2025
Genomic landscapes of endometrioid and mucinous ovarian cancers and morphologically similar tumor types.
Hallberg D, Eastman A, Koul S, Bruhm D, Papp E, Davenport S, Adleff V, Ferreira L, Niknafs N, Medina J, Cristiano S, Hruban C, Fiksel J, Lebarbenchon K, Aparicio L, Vulpescu N, Kuo K, Ahuja N, Drapkin R, Jung E, Kim S, Eckert M, Lengyel E, Nakayama K, Ayhan A, Shih I, Wang T, Lavie O, Rennert G, Easwaran H, Baylin S, Press M, Velculescu V, Scharpf R. Genomic landscapes of endometrioid and mucinous ovarian cancers and morphologically similar tumor types. Cancer Research Communications 2025 PMID: 40981433, DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-25-0147.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchOvarian mucinous carcinomaMucinous carcinomaGenomic landscapeGenome-wide methylation profilingEndometrioid carcinomaOvarian carcinomaOvarian cancerWhole-genome sequencingCombination of sequenceMucinous ovarian cancerMucinous ovarian carcinomaOvarian endometrioid carcinomaMorphologically similar tumorsOvarian cancer subtypesEndometrioid ovarian carcinomaUterine endometrioid carcinomaGenome sequenceGenomic analysisManagement of patientsMethylation patternsCancer Genome AtlasMethylation profilesEpigenomic alterationsCopy numberTissue of originGenomic insights into a diarrheal outbreak in Bangladesh reveal novel ETEC lineages and expansion of CS23 colonization factor.
Rahman S, Jubair M, Akhtar M, Akter A, Tauheed I, Begum Y, Bhattacharjee P, Afrad M, Khanam F, Islam M, Khan A, Rahman M, Ryan E, Fleckenstein J, Bhuiyan T, Thomson N, Qadri F, von Mentzer A, Chowdhury F. Genomic insights into a diarrheal outbreak in Bangladesh reveal novel ETEC lineages and expansion of CS23 colonization factor. Microbiology Spectrum 2025, e0331524. PMID: 40928300, DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03315-24.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchColonization factorsETEC strainsNovel lineagesGenomic surveillanceDiarrheal outbreaksETEC-associated diarrheaWhole-genome sequencingEscherichia coli</i>ETEC isolatesETEC infectionGenomic attributesGenomic diversityETEC toxinsGenome sequenceGenomic insightsPhylogenetic analysisVirulence profilesPopulation structureVirulence factorsAMR genesCause of diarrheaETECEvolutionary changesDiarrheal casesResistance mechanismsCritical genomic insights into vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Lebanon
Osman M, Yassine I, Hassan J, Ericson J, Schiff S, Tajani A, Bisha B, Hamze M, Kassem I. Critical genomic insights into vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Lebanon. Microbiology Spectrum 2025, 13: e00171-25. PMID: 40762484, PMCID: PMC12403557, DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00171-25.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnti-Bacterial AgentsBacterial ProteinsCross InfectionDrug Resistance, Multiple, BacterialEnterococcus faeciumGenome, BacterialGenomicsGram-Positive Bacterial InfectionsHumansLebanonMicrobial Sensitivity TestsVancomycinVancomycin ResistanceVancomycin-Resistant EnterococciVirulence FactorsWhole Genome SequencingConceptsVancomycin-resistant <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> (VRSingle nucleotide variantsEnterococcus faecium</i>Hospital-associated lineagesGenomic featuresAntimicrobial resistanceSequence typingClonal disseminationCore genome single nucleotide variantResistance to last-resort antimicrobialsAcquisition of vancomycin resistanceGenetic characteristicsWhole-genome sequencingAntimicrobial resistance genesLevels of antimicrobial resistanceLast-resort antimicrobialsMultidrug-resistant isolatesResistant to vancomycinE-test methodMatrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometryVancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faeciumSpread of antimicrobial resistanceLaser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometryMALDI-TOF MSPublic health threatAssessing SARS-CoV-2 Rare Mutations and Transmission in New York City by NGS
Liu D, Pietz H, Rodriguez G, Wu Y, Cao Y, Singh V, Li H, Konadu E, James K, Lui C, Varghese B, Shao M, Chen G, Schreiner A, Tong J, Urban C, Prasad N, Hassoun A, Sharma M, Rodgers W. Assessing SARS-CoV-2 Rare Mutations and Transmission in New York City by NGS. Microorganisms 2025, 13: 1821. PMID: 40871324, PMCID: PMC12388554, DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13081821.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchWhole-genome sequencingRare mutationsNon-structural protein genesSARS-CoV-2 isolatesUnique mutational patternsMultiple viral lineagesGenomic diversityOmicron genomesSARS-CoV-2Protein geneStructural proteinsViral lineagesFrequent mutationsMutationsMutation patternsLineagesViral evolutionLocal transmission chainsImmune escapeIsolatesClinical profilePublic health significanceSequenceViral isolatesDisease severityCopy Number Variants of Uncertain Significance by Chromosome Microarray Analysis from Consecutive Pediatric Patients: Reevaluation Following Current Guidelines and Reanalysis by Genome Sequencing
Li W, Xie X, Chai H, DiAdamo A, Bistline E, Li P, Dai Y, Knight J, Avni-Singer A, Burger J, Ment L, Spencer-Manzon M, Zhang H, Wen J. Copy Number Variants of Uncertain Significance by Chromosome Microarray Analysis from Consecutive Pediatric Patients: Reevaluation Following Current Guidelines and Reanalysis by Genome Sequencing. Genes 2025, 16: 874. PMID: 40869922, PMCID: PMC12385847, DOI: 10.3390/genes16080874.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsWhole-genome sequencingChromosomal microarray analysisCopy number variantsGenome sequenceMicroarray analysisCausative genetic variantsDiagnostic valueClinical cytogenetics laboratoryPediatric casesConsecutive pediatric casesConsecutive pediatric patientsPathogenic CNVsGenetic variantsBenign CNVsGenetic counselorsClinical geneticistsRate of reclassificationLaboratory reevaluationCytogenetic laboratoriesPediatric patientsChromosomeClinical impactSequenceVariantsCopyGenome sequencing is critical for forecasting outcomes following congenital cardiac surgery
Watkins W, Hernandez E, Miller T, Blue N, Zimmerman R, Griffiths E, Frise E, Bernstein D, Boskovski M, Brueckner M, Chung W, Gaynor J, Gelb B, Goldmuntz E, Gruber P, Newburger J, Roberts A, Morton S, Mayer J, Seidman C, Seidman J, Shen Y, Wagner M, Yost H, Yandell M, Tristani-Firouzi M. Genome sequencing is critical for forecasting outcomes following congenital cardiac surgery. Nature Communications 2025, 16: 6365. PMID: 40640177, PMCID: PMC12246213, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-61625-0.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCongenital heart defectsCongenital cardiac surgeryCilia-related genesGenome sequenceChromatin modifiersCardiac surgeryExome sequencingHeart defectsClinical outcomesRisk of adverse post-operative outcomesPediatric Cardiac Genomics ConsortiumCongenital heart defect phenotypesCongenital heart defect patientsAdverse post-operative outcomesWhole-genome sequencingPredictive valueExtra-cardiac anomaliesProspective observational cohort studyComplex heart defectsPost-operative outcomesWhole-exome sequencingElevated riskAdverse postoperative outcomesObservational cohort studyPostoperative outcomesUrban refuge? Squirrel pigmentation clines maintained by strong natural selection beyond city limits
Bonar M, Blumenfeld A, Fusco N, Campagna L, Timpson A, Thomas M, Cosentino B, Gibbs J, Caccone A. Urban refuge? Squirrel pigmentation clines maintained by strong natural selection beyond city limits. 2025 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6967993/v1.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchGenome sequenceDemographic modelsNatural selectionCoat colour polymorphismWhole-genome sequencingMelanocortin 1 receptor geneEastern gray squirrelsColour polymorphismTrait variationGenetic diversityGenomic backgroundGenomic dataPigmentation clineSelection landscapeMC1R allelesPhenotypic traitsModel of selectionVertebrate speciesClineMelanic morphsSciurus carolinensisSelection pressureCoat colorGrey squirrelsEvolutionary processA genetic modifier links integrin α5 to the phenotypic variation in fibronectin 1a mutant zebrafish
Capon S, Maroufidou A, Feltes M, Xu Y, Matharoo D, Jülich D, Holley S, Farber S, Stainier D. A genetic modifier links integrin α5 to the phenotypic variation in fibronectin 1a mutant zebrafish. PLOS Genetics 2025, 21: e1011747. PMID: 40549824, PMCID: PMC12212883, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011747.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMutant phenotypePhenotypic variationNonsense mutationGenetic modifiersDouble mutant analysisWhole-genome sequencingITGA5 expressionSevere phenotypeIntegrin alpha 5Mutant analysisMutant larvaeProximal promoterMutantsMutant zebrafishCardia bifidaGene expressionIntegrin A5Genetic backgroundAlpha 5PhenotypeMutationsExpression levelsFibronectinFunctional cardiovascular systemZebrafishImproving polygenic prediction from whole-genome sequencing data by leveraging predicted epigenomic features
Zeng W, Guo H, Liu Q, Wong H. Improving polygenic prediction from whole-genome sequencing data by leveraging predicted epigenomic features. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2025, 122: e2419202122. PMID: 40504151, PMCID: PMC12184400, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2419202122.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsWhole-genome sequencingWhole-genome sequencing dataPolygenic risk scoresVariant effectsIndividual susceptibility to complex diseasesAdvent of whole-genome sequencingSusceptibility to complex diseasesPolygenic risk score approachPolygenic risk score performanceRare variant effectsComplex genetic architecturePolygenic risk score methodsDe novo variantsEpigenomic contextEpigenomic featuresGenomic regionsGenetic architectureSequence dataEpigenomic signalsVariant contributionsPolygenic predictionVariant impactDiploid genotypesGenetic variantsDisease risk predictionImproved detection of circulating tumor DNA in patients with leiomyosarcoma with fragment size restriction.
Ruzgar N, Klega K, Ricker C, Tanhaemami M, Shafer A, Reinke D, Siontis B, Schuetze S, Crompton B. Improved detection of circulating tumor DNA in patients with leiomyosarcoma with fragment size restriction. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2025, 43: 3046-3046. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2025.43.16_suppl.3046.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCell-free DNADetection of ctDNADetection of circulating tumor DNACycles of chemotherapyShort fragmentsDetectable ctDNACtDNA detectionTumor DNAHealthy controlsWhole-genome sequencingCopy number alterationsDiagnosis of leiomyosarcomaCell-free DNA samplesLiquid biopsy assayFragments of cell-free DNASequence dataRestriction analysisCtDNA levelsLeiomyosarcoma samplesNon-tumor originAssociated with lower likelihoodDNA samplesPrognostic valueFragment lengthBiopsy assaySynteny Enabled Upgrade of the Galapagos Giant Tortoise Genome Improves Inferences of Runs of Homozygosity
Jensen E, Marchisio C, Ochoa A, Gray R, Parra V, Miller J, Çilingir F, Caccone A. Synteny Enabled Upgrade of the Galapagos Giant Tortoise Genome Improves Inferences of Runs of Homozygosity. Ecology And Evolution 2025, 15: e71358. PMID: 40290375, PMCID: PMC12032190, DOI: 10.1002/ece3.71358.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchContiguous genomeGiant tortoisesGenome assemblyGalapagos giant tortoisesChromosome-level genome assemblySynteny-based methodsGenome resequencing dataEstimates of inbreedingWhole-genome sequencingHigh-quality DNAAldabra giant tortoiseReference genomeResequencing dataComplete genomeImproved genomeSpecies groupsExtinct speciesGenomeTortoisesHomozygositySpeciesSequenceAssemblyImprove inferenceGalapagosPrecision medicine in the pediatric and neonatal intensive care units through genomics
Duy P, Dylik B, Deniz E. Precision medicine in the pediatric and neonatal intensive care units through genomics. Current Opinion In Pediatrics 2025, 37: 211-215. PMID: 40298123, PMCID: PMC12055474, DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001471.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNeonatal intensive care unitGenome-wide sequencing technologiesSingle nucleotide resolutionWhole-genome sequencingIntensive care unitGene therapyPrecision medicineNucleotide resolutionSequencing technologiesGenetic perturbationsGenomic medicineGenomic technologiesCare unitFDA-approved gene therapyGenetic associationGenetic diagnosisHuman disordersCritically Ill ChildrenOmics technologiesMolecular diagnosisGenetic conditionsDisease biologyClinically actionable findingsPathological workupDiagnostic adjunctDistribution and transmission of M. tuberculosis in a high-HIV prevalence city in Malawi: A genomic and spatial analysis
Chitwood M, Corbett E, Ndhlovu V, Sobkowiak B, Colijn C, Andrews J, Burke R, Cudahy P, Dodd P, Imai-Eaton J, Engelthaler D, Folkerts M, Feasey H, Lan Y, Lewis J, McNichol J, Menzies N, Chipungu G, Nliwasa M, Weinberger D, Warren J, Salomon J, MacPherson P, Cohen T. Distribution and transmission of M. tuberculosis in a high-HIV prevalence city in Malawi: A genomic and spatial analysis. PLOS Global Public Health 2025, 5: e0004040. PMID: 40173177, PMCID: PMC11964229, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0004040.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchHigh HIV prevalence citiesTime of tuberculosisPoor health outcomesCity-wide interventionsTransmission of M. tuberculosisHealth outcomesTargeted interventionsHighest tuberculosis burdenTargeted screeningGeneral populationGeographic concentrationSurveillance dataCommunity characteristicsTuberculosis burdenLocal tacticsBlantyreWhole-genome sequencingInfectious tuberculosisCulture-positive tuberculosis casesInterventionMalawiSustained impactTreated individualsCityEvidence of local transmissionCase Report: Diagnosis of Gaucher disease in a toddler with acute respiratory failure
Householder S, Nagar R, Shah N, Forward J, Bickerton S, Mistry P, Faustino E. Case Report: Diagnosis of Gaucher disease in a toddler with acute respiratory failure. Frontiers In Pediatrics 2025, 13: 1476541. PMID: 40161497, PMCID: PMC11949815, DOI: 10.3389/fped.2025.1476541.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchWhole-genome sequencingDiagnosis of Gaucher diseasePathogenic variantsGaucher diseaseAcute respiratory distress syndromeB-glucosidase activityGBA1</i> genePathogenic genetic variantsCompound heterozygote mutationsAcute respiratory failureRespiratory distress syndromeEvidence of aspirationConditions of cardiac arrestEnzyme replacement therapyAcute respiratory distressSevere bulbar dysfunctionInborn errors of metabolismMultidisciplinary approachErrors of metabolismGenetic variantsComprehensive multidisciplinary approachRespiratory failureDistress syndromeHeterozygote mutationMale infantTravel-associated international spread of Oropouche virus beyond the Amazon
de Melo Iani F, Pereira F, de Oliveira E, Rodrigues J, Machado M, Fonseca V, Adelino T, Guimarães N, Tomé L, Gómez M, Nardy V, Ribeiro A, Rosewell A, Ferreira Á, de Mello A, Fernandes B, de Albuquerque C, dos Santos Pereira D, Pimentel E, Lima F, Silva F, de Carvalho Pereira G, Tegally H, Almeida J, Moreno K, Vasconcelos K, Santos L, Silva L, Frutuoso L, Lamounier L, Costa M, de Oliveira M, dos Anjos M, Ciccozzi M, Lima M, Pereira M, Rocha M, da Silva P, Rabinowitz P, de Almeida P, Lessells R, Gazzinelli R, da Cunha R, Gonçalves S, dos Santos S, de Alcântara Belettini S, Pedroso S, Araújo S, da Silva S, Croda J, Maciel E, Van Voorhis W, Martin D, Holmes E, de Oliveira T, Lourenço J, Alcantara L, Giovanetti M. Travel-associated international spread of Oropouche virus beyond the Amazon. Journal Of Travel Medicine 2025, 32: taaf018. PMID: 40037296, PMCID: PMC11955161, DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaf018.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchOropouche virusAmazon basinWhole-genome sequencingViral adaptationLocal ecological conditionsMonophyletic groupGenome segmentsPhylogenetic analysisGenomic analysisViral movementGenomic changesPhenotypic traitsEpidemiological metadataReassortment eventsBrazilian Amazon basinPublic health laboratoriesEcological conditionsHuman population changeGenomeCentral Public Health LaboratoryReassortmentPublic health significanceHealth laboratoriesGeographic expansionSequence589. Late Onset Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease Outbreak in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Identified Through Whole Genome Sequencing — Connecticut, 2020–2024
Lambert M, Jones S, Mueller K, Maloney M, Perera N, Incekara K, Petit S, Ramachandran V, Grossman M, Valderrama A, Chochua S, McGee L, Metcalf B, Schrag S, Sosa L. 589. Late Onset Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease Outbreak in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Identified Through Whole Genome Sequencing — Connecticut, 2020–2024. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2025, 12: ofae631.184. PMCID: PMC11778314, DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae631.184.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchNeonatal intensive care unitGroup B streptococciGroup B Streptococcus isolatesWhole-genome sequencingIntensive care unitLate-onset diseaseOutbreak-related casesSingle nucleotide polymorphismsColonized infantsCare unitColon screeningGroup B streptococcus colonizationActive Bacterial Core surveillance programIntegration of whole genome sequencingDepartment of Public HealthAssessment of infection preventionDays of lifeIPC gapsLOD casesNeonatal sepsisB streptococciReview of dataConnecticut Department of Public HealthOutbreak-relatedIllness onsetA new method for detecting mixed Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and reconstructing constituent strains provides insights into transmission
Sobkowiak B, Cudahy P, Chitwood M, Clark T, Colijn C, Grandjean L, Walter K, Crudu V, Cohen T. A new method for detecting mixed Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and reconstructing constituent strains provides insights into transmission. Genome Medicine 2025, 17: 8. PMID: 39871355, PMCID: PMC11771024, DOI: 10.1186/s13073-025-01430-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsShort-read WGS dataWhole-genome sequencingStrain sequencesWGS dataMultiple strainsStrain proportionsMycobacterium tuberculosis populationMixed infectionGenome sequenceBioinformatics pipelineClustering allele frequenciesDownstream analysisAllele frequenciesEvidence of mixed infectionSequenceTuberculosis populationStrainIsolatesIn vitroTransmission clustersMixed samplesAllelesInfectionMycobacterium tuberculosis infectionPathogensThe human and non-human primate developmental GTEx projects
Bell T, Blanchard T, Hernandez R, Linn R, Taylor D, VonDran M, Ahooyi T, Beitra D, Bernieh A, Delaney M, Faith M, Fattahi E, Footer D, Gilbert M, Guambaña S, Gulino S, Hanson J, Hattrell E, Heinemann C, Kreeb J, Leino D, Mcdevitt L, Palmieri A, Pfeiffer M, Pryhuber G, Rossi C, Rasool I, Roberts R, Salehi A, Savannah E, Stachowicz K, Stokes D, Suplee L, Van Hoose P, Wilkins B, Williams-Taylor S, Zhang S, Ardlie K, Getz G, Lappalainen T, Montgomery S, Aguet F, Anderson L, Bernstein B, Choudhary A, Domenech L, Gaskell E, Johnson M, Liu Q, Marderstein A, Nedzel J, Okonda J, Padhi E, Rosano M, Russell A, Walker B, Sestan N, Gerstein M, Milosavljevic A, Borsari B, Cho H, Clarke D, Deveau A, Galeev T, Gobeske K, Hameed I, Huttner A, Jensen M, Jiang Y, Li J, Liu J, Liu Y, Ma J, Mane S, Meng R, Nadkarni A, Ni P, Park S, Petrosyan V, Pochareddy S, Salamon I, Xia Y, Yates C, Zhang M, Zhao H, Conrad D, Feng G, Brady F, Boucher M, Carbone L, Castro J, del Rosario R, Held M, Hennebold J, Lacey A, Lewis A, Lima A, Mahyari E, Moore S, Okhovat M, Roberts V, de Castro S, Wessel B, Zaniewski H, Zhang Q, Arguello A, Baroch J, Dayal J, Felsenfeld A, Ilekis J, Jose S, Lockhart N, Miller D, Minear M, Parisi M, Price A, Ramos E, Zou S. The human and non-human primate developmental GTEx projects. Nature 2025, 637: 557-564. PMID: 39815096, PMCID: PMC12013525, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08244-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsChromatin accessibility dataFunctional genomic studiesWhole-genome sequencingEffects of genetic variationSpatial gene expression profilesNon-human primatesGenotype-Tissue ExpressionGene expression profilesGenomic studiesGene regulationGenetic dataGenetic variationGenomic researchDonor diversityCommunity engagementHuman evolutionEarly developmental defectsGene expressionCell statesDevelopmental programmeHuman diseasesExpression profilesAdult tissuesDevelopmental defectsSingle-cellPhenotypic and genotypic characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pyrazinamide resistance—India, 2018–2020
Tamilzhalagan S, Justin E, Selvaraj A, Venkateswaran K, Sivakumar A, Chittibabu S, McLaughlin H, Moonan P, Smith J, Suba S, Narayanan M, Ho C, Kumar N, Tripathy S, Shanmugam S, Hall-Eidson P, Ranganathan U. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pyrazinamide resistance—India, 2018–2020. Frontiers In Microbiology 2025, 15: 1515627. PMID: 39845030, PMCID: PMC11750862, DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1515627.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchPZA resistancePyrazinamide resistanceMultidrug resistanceDuration of tuberculosis treatmentWhole-genome sequencingPrevalence of mutationsSecond-line drugsPZA-resistant isolatesResistance-conferring mutationsGenome sequenceTB burden countriesLineage 2Genotypic characterizationResistance markersNovel mutationsPhenotypic resistanceMutational diversityDiagnostic accuracyTuberculosis treatmentAntituberculosis drugsCo-resistanceBurden countriesPyrazinamideMutationsTB prevention
2024
Monitoring sewage and effluent water is an effective approach for the detection of the mobile colistin resistance genes (mcr) and associated bacterial hosts in the human population and environment in the USA
Hassan J, Osman M, Xu T, Naas T, Schiff S, Mann D, Esseili M, Deng X, Kassem I. Monitoring sewage and effluent water is an effective approach for the detection of the mobile colistin resistance genes (mcr) and associated bacterial hosts in the human population and environment in the USA. Environmental Pollution 2024, 366: 125515. PMID: 39662581, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125515.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchWhole-genome sequencingMobile colistin resistance geneColistin resistance genesResistance genesMcr-9Whole-genome sequence analysisKirby-Bauer disk diffusionGram-negative bacterial isolatesBroth micro-dilution assayLast-resort antibioticsTreat recalcitrant infectionsMcr-positive isolatesAntibiotic resistance genesMicro-dilution assayGenome sequenceBacterial hostsHuman populationKirby-BauerIncHI2 plasmidsBiofilm assayBacterial isolatesDisk diffusionMcr-3Water samplesRecalcitrant infections
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