structuresDevelopmental trajectoriesMRI morphometryCerebellar anatomyPosterior vermisSensorimotorDevelopmental studiesHuman cerebellumHealthy adultsAdult volumeVermisHigh-resolution MRIThe overlap across psychotic disorders: A functional network connectivity analysis
Dini H, Bruni L, Ramsøy T, Calhoun V, Sendi M. The overlap across psychotic disorders: A functional network connectivity analysis. International Journal Of Psychophysiology 2024, 201: 112354. PMID: 38670348, PMCID: PMC11163820, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112354.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsFunctional network connectivitySchizoaffective disorderPsychotic disordersHealthy controlsBipolar-Schizophrenia NetworkFunctional network connectivity analysisStatic functional network connectivityResting-state fMRINetwork connectivity analysisPatterns of activityPsychiatric disordersDisorder groupSchizophreniaConnectivity analysisHC groupBipolarConnectivity patternsDisordersPatient groupSymptom scoresGroup of patientsPANSSSchizoaffectiveFMRINetwork connectivitySearching Reproducible Brain Features using NeuroMark: Templates for Different Age Populations and Imaging Modalities
Fu Z, Batta I, Wu L, Abrol A, Agcaoglu O, Salman M, Du Y, Iraji A, Shultz S, Sui J, Calhoun V. Searching Reproducible Brain Features using NeuroMark: Templates for Different Age Populations and Imaging Modalities. NeuroImage 2024, 292: 120617. PMID: 38636639, PMCID: PMC11416721, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120617.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsFunctional MRIStructural MRIResting-state scanSpatial similarity analysisMental health researchBrain markersDiffusion MRIAge differencesBrain featuresNeuromarkersBrain disordersYoung adult cohortBrain developmentWell-replicatedHuman brainBrainDiffusion MRI dataData-driven analysisDisordersSimilarity analysisAge cohortsGeneralizabilityPopulation-based researchAdult cohortAge-specific adaptationSMART (Splitting-Merging Assisted Reliable) Independent Component Analysis for Extracting Accurate Brain Functional Networks
He X, Calhoun V, Du Y. SMART (Splitting-Merging Assisted Reliable) Independent Component Analysis for Extracting Accurate Brain Functional Networks. Neuroscience Bulletin 2024, 40: 905-920. PMID: 38491231, DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01184-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIndependent component analysisFunctional magnetic resonance imagingClustering independent componentsFunctional networksIndependent component analysis methodMulti-subject fMRI dataIndependent componentsBrain functional networksFMRI dataSubject-specific functional networksFunctional magnetic resonance imaging dataOptimal model orderSmartComponent analysis
2023
Age-related, multivariate associations between white matter microstructure and behavioral performance in three executive function domains
Anderson J, Calhoun V, Pearlson G, Hawkins K, Stevens M. Age-related, multivariate associations between white matter microstructure and behavioral performance in three executive function domains. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 2023, 64: 101318. PMID: 37875033, PMCID: PMC10618425, DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101318.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsExecutive function domainsResponse inhibitionWhite matter microstructureLower response inhibitionStructure-cognition relationshipsEF abilitiesBehavioral performanceCognitive imbalanceNeurocognitive testsFunction domainTest performanceYoung adulthoodFractional anisotropyBrain changesAge 12Young adultsSS performanceWhite matter FA valuesGreater relianceWhite matter changesWhite matter microstructural differencesSubjects ages 12White matter skeletonIndependent componentsMultivariate associationsDehydroepiandrosterone mediates associations between trauma‐related symptoms and anterior pituitary volume in children and adolescents
Picci G, Casagrande C, Ott L, Petro N, Christopher‐Hayes N, Johnson H, Willett M, Okelberry H, Wang Y, Stephen J, Calhoun V, Wilson T. Dehydroepiandrosterone mediates associations between trauma‐related symptoms and anterior pituitary volume in children and adolescents. Human Brain Mapping 2023, 44: 6388-6398. PMID: 37853842, PMCID: PMC10681633, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26516.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTrauma-related symptomsAnxiety symptomsPituitary volumeAnterior pituitary volumeConsistent with adult findingsHigh-resolution T1-weighted MRI scansPG volumeEarly life stressLevels of dehydroepiandrosteroneT1-weighted MRI scansDehydroepiandrosterone levelsPituitary glandResponse to stressComorbid anxietyNeurobiological sequelaeSubclinical anxietyLife stressAnxiety/depression symptomsElevated anxietyAdult findingsAssociated with disruptionDevelopmental sampleHealthy youthTrained ratersPubertal windowAutomated Interpretation of Clinical Electroencephalograms Using Artificial Intelligence
Tveit J, Aurlien H, Plis S, Calhoun V, Tatum W, Schomer D, Arntsen V, Cox F, Fahoum F, Gallentine W, Gardella E, Hahn C, Husain A, Kessler S, Kural M, Nascimento F, Tankisi H, Ulvin L, Wennberg R, Beniczky S. Automated Interpretation of Clinical Electroencephalograms Using Artificial Intelligence. JAMA Neurology 2023, 80: 805-812. PMID: 37338864, PMCID: PMC10282956, DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.1645.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPublishing AI modelsAI modelsArtificial intelligenceTesting data setsHuman expertsAutomated interpretationConvolutional neural network modelHuman expert level performanceElectroencephalogram data setsData setsRoutine electroencephalogramNeural network modelExpert-level performanceMulticenter diagnostic accuracy studyReference standardAbnormal EEG recordingsVideo-EEG recordingsDetection of epileptiform abnormalitiesRecords of patientsReceiver operating characteristic curveSingle-center dataArea under the receiver operating characteristic curveDevelopment dataDiagnostic accuracy studiesNetwork modelHow Does Aging Affect Whole-brain Functional Network Connectivity? Evidence from An ICA Method
Du Y, Guo Y, Calhoun V. How Does Aging Affect Whole-brain Functional Network Connectivity? Evidence from An ICA Method. Annual International Conference Of The IEEE Engineering In Medicine And Biology Society (EMBC) 2023, 00: 1-4. PMID: 38083384, DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340189.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchElevated C-reactive protein mediates the liver-brain axis: a preliminary study
Jiang R, Wu J, Rosenblatt M, Dai W, Rodriguez R, Sui J, Qi S, Liang Q, Xu B, Meng Q, Calhoun V, Scheinost D. Elevated C-reactive protein mediates the liver-brain axis: a preliminary study. EBioMedicine 2023, 93: 104679. PMID: 37356206, PMCID: PMC10320521, DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104679.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRegional gray matter volumeGray matter volumeCognitive functioningMost cognitive measuresUnderlying neurobiological factorsEffect sizeLarge effect sizesProspective memoryVisual memoryCognitive measuresExecutive functionTrail MakingCognitive performanceNeurobiological factorsSmall effect sizesProcessing speedVentral striatumParahippocampal gyrusCognitive declineCognitive impairmentMatter volumeMemoryFunctioningCross-sectional associationsLimited researchTestosterone levels mediate the dynamics of motor oscillatory coding and behavior in developing youth
Killanin A, Taylor B, Embury C, Picci G, Wang Y, Calhoun V, Stephen J, Heinrichs-Graham E, Wilson T. Testosterone levels mediate the dynamics of motor oscillatory coding and behavior in developing youth. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 2023, 61: 101257. PMID: 37236034, PMCID: PMC10232658, DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101257.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMotor performanceEffects of ageSalivary testosterone samplesMotor sequence taskMultiple mediation modelMovement-related beta activityBeta oscillatory dynamicsMeasures of motor performanceYouth aged 9Complex motor performanceLeft primary motor cortexPubertal transition periodBeta activitySequencing taskTestosterone samplesMediation modelMotor planningMotor regionsTask behaviorPrimary motor cortexDevelopmental changesBehavior indexYoung adulthoodTestosterone levelsAged 9
2012
CAG repeat expansion in Huntington disease determines age at onset in a fully dominant fashion
Lee J, Ramos E, Lee J, Gillis T, Mysore J, Hayden M, Warby S, Morrison P, Nance M, Ross C, Margolis R, Squitieri F, Orobello S, Di Donato S, Gomez-Tortosa E, Ayuso C, Suchowersky O, Trent R, McCusker E, Novelletto A, Frontali M, Jones R, Ashizawa T, Frank S, Saint-Hilaire M, Hersch S, Rosas H, Lucente D, Harrison M, Zanko A, Abramson R, Marder K, Sequeiros J, Paulsen J, Landwehrmeyer G, Myers R, MacDonald M, Gusella J, Durr A, Rosenblatt A, Frati L, Perlman S, Conneally P, Klimek M, Diggin M, Hadzi T, Duckett A, Ahmed A, Allen P, Ames D, Anderson C, Anderson K, Anderson K, Andrews T, Ashburner J, Axelson E, Aylward E, Barker R, Barth K, Barton S, Baynes K, Bea A, Beall E, Beg M, Beglinger L, Biglan K, Bjork K, Blanchard S, Bockholt J, Bommu S, Brossman B, Burrows M, Calhoun V, Carlozzi N, Chesire A, Chiu E, Chua P, Connell R, Connor C, Corey-Bloom J, Craufurd D, Cross S, Cysique L, Santos R, Davis J, Decolongon J, DiPietro A, Doucette N, Downing N, Dudler A, Dunn S, Ecker D, Epping E, Erickson D, Erwin C, Evans K, Factor S, Farias S, Fatas M, Fiedorowicz J, Fullam R, Furtado S, Garde M, Gehl C, Geschwind M, Goh A, Gooblar J, Goodman A, Griffith J, Groves M, Guttman M, Hamilton J, Harrington D, Harris G, Heaton R, Helmer K, Henneberry M, Hershey T, Herwig K, Howard E, Hunter C, Jankovic J, Johnson H, Johnson A, Jones K, Juhl A, Kim E, Kimble M, King P, Klimek M, Klöppel S, Koenig K, Komiti A, Kumar R, Langbehn D, Leavitt B, Leserman A, Lim K, Lipe H, Lowe M, Magnotta V, Mallonee W, Mans N, Marietta J, Marshall F, Martin W, Mason S, Matheson K, Matson W, Mazzoni P, McDowell W, Miedzybrodzka Z, Miller M, Mills J, Miracle D, Montross K, Moore D, Mori S, Moser D, Moskowitz C, Newman E, Nopoulos P, Novak M, O'Rourke J, Oakes D, Ondo W, Orth M, Panegyres P, Pease K, Perlman S, Perlmutter J, Peterson A, Phillips M, Pierson R, Potkin S, Preston J, Quaid K, Radtke D, Rae D, Rao S, Raymond L, Reading S, Ready R, Reece C, Reilmann R, Reynolds N, Richardson K, Rickards H, Ro E, Robinson R, Rodnitzky R, Rogers B, Rosenblatt A, Rosser E, Rosser A, Price K, Price K, Ryan P, Salmon D, Samii A, Schumacher J, Schumacher J, Sendon J, Shear P, Sheinberg A, Shpritz B, Siedlecki K, Simpson S, Singer A, Smith J, Smith M, Smith G, Snyder P, Song A, Sran S, Stephan K, Stober J, Sü?muth S, Suter G, Tabrizi S, Tempkin T, Testa C, Thompson S, Thomsen T, Thumma K, Toga A, Trautmann S, Tremont G, Turner J, Uc E, Vaccarino A, van Duijn E, Van Walsem M, Vik S, Vonsattel J, Vuletich E, Warner T, Wasserman P, Wassink T, Waterman E, Weaver K, Weir D, Welsh C, Werling-Witkoske C, Wesson M, Westervelt H, Weydt P, Wheelock V, Williams K, Williams J, Wodarski M, Wojcieszek J, Wood J, Wood-Siverio C, Wu S, Yastrubetskaya O, de Yebenes J, Zhao Y, Zimbelman J, Zschiegner R, Aaserud O, Abbruzzese G, Andrews T, Andrich J, Antczak J, Arran N, Artiga M, Bachoud-Lévi A, Banaszkiewicz K, di Poggio M, Bandmann O, Barbera M, Barker R, Barrero F, Barth K, Bas J, Beister A, Bentivoglio A, Bertini E, Biunno I, Bjørgo K, Bjørnevoll I, Bohlen S, Bonelli R, Bos R, Bourne C, Bradbury A, Brockie P, Brown F, Bruno S, Bryl A, Buck A, Burg S, Burgunder J, Burns P, Burrows L, Busquets N, Busse M, Calopa M, Carruesco G, Casado A, Catena J, Chu C, Ciesielska A, Clapton J, Clayton C, Clenaghan C, Coelho M, Connemann J, Craufurd D, Crooks J, Cubillo P, Cubo E, Curtis A, De Michele G, De Nicola A, de Souza J, de Weert A, de Yébenes J, Dekker M, Descals A, Di Maio L, Di Pietro A, Dipple H, Dose M, Dumas E, Dunnett S, Ecker D, Elifani F, Ellison-Rose L, Elorza M, Eschenbach C, Evans C, Fairtlough H, Fannemel M, Fasano A, Fenollar M, Ferrandes G, Ferreira J, Fillingham K, Finisterra A, Fisher K, Fletcher A, Foster J, Foustanos I, Frech F, Fullam R, Fullham R, Gago M, García R, García S, Garrett C, Gellera C, Gill P, Ginestroni A, Golding C, Goodman A, Gørvell P, Grant J, Griguoli A, Gross D, Guedes L, BascuñanaGuerra M, Guerra M, Guerrero R, Guia D, Guidubaldi A, Hallam C, Hamer S, Hammer K, Handley O, Harding A, Hasholt L, Hedge R, Heiberg A, Heinicke W, Held C, Hernanz L, Herranhof B, Herrera C, Hidding U, Hiivola H, Hill S, Hjermind L, Hobson E, Hoffmann R, Holl A, Howard L, Hunt S, Huson S, Ialongo T, Idiago J, Illmann T, Jachinska K, Jacopini G, Jakobsen O, Jamieson S, Jamrozik Z, Janik P, Johns N, Jones L, Jones U, Jurgens C, Kaelin A, Kalbarczyk A, Kershaw A, Khalil H, Kieni J, Klimberg A, Koivisto S, Koppers K, Kosinski C, Krawczyk M, Kremer B, Krysa W, Kwiecinski H, Lahiri N, Lambeck J, Lange H, Laver F, Leenders K, Levey J, Leythaeuser G, Lezius F, Llesoy J, Löhle M, López C, Lorenza F, Loria G, Magnet M, Mandich P, Marchese R, Marcinkowski J, Mariotti C, Mariscal N, Markova I, Marquard R, Martikainen K, Martínez I, Martínez-Descals A, Martino T, Mason S, McKenzie S, Mechi C, Mendes T, Mestre T, Middleton J, Milkereit E, Miller J, Miller J, Minster S, Möller J, Monza D, Morales B, Moreau L, Moreno J, Münchau A, Murch A, Nielsen J, Niess A, Nørremølle A, Novak M, O'Donovan K, Orth M, Otti D, Owen M, Padieu H, Paganini M, Painold A, Päivärinta M, Partington-Jones L, Paterski L, Paterson N, Patino D, Patton M, Peinemann A, Peppa N, Perea M, Peterson M, Piacentini S, Piano C, Càrdenas R, Prehn C, Price K, Probst D, Quarrell O, Quiroga P, Raab T, Rakowicz M, Raman A, Raymond L, Reilmann R, Reinante G, Reisinger K, Retterstol L, Ribaï P, Riballo A, Ribas G, Richter S, Rickards H, Rinaldi C, Rissling I, Ritchie S, Rivera S, Robert M, Roca E, Romano S, Romoli A, Roos R, Røren N, Rose S, Rosser E, Rosser A, Rossi F, Rothery J, Rudzinska M, Ruíz P, Ruíz B, Russo C, Ryglewicz D, Saft C, Salvatore E, Sánchez V, Sando S, Šašinková P, Sass C, Scheibl M, Schiefer J, Schlangen C, Schmidt S, Schöggl H, Schrenk C, Schüpbach M, Schuierer M, Sebastián A, Selimbegovic-Turkovic A, Sempolowicz J, Silva M, Sitek E, Slawek J, Snowden J, Soleti F, Soliveri P, Sollom A, Soltan W, Sorbi S, Sorensen S, Spadaro M, Städtler M, Stamm C, Steiner T, Stokholm J, Stokke B, Stopford C, Storch A, Straßburger K, Stubbe L, Sulek A, Szczudlik A, Tabrizi S, Taylor R, Terol S, Thomas G, Thompson J, Thomson A, Tidswell K, Torres M, Toscano J, Townhill J, Trautmann S, Tucci T, Tuuha K, Uhrova T, Valadas A, van Hout M, van Oostrom J, van Vugt J, vanm W, Vandenberghe W, Verellen-Dumoulin C, Vergara M, Verstappen C, Verstraelen N, Viladrich C, Villanueva C, Wahlström J, Warner T, Wehus R, Weindl A, Werner C, Westmoreland L, Weydt P, Wiedemann A, Wild E, Wild S, Witjes-Ané M, Witkowski G, Wójcik M, Wolz M, Wolz A, Wright J, Yardumian P, Yates S, Yudina E, Zaremba J, Zaugg S, Zdzienicka E, Zielonka D, Zielonka E, Zinzi P, Zittel S, Zucker B, Adams J, Agarwal P, Antonijevic I, Beck C, Chiu E, Churchyard A, Colcher A, Corey-Bloom J, Dorsey R, Drazinic C, Dubinsky R, Duff K, Factor S, Foroud T, Furtado S, Giuliano J, Greenamyre T, Higgins D, Jankovic J, Jennings D, Kang U, Kostyk S, Kumar R, Leavitt B, LeDoux M, Mallonee W, Marshall F, Mohlo E, Morgan J, Oakes D, Panegyres P, Panisset M, Perlman S, Perlmutter J, Quaid K, Raymond L, Revilla F, Robertson S, Robottom B, Sanchez-Ramos J, Scott B, Shannon K, Shoulson I, Singer C, Tabbal S, Testa C, van K, Vetter L, Walker F, Warner J, Weiner I, Wheelock V, Yastrubetskaya O, Barton S, Broyles J, Clouse R, Coleman A, Davis R, Decolongon J, DeLaRosa J, Deuel L, Dietrich S, Dubinsky H, Eaton K, Erickson D, Fitzpatrick M, Frucht S, Gartner M, Goldstein J, Griffith J, Hickey C, Hunt V, Jaglin J, Klimek M, Lindsay P, Louis E, Loy C, Lucarelli N, Malarick K, Martin A, McInnis R, Moskowitz C, Muratori L, Nucifora F, O'Neill C, Palao A, Peavy G, Quesada M, Schmidt A, Segro V, Sperin E, Suter G, Tanev K, Tempkin T, Thiede C, Wasserman P, Welsh C, Wesson M, Zauber E. CAG repeat expansion in Huntington disease determines age at onset in a fully dominant fashion. Neurology 2012, 78: 690-695. PMID: 22323755, PMCID: PMC3306163, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318249f683.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMotor onsetHuntington's diseaseCAG repeatsHD motor signsLinear regressionCAG trinucleotide repeatMotor diagnosisLog-transformed ageCAG repeat expansionMotor manifestationsInfluence ageCAG repeat allelesCAG repeat lengthHD pathogenesisTrinucleotide repeatsCAG lengthNormal alleleRepeat expansionRepeat allelesAllelesMotor signsRepeat lengthCAGAgeDisease mechanisms