2021
Multivariate analysis of 1.5 million people identifies genetic associations with traits related to self-regulation and addiction
Karlsson Linnér R, Mallard TT, Barr PB, Sanchez-Roige S, Madole JW, Driver MN, Poore HE, de Vlaming R, Grotzinger AD, Tielbeek JJ, Johnson EC, Liu M, Rosenthal SB, Ideker T, Zhou H, Kember RL, Pasman JA, Verweij KJH, Liu DJ, Vrieze S, Kranzler H, Gelernter J, Harris K, Tucker-Drob E, Waldman I, Palmer A, Harden K, Koellinger P, Dick D. Multivariate analysis of 1.5 million people identifies genetic associations with traits related to self-regulation and addiction. Nature Neuroscience 2021, 24: 1367-1376. PMID: 34446935, PMCID: PMC8484054, DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00908-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityBehavior, AddictiveBehavioral SymptomsComputational BiologyCrimeGenetic Association StudiesGenome-Wide Association StudyHIV InfectionsHumansMeta-Analysis as TopicMultifactorial InheritanceMultivariate AnalysisOpioid-Related DisordersReproducibility of ResultsSelf-ControlSuicideUnemployment
2019
Multivariate Analyses Reveal Biological Components Related to Neuronal Signaling and Immunity Mediating Electroencephalograms Abnormalities in Alcohol‐Dependent Individuals from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism Cohort
Meda SA, Narayanan B, Chorlian D, Meyers JL, Gelernter J, Hesselbrock V, Bauer L, Calhoun VD, Porjesz B, Pearlson G. Multivariate Analyses Reveal Biological Components Related to Neuronal Signaling and Immunity Mediating Electroencephalograms Abnormalities in Alcohol‐Dependent Individuals from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism Cohort. Alcohol Clinical And Experimental Research 2019, 43: 1462-1477. PMID: 31009096, DOI: 10.1111/acer.14063.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAlcoholismCase-Control StudiesCohort StudiesElectroencephalographyFemaleGenetic Association StudiesGenome-Wide Association StudyGenotypeHumansMaleMiddle AgedMultigene FamilyNeuronsPhenotypePolymorphism, Single NucleotideSignal TransductionSubstance-Related DisordersWhite PeopleYoung AdultConceptsGenetic clustersSingle nucleotide polymorphism dataSignificant genotype-phenotype associationsNucleotide polymorphism dataLipid/cholesterol metabolismLinkage-based analysisGenotype-phenotype relationshipsGenotype-phenotype associationsGene clusterCell signalingPolymorphism dataMolecular mechanismsAlcoholism datasetGenomewide associationTop hitsGenetic componentNeuronal signalingGeneticsSignalingBiological componentsRelationship pairsCholesterol metabolismNeurogenesisSNP componentParallel independent component analysisEvidence of causal effect of major depression on alcohol dependence: findings from the psychiatric genomics consortium
Polimanti R, Peterson RE, Ong JS, MacGregor S, Edwards AC, Clarke TK, Frank J, Gerring Z, Gillespie NA, Lind PA, Maes HH, Martin NG, Mbarek H, Medland SE, Streit F, Agrawal A, Edenberg H, Kendler K, Lewis C, Sullivan P, Wray N, Gelernter J, Derks E. Evidence of causal effect of major depression on alcohol dependence: findings from the psychiatric genomics consortium. Psychological Medicine 2019, 49: 1218-1226. PMID: 30929657, PMCID: PMC6565601, DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719000667.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMajor depressionAlcohol dependenceAlcohol consumptionPsychiatric Genomics ConsortiumImportant public health concernMendelian randomizationPublic health concernUK BiobankClinical associationsHealth concernMR analysisReverse causationCausal roleNon-significant resultsCausal relationshipGenetic liabilityGenomics ConsortiumLinkage disequilibrium score regressionIntervention efforts
2017
Genetic and psychosocial predictors of alcohol use trajectories among disaster‐exposed adolescents
Bountress K, Danielson CK, Williamson V, Vladmirov V, Gelernter J, Ruggiero K, Amstadter A. Genetic and psychosocial predictors of alcohol use trajectories among disaster‐exposed adolescents. American Journal On Addictions 2017, 26: 623-631. PMID: 28594439, PMCID: PMC5627968, DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12575.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdaptation, PsychologicalAdolescentAdolescent BehaviorAlcohol DrinkingDisastersFemaleGenetic Association StudiesGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansMalePsychological TechniquesRisk FactorsSocial SupportSouth CarolinaStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticStress, PsychologicalTrauma Severity IndicesConceptsDisaster-exposed adolescentsAdolescent alcohol misuseAlcohol use trajectoriesPTSD symptomsEmotional supportAlcohol misuseDisaster exposurePosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomsAdolescent PTSD symptomsMore PTSD symptomsAlcohol useUse trajectoriesAlcohol use/misuseAlcohol use outcomesCommunity/familyUse/misuseWeb-based interventionDisorder symptomsPsychosocial predictorsSeverity of exposureUse outcomesAdolescentsGenetic riskCurrent studyLong-term adverse outcomesPhenome-wide association study for CYP2A6 alleles: rs113288603 is associated with hearing loss symptoms in elderly smokers
Polimanti R, Jensen KP, Gelernter J. Phenome-wide association study for CYP2A6 alleles: rs113288603 is associated with hearing loss symptoms in elderly smokers. Scientific Reports 2017, 7: 1034. PMID: 28432340, PMCID: PMC5430682, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01098-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsCase-Control StudiesCytochrome P-450 CYP2A6FemaleGenetic Association StudiesGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHearing LossHumansMalePhenotypePolymorphism, Single NucleotideTobacco SmokingConceptsLoss symptomsElderly subjectsAge-related hearing lossPhenome-wide association studyElderly smokersCigarette smokingNovel phenotypic associationsCerebellar hemisphereAuditory functionDiscovery cohortHearing lossReplication cohortBrain regionsSignificant associationNicotine metabolismCYP2A6 expressionCYP2A6 allelesMember 6Association studiesSmokingCohortSymptomsAssociationRegulatory roleInvolvement
2016
Phenome-Wide Association Study for Alcohol and Nicotine Risk Alleles in 26394 Women
Polimanti R, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J. Phenome-Wide Association Study for Alcohol and Nicotine Risk Alleles in 26394 Women. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016, 41: 2688-2696. PMID: 27187070, PMCID: PMC5026736, DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.72.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHealth initiativesRisk allelesSocioeconomic statusPhenome-wide association studyWomen's Health InitiativeMetabolism-related mechanismsMedication useLung cancerTobacco useDietary habitsSmoking behaviorNicotine useReproductive historyReproductive healthSuggestive findingsAlcohol useAnthropometric characteristicsMental healthHealth conditionsMetabolic conditionsCausative relationshipAssociation studiesDrinking behaviorADH1BAssociation
2015
Association of the OPRM1 Variant rs1799971 (A118G) with Non-Specific Liability to Substance Dependence in a Collaborative de novo Meta-Analysis of European-Ancestry Cohorts
Schwantes-An TH, Zhang J, Chen LS, Hartz SM, Culverhouse RC, Chen X, Coon H, Frank J, Kamens HM, Konte B, Kovanen L, Latvala A, Legrand LN, Maher BS, Melroy WE, Nelson EC, Reid MW, Robinson JD, Shen PH, Yang BZ, Andrews JA, Aveyard P, Beltcheva O, Brown SA, Cannon DS, Cichon S, Corley RP, Dahmen N, Degenhardt L, Foroud T, Gaebel W, Giegling I, Glatt SJ, Grucza RA, Hardin J, Hartmann AM, Heath AC, Herms S, Hodgkinson CA, Hoffmann P, Hops H, Huizinga D, Ising M, Johnson EO, Johnstone E, Kaneva RP, Kendler KS, Kiefer F, Kranzler HR, Krauter KS, Levran O, Lucae S, Lynskey MT, Maier W, Mann K, Martin NG, Mattheisen M, Montgomery GW, Müller-Myhsok B, Murphy MF, Neale MC, Nikolov MA, Nishita D, Nöthen MM, Nurnberger J, Partonen T, Pergadia ML, Reynolds M, Ridinger M, Rose RJ, Rouvinen-Lagerström N, Scherbaum N, Schmäl C, Soyka M, Stallings MC, Steffens M, Treutlein J, Tsuang M, Wall TL, Wodarz N, Yuferov V, Zill P, Bergen AW, Chen J, Cinciripini PM, Edenberg HJ, Ehringer MA, Ferrell RE, Gelernter J, Goldman D, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, Iacono WG, Kaprio J, Kreek MJ, Kremensky IM, Madden PA, McGue M, Munafò MR, Philibert RA, Rietschel M, Roy A, Rujescu D, Saarikoski ST, Swan GE, Todorov AA, Vanyukov MM, Weiss RB, Bierut LJ, Saccone NL. Association of the OPRM1 Variant rs1799971 (A118G) with Non-Specific Liability to Substance Dependence in a Collaborative de novo Meta-Analysis of European-Ancestry Cohorts. Behavior Genetics 2015, 46: 151-169. PMID: 26392368, PMCID: PMC4752855, DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9737-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSubstance dependenceModest protective effectDSM-IV alcoholOpioid receptor geneLight smokingProtective effectNicotine dependenceAddiction liabilityDifferent addictive substancesG alleleMeta-AnalysisCocaine dependenceRs1799971Addictive substancesHuman genetic studiesReceptor genePotential functional significanceEuropean ancestry cohortsOPRM1Substance dependence riskSimilar effectsEuropean ancestry subjectsFunctional significanceAddictive behaviorsRiskThe genetics of alcohol dependence: Twin and SNP‐based heritability, and genome‐wide association study based on AUDIT scores
Mbarek H, Milaneschi Y, Fedko IO, Hottenga JJ, de Moor MH, Jansen R, Gelernter J, Sherva R, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, Penninx BW, Vink JM. The genetics of alcohol dependence: Twin and SNP‐based heritability, and genome‐wide association study based on AUDIT scores. American Journal Of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics 2015, 168: 739-748. PMID: 26365420, DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32379.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGenome-wide complex trait analysisWide association studySNP effect concordance analysisAssociation studiesTop hitsSNP-based heritabilityTwin-based heritabilityPrevious genetic studiesComplex trait analysisFirst GWASGenetic basisTrait analysisGenetic studiesCommon SNPsSNP effectsPrevious GWASGWASLarge-scale biobanksHeritabilityHeritability estimatesFurther analyses support the association between light eye color and alcohol dependence
Sulovari A, Kranzler HR, Farrer LA, Gelernter J, Li D. Further analyses support the association between light eye color and alcohol dependence. American Journal Of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics 2015, 168: 757-760. PMID: 26290254, DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32357.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2014
Genetic association of impulsivity in young adults: a multivariate study
Khadka S, Narayanan B, Meda SA, Gelernter J, Han S, Sawyer B, Aslanzadeh F, Stevens MC, Hawkins KA, Anticevic A, Potenza MN, Pearlson GD. Genetic association of impulsivity in young adults: a multivariate study. Translational Psychiatry 2014, 4: e451-e451. PMID: 25268255, PMCID: PMC4199418, DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.95.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchNovel gene identified in an exome‐wide association study of tanning dependence
Cartmel B, Dewan A, Ferrucci LM, Gelernter J, Stapleton J, Leffell DJ, Mayne ST, Bale AE. Novel gene identified in an exome‐wide association study of tanning dependence. Experimental Dermatology 2014, 23: 757-759. PMID: 25041255, PMCID: PMC4204712, DOI: 10.1111/exd.12503.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchIdentification of methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTLs) influencing promoter DNA methylation of alcohol dependence risk genes
Zhang H, Wang F, Kranzler HR, Yang C, Xu H, Wang Z, Zhao H, Gelernter J. Identification of methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTLs) influencing promoter DNA methylation of alcohol dependence risk genes. Human Genetics 2014, 133: 1093-1104. PMID: 24889829, PMCID: PMC4127343, DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1452-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMethylation quantitative trait lociQuantitative trait lociDNA methylationTrait lociSignificant methylation quantitative trait lociSequence variantsRisk genesGene expression regulationGenome-wide association studiesGenome-wide genotype dataPromoter DNA methylationAD risk genesGene promoter regionExpression QTLsExpression regulationGenetic variationPromoter CpGsPromoter regionNovel QTL at chromosome 6p22 for alcohol consumption: Implications for the genetic liability of alcohol use disorders
Kos MZ, Glahn DC, Carless MA, Olvera R, McKay DR, Quillen EE, Gelernter J, Chen X, Deng H, Kent JW, Dyer TD, Göring HH, Curran JE, Duggirala R, Blangero J, Almasy L. Novel QTL at chromosome 6p22 for alcohol consumption: Implications for the genetic liability of alcohol use disorders. American Journal Of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics 2014, 165: 294-302. PMID: 24692236, PMCID: PMC4172449, DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32231.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSan Antonio Family StudyGenome-wide SNPsSignificant SNP associationsSignificant pleiotropic effectsCompelling candidate genesStrong genetic correlationPotential risk locusNovel QTLChromosome 6p22.3Significant QTLGene actionChromosome regionsChromosome 4Heritable phenotypesCandidate genesRisk lociLinkage signalChromosome 6p22QTLSNP associationsLinkage regionGenetic correlationsSusceptibility genesPleiotropic effectsGenesClinical features of methamphetamine‐induced paranoia and preliminary genetic association with DBH‐1021C→T in a Thai treatment cohort
Kalayasiri R, Verachai V, Gelernter J, Mutirangura A, Malison RT. Clinical features of methamphetamine‐induced paranoia and preliminary genetic association with DBH‐1021C→T in a Thai treatment cohort. Addiction 2014, 109: 965-976. PMID: 24521142, PMCID: PMC4018411, DOI: 10.1111/add.12512.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDopamine β-hydroxylaseMethamphetamine-dependent individualsAssociated clinical variablesGenetic polymorphismsΒ-hydroxylaseLogistic regression analysisSubstance abuse treatment centersHigh-activity genotypesSemi-Structured AssessmentAntisocial personality disorderCT carriersCent of individualsClinical featuresClinical presentationCigarette smokingClinical variablesRetrospective analysisTreatment centersDrug dependenceActivity genotypeMethamphetamine useMethamphetamine dependencePersonality disorderRegression analysisGenetic association
2013
Profiling of Childhood Adversity-Associated DNA Methylation Changes in Alcoholic Patients and Healthy Controls
Zhang H, Wang F, Kranzler HR, Zhao H, Gelernter J. Profiling of Childhood Adversity-Associated DNA Methylation Changes in Alcoholic Patients and Healthy Controls. PLOS ONE 2013, 8: e65648. PMID: 23799031, PMCID: PMC3683055, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065648.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAlcoholismAldehyde DehydrogenaseAldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 FamilyBlack or African AmericanCase-Control StudiesChild AbuseCpG IslandsDNA MethylationEpigenesis, GeneticFemaleGenetic Association StudiesGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansMaleMiddle AgedNerve Tissue ProteinsNociceptin ReceptorPolymorphism, Single NucleotidePromoter Regions, GeneticReceptors, NicotinicReceptors, OpioidRetinal DehydrogenaseRGS ProteinsSequence Analysis, DNATranscription, GeneticWhite PeopleYoung AdultConceptsHealthy controlsAD patientsChildhood adversityDNA methylation changesIllumina GoldenGate methylation arrayPeripheral blood DNA methylation levelsBlood DNA methylation levelsAlcoholic patientsControl subjectsLinear regression analysisMethylation changesPatientsMethylation levelsPromoter regionEA casesBonferroni correctionRegression analysisP-valueAfrican AmericansOverall methylation levels
2012
Array‐Based Profiling of DNA Methylation Changes Associated with Alcohol Dependence
Zhang H, Herman AI, Kranzler HR, Anton RF, Zhao H, Zheng W, Gelernter J. Array‐Based Profiling of DNA Methylation Changes Associated with Alcohol Dependence. Alcohol Clinical And Experimental Research 2012, 37: e108-e115. PMID: 22924764, PMCID: PMC3511647, DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01928.x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchIncreased Genetic Vulnerability to Smoking at CHRNA5 in Early-Onset Smokers
Hartz SM, Short SE, Saccone NL, Culverhouse R, Chen L, Schwantes-An TH, Coon H, Han Y, Stephens SH, Sun J, Chen X, Ducci F, Dueker N, Franceschini N, Frank J, Geller F, Gubjartsson D, Hansel NN, Jiang C, Keskitalo-Vuokko K, Liu Z, Lyytikäinen LP, Michel M, Rawal R, Rosenberger A, Scheet P, Shaffer JR, Teumer A, Thompson JR, Vink JM, Vogelzangs N, Wenzlaff AS, Wheeler W, Xiao X, Yang BZ, Aggen SH, Balmforth AJ, Baumeister SE, Beaty T, Bennett S, Bergen AW, Boyd HA, Broms U, Campbell H, Chatterjee N, Chen J, Cheng YC, Cichon S, Couper D, Cucca F, Dick DM, Foroud T, Furberg H, Giegling I, Gu F, Hall AS, Hällfors J, Han S, Hartmann AM, Hayward C, Heikkilä K, Hewitt JK, Hottenga JJ, Jensen MK, Jousilahti P, Kaakinen M, Kittner SJ, Konte B, Korhonen T, Landi MT, Laatikainen T, Leppert M, Levy SM, Mathias RA, McNeil DW, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Muley T, Murray T, Nauck M, North K, Pergadia M, Polasek O, Ramos EM, Ripatti S, Risch A, Ruczinski I, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Schlessinger D, Styrkársdóttir U, Terracciano A, Uda M, Willemsen G, Wu X, Abecasis G, Barnes K, Bickeböller H, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Caporaso N, Duan J, Edenberg HJ, Francks C, Gejman PV, Gelernter J, Grabe HJ, Hops H, Jarvelin MR, Viikari J, Kähönen M, Kendler KS, Lehtimäki T, Levinson DF, Marazita ML, Marchini J, Melbye M, Mitchell BD, Murray JC, Nöthen MM, Penninx BW, Raitakari O, Rietschel M, Rujescu D, Samani NJ, Sanders AR, Schwartz AG, Shete S, Shi J, Spitz M, Stefansson K, Swan GE, Thorgeirsson T, Völzke H, Wei Q, Wichmann H, Amos CI, Breslau N, Cannon DS, Ehringer M, Grucza R, Hatsukami D, Heath A, Johnson EO, Kaprio J, Madden P, Martin NG, Stevens VL, Stitzel JA, Weiss RB, Kraft P, Bierut LJ. Increased Genetic Vulnerability to Smoking at CHRNA5 in Early-Onset Smokers. JAMA Psychiatry 2012, 69: 854-860. PMID: 22868939, PMCID: PMC3482121, DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.124.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdolescent DevelopmentAdultAge of OnsetEuropeFemaleGene-Environment InteractionGenetic Association StudiesGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansMaleNerve Tissue ProteinsNicotinePolymorphism, Single NucleotideReceptors, NicotinicSeverity of Illness IndexSmokingTobacco Use DisorderConceptsEarly-onset smokersLate-onset smokersHeavy smokersRisk allelesGenetic vulnerabilityRs16969968 genotypeLight smokersLight smokingRegular smokingSmokersSmokingMeta-AnalysisLogistic regressionRs16969968Single nucleotide polymorphismsAgeNonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphismsCHRNA5Recent studiesAvailable genetic studiesAssociationSample sizeStudyCigarettesGenetic studiesAssociation of COL25A1 with Comorbid Antisocial Personality Disorder and Substance Dependence
Li D, Zhao H, Kranzler HR, Oslin D, Anton RF, Farrer LA, Gelernter J. Association of COL25A1 with Comorbid Antisocial Personality Disorder and Substance Dependence. Biological Psychiatry 2012, 71: 733-740. PMID: 22297151, PMCID: PMC3548659, DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.011.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSingle nucleotide polymorphismsTwo-stage genetic association studyType II transmembrane proteinCase-control cohortAllelic p-valueAlpha 1 geneSame single nucleotide polymorphismIndependent case-control cohortsTransmembrane proteinTranscription factorsSNP mapGenetic association studiesEuropean American casesCandidate genesCOL25A1 geneAssociation studiesGenetic studiesFamily-based cohortChromosome 4q25GenesNucleotide polymorphismsCOL25A1Alzheimer's disease brainLong-term patternsDiscovery stage
2011
Genetic associations with performance on a behavioral measure of distress intolerance
Amstadter AB, Daughters SB, MacPherson L, Reynolds EK, Danielson CK, Wang F, Potenza MN, Gelernter J, Lejuez CW. Genetic associations with performance on a behavioral measure of distress intolerance. Journal Of Psychiatric Research 2011, 46: 87-94. PMID: 22024485, PMCID: PMC3687355, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.017.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentCatechol O-MethyltransferaseChi-Square DistributionChildDistrict of ColumbiaFemaleGene FrequencyGenetic Association StudiesGenotypeHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMood DisordersPolymorphism, Single NucleotidePsychiatric Status Rating ScalesRegression AnalysisRisk-TakingSerotonin Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsConceptsEmotion regulation difficultiesDistress intoleranceBehavioral measuresPoor psychological functioningAdolescent risk behaviorsDistress tolerancePsychological functioningLarger longitudinal studyVal allele carriersYear old youthMet homozygotesEmotional abuseBehavioral indicatorsBehavioral assessmentLongitudinal studyGenetic influencesCandidate genetic polymorphismsTaskYouthDistressExploratory analysisRisk behaviorsEmpirical evidencePrior studiesDifficultiesEmpirically derived subtypes of opioid use and related behaviors
Chan G, Gelernter J, Oslin D, Farrer L, Kranzler HR. Empirically derived subtypes of opioid use and related behaviors. Addiction 2011, 106: 1146-1154. PMID: 21306596, PMCID: PMC3164489, DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03390.x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAge of OnsetAgedAnalgesics, OpioidChildCluster AnalysisComorbidityDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersFamily HealthFemaleGenetic Association StudiesGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenotypeHumansInterview, PsychologicalMaleMental DisordersMiddle AgedOpioid-Related DisordersPhenotypePrevalenceSiblingsSubstance Abuse, IntravenousUnited StatesYoung AdultConceptsOpioid usePsychiatric disordersHomogeneous subtypesRelated behaviorsSemi-Structured AssessmentGeneral community sampleOpioid dependenceMedical historyPrevalence ratesCocaine dependenceDrug dependenceSubtypesParticipant demographicsSubstance useCase-control genetic studyDemographicsDisordersCommunity sampleGenetic studies