About
Titles
Hospital Resident
Biography
Maxwell (Mac) has been actively involved in developing AI models and applications and has a keen interest in the intersection of AI, ophthalmology, and entrepreneurship. His goal is to improve care by serving as a bridge between physician and AI expertise.
Mac's interest involves developing AI models to process ocular imaging, such as retinal photographs and optical coherence tomography. He also has experience working with large language models and built a retrieval-augmented generative AI chatbot (aeyeconsult.com) which significantly outperformed ChatGPT-4 on ophthalmology board style questions (publication in press).
Before residency at Yale, he attended medical school at the University of Southern California, where he was first author on an article that was featured on the cover of Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment, & Disease Monitoring for detecting changes in vascular flow on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. He received the award of Excellence in Research by a Dean’s Research Scholar, which is given annually to recognize the senior medical student who has conducted the most outstanding research during a dedicated research year.
Mac graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in History from Princeton University, where he was a member of the varsity rowing team.
Education & Training
- MD
- Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (2021)
- BA
- Princeton University, History (2016)
Research
Research at a Glance
Yale Co-Authors
Publications Timeline
Christine Bakhoum, MD, MAS
Publications
2023
Retinotopic degeneration of the retina and optic tracts in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease.
Adhikari S, Qiao Y, Singer M, Sagare A, Jiang X, Shi Y, Ringman JM, Kashani AH. Retinotopic degeneration of the retina and optic tracts in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2023, 19: 5103-5113. PMID: 37102308, DOI: 10.1002/alz.13100.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchRetinal Ischemic Perivascular Lesions in Individuals With Atrial Fibrillation
Bakhoum C, Madala S, Lando L, Yarmohammadi A, Long C, Miguez S, Chan A, Singer M, Jin A, Steren B, Adabifirouzjaei F, Goldbaum M, DeMaria A, Sarraf D, Bakhoum M. Retinal Ischemic Perivascular Lesions in Individuals With Atrial Fibrillation. Journal Of The American Heart Association 2023, 12: e028853. PMID: 37577936, PMCID: PMC10492933, DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.028853.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricMeSH Keywords and ConceptsConceptsOptical coherence tomography scansAtrial fibrillationPerivascular lesionsTomography scanSpectral domain optical coherence tomography scansMacular spectral-domain optical coherence tomographySpectral-domain optical coherence tomographyMultivariable logistic regression modelCardiovascular risk factorsDomain optical coherence tomographyAtrial fibrillation groupCoronary artery diseaseIschemic heart diseaseSex-matched individualsCase-control studyPercentage of subjectsIschemic cardiovascular diseaseOptical coherence tomographyLogistic regression modelsCardiovascular workupCardiac emboliFibrillation groupSmoking historyArtery diseaseCarotid stenosisCharacterization of spastic paraplegia in a family with a novel PSEN1 mutation.
Ringman JM, Dorrani N, Fernández SG, Signer R, Martinez-Agosto J, Lee H, Douine ED, Qiao Y, Shi Y, D'Orazio L, Pawar S, Robbie L, Kashani AH, Singer M, Byers JT, Magaki S, Guzman S, Sagare A, Zlokovic B, Cederbaum S, Nelson S, Sheikh-Bahaei N, Chui HC, Chávez-Gutiérrez L, Vinters HV. Characterization of spastic paraplegia in a family with a novel PSEN1 mutation. Brain Commun 2023, 5: fcad030. PMID: 36895955, DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad030.Peer-Reviewed Case Reports and Technical Notes- Singer MB, Fu J, Chow J, Teng CC. Development and Evaluation of Aeyeconsult: A Novel Ophthalmology Chatbot Leveraging Verified Textbook Knowledge and GPT-4. J Surg Educ, in pressPeer-Reviewed Original Research
2021
Past, present and future role of retinal imaging in neurodegenerative disease.
Kashani AH, Asanad S, Chan JW, Singer MB, Zhang J, Sharifi M, Khansari MM, Abdolahi F, Shi Y, Biffi A, Chui H, Ringman JM. Past, present and future role of retinal imaging in neurodegenerative disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021, 83: 100938. PMID: 33460813, DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100938.Peer-Reviewed Reviews, Practice Guidelines, Standards, and Consensus StatementsAbnormal retinal capillary blood flow in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease.
Singer MB, Ringman JM, Chu Z, Zhou X, Jiang X, Shahidzadeh A, Wang RK, Kashani AH. Abnormal retinal capillary blood flow in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2021, 13: e12162. PMID: 33728371, DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12162.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2020
Impaired layer specific retinal vascular reactivity among diabetic subjects.
Singer M, Ashimatey BS, Zhou X, Chu Z, Wang R, Kashani AH. Impaired layer specific retinal vascular reactivity among diabetic subjects. PLoS One 2020, 15: e0233871. PMID: 32915787, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233871.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
Academic Achievements and Community Involvement
honor Academic Excellence Award
Yale School of Medicine AwardYale Ophthalmology Residency ProgramDetails06/15/2023honor Award of Excellence in Research by a Dean’s Research Scholar
Other AwardKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaDetails05/15/2021