Featured Publications
Achieving Successful Outcomes in High-Level Athletes With Borderline Hip Dysplasia Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy With Capsular Plication and Labral Preservation: A Propensity-Matched Controlled Study
Jimenez AE, Monahan PF, Miecznikowski KB, Saks BR, Ankem HK, Sabetian PW, Lall AC, Domb BG. Achieving Successful Outcomes in High-Level Athletes With Borderline Hip Dysplasia Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy With Capsular Plication and Labral Preservation: A Propensity-Matched Controlled Study. The American Journal Of Sports Medicine 2021, 49: 2447-2456. PMID: 34156875, DOI: 10.1177/03635465211021001.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPatient acceptable symptom statePatient-reported outcomesHip Outcome Score-Sports Specific SubscaleNormal acetabular coveragePrimary hip arthroscopyHigh-level athletesBorderline dysplasiaHip arthroscopyControl groupAcetabular coverageHip scoreCapsular plicationRTS rateLabral pathologyFavorable patient-reported outcomesPropensity-matched control groupSpecific SubscaleNon-Arthritic Hip ScoreBorderline hip dysplasiaHigh RTS rateAcceptable symptom stateHarris hip scoreVisual analog scaleLevel of evidenceMCID rates
2023
Virtual Reality Is an Effective Tool for Learning Techniques in Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Pettinelli N, Lee A, Lee M, Mahatme R, Gillinov S, Jimenez A. Virtual Reality Is an Effective Tool for Learning Techniques in Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAAOS Global Research And Reviews 2023, 7: e23.00078. PMCID: PMC10284329, DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-23-00078.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchOrthopaedic surgery residentsControl groupSystematic reviewSurgery residentsObjective Structured AssessmentStructured AssessmentEffective training modalityPaucity of literatureResidents/studentsCochrane TrialsProcedure durationSurgical techniqueInclusion criteriaArthroplastyMeta-AnalysisTotal sample sizeAdditional studiesPatient care performanceCare performanceOrthopaedic traineesTraining modalitiesEffects of VRLiterature reportingSurgical skill developmentSignificant differencesPrevious Isolated Medial Bucket-Handle Meniscus Repair Significantly Increases Risk of Subsequent Ipsilateral Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
McLaughlin W, Gillinov S, Joo P, Moran J, Jimenez A, Grauer J, Gardner E. Previous Isolated Medial Bucket-Handle Meniscus Repair Significantly Increases Risk of Subsequent Ipsilateral Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthroscopy Sports Medicine And Rehabilitation 2023, 5: e671-e678. PMID: 37388885, PMCID: PMC10300536, DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2023.03.008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAnterior cruciate ligament reconstructionBucket-handle meniscus tearsSubsequent anterior cruciate ligament reconstructionCruciate ligament reconstructionBucket-handle meniscus repairControl groupLigament reconstructionMeniscal injuryMeniscus surgeryGreater oddsMeniscus repairRetrospective cohort studyAge-matched patientsKaplan-Meier analysisCohort studyPrior surgeryRetrospective reviewInclusion criteriaMeniscus tearsHigh riskGeneral populationMeniscal tearsOperative methodPatientsLevel IIIOver 50% of Studies Report Low-Back Pain Is Associated With Worse Outcomes After Hip Arthroscopy When Compared With a Control Group: A Systematic Review
Lee M, Mahatme R, Simington J, Gillinov S, Kim D, Moran J, Islam W, Fong S, Pettinelli N, Lee A, Jimenez A. Over 50% of Studies Report Low-Back Pain Is Associated With Worse Outcomes After Hip Arthroscopy When Compared With a Control Group: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy The Journal Of Arthroscopic And Related Surgery 2023, 39: 2547-2567. PMID: 37207922, DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2023.05.004.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLow back pathologyPatient-reported outcomesPrimary hip arthroscopyHip arthroscopySystematic reviewClinical benefitHip-spine syndromeOutcomes of patientsLow back painLevel IV studiesFemoroacetabular impingement syndromeMeta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteriaPreferred Reporting ItemsCochrane TrialsPostoperative outcomesImpingement syndromeCase reportInferior outcomesWorse outcomesFavorable outcomeLevel IVPatientsReporting ItemsControl groupArthroscopyBorderline Dysplasia After Primary Hip Arthroscopy with Capsular Plication and Labral Preservation
Domb B, Owens J, Glein R, Jimenez A, Maldonado D. Borderline Dysplasia After Primary Hip Arthroscopy with Capsular Plication and Labral Preservation. Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery 2023, 105: 687-699. PMID: 37083686, DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.22.00340.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHip Outcome Score-Sports Specific SubscalePatient-reported outcome measuresBorderline hip dysplasiaPrimary hip arthroscopyNonarthritic Hip ScoreBody mass indexVisual analog scaleHip arthroscopyLabral preservationCapsular plicationVAS painHip scoreCompensation statusMean patient body mass indexControl groupPrior ipsilateral hip surgeryPatient body mass indexIpsilateral hip surgeryMCID achievement ratesPropensity-matched comparisonMean patient ageWorkers' compensation statusHarris hip scoreLong-term followPrevious hip conditionsPaper 12: Elite Female Athletes Demonstrate Comparable Improvement in Midterm Patient Reported Outcome Scores and Rate of Return to Sport Compared to Elite Male Athletes After Hip Arthroscopy: A Sex-Based Comparison in Professional and Collegiate Athletes
Owens J, Jimenez A, Lee M, Maldonado D, Lall A, Domb B. Paper 12: Elite Female Athletes Demonstrate Comparable Improvement in Midterm Patient Reported Outcome Scores and Rate of Return to Sport Compared to Elite Male Athletes After Hip Arthroscopy: A Sex-Based Comparison in Professional and Collegiate Athletes. Orthopaedic Journal Of Sports Medicine 2023, 11: 2325967123s00012. PMCID: PMC10071174, DOI: 10.1177/2325967123s00012.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchHip Outcome Score-Sports Specific SubscalePatient acceptable symptomatic statePrimary hip arthroscopyNonarthritic Hip ScoreElite male athletesVisual analog scaleFemoroacetabular impingement syndromeHip arthroscopyElite female athletesMale athletesFemale athletesHip scoreOutcome scoresControl groupLower preoperative PRO scoresPost-op scorePreoperative PRO scoresPropensity-matched groupsHarris hip scoreRate of patientsYear of surgeryPatient-reported outcomesSex-based comparisonsAthlete’s hipMidterm Patient
2022
Outcomes Following Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty With Concomitant Gluteus Medius Repair Using the Direct Anterior Approach.
Maldonado DR, Glein RM, Annin S, Owens JS, Jimenez AE, Saks BR, Lall AC, Domb BG. Outcomes Following Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty With Concomitant Gluteus Medius Repair Using the Direct Anterior Approach. Orthopedics 2022, 46: 39-46. PMID: 36206516, DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20221003-09.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPrimary total hip arthroplastyPatient-reported outcome measuresPropensity-matched control groupDirect anterior approachTotal hip arthroplastyDAA total hip arthroplastyGluteus medius repairGM repairControl groupMCID achievementAnterior approachHip arthroplastyBaseline patient-reported outcome measuresPreoperative patient-reported outcome measuresGood functional outcomeBody mass indexHigh rateMass indexFunctional outcomeOutcome measuresPatientsWorkers' compensationTearsComparable improvementOutcomesElite Female Athletes Demonstrate a Comparable Improvement in Midterm Patient-Reported Outcome Scores and Rate of Return to Sport Compared With Elite Male Athletes After Hip Arthroscopic Surgery: A Sex-Based Comparison in Professional and Collegiate Athletes
Owens JS, Lee MS, Jimenez AE, Maldonado DR, Lall AC, Domb BG. Elite Female Athletes Demonstrate a Comparable Improvement in Midterm Patient-Reported Outcome Scores and Rate of Return to Sport Compared With Elite Male Athletes After Hip Arthroscopic Surgery: A Sex-Based Comparison in Professional and Collegiate Athletes. The American Journal Of Sports Medicine 2022, 50: 3600-3609. PMID: 36197056, DOI: 10.1177/03635465221123060.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMaximum outcome improvement satisfaction thresholdPrimary hip arthroscopic surgeryPatient acceptable symptom stateHip arthroscopic surgeryFemoroacetabular impingement syndromePRO scoresArthroscopic surgeryElite female athletesElite male athletesMale athletesFemale athletesHip scoreOutcome scoresInclusion criteriaHip Outcome Score-Sports Specific SubscaleControl groupLower preoperative PRO scoresPropensity-matched control groupPatient-reported outcome scoresPostoperative PRO scoresPreoperative PRO scoresAcceptable symptom stateHarris hip scoreNonarthritic Hip ScoreVisual analog scaleHigh-Level Athletes With Borderline Hip Dysplasia Achieve Favorable Outcomes and Return to Sport Rates Following Primary Hip Arthroscopy: Minimum 5-Year Outcomes Comparison to a Propensity-Matched Control Group
Owens JS, Jimenez AE, Lee MS, Monahan PF, Maldonado DR, Domb BG. High-Level Athletes With Borderline Hip Dysplasia Achieve Favorable Outcomes and Return to Sport Rates Following Primary Hip Arthroscopy: Minimum 5-Year Outcomes Comparison to a Propensity-Matched Control Group. Arthroscopy The Journal Of Arthroscopic And Related Surgery 2022, 39: 271-282. PMID: 36055477, DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2022.08.023.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHip Outcome Score-Sports Specific SubscaleMaximum outcome improvement satisfaction thresholdBorderline hip dysplasiaPrimary hip arthroscopyPatient-reported outcomesNormal acetabular coveragePatient acceptable symptomatic stateHigh RTS rateHigh-level athletesFemoroacetabular impingement syndromeHip arthroscopyAcetabular coverageControl groupHip scoreSport ratesImpingement syndromeRTS rateLabral pathologyPostoperative patient-reported outcomesPropensity-matched control groupFavorable midterm outcomesPropensity-matched groupsRetrospective cohort studyHarris hip scoreTime of surgeryOutcomes of Staged Bilateral Hip Arthroscopic Surgery in the Context of Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome: A Nested Matched-Pair Control Study Focusing on the Effect of Time Between Procedures
Ankem HK, Diulus SC, Kyin C, Jimenez AE, Saks BR, Sabetian PW, Maldonado DR, Lall AC, Domb BG. Outcomes of Staged Bilateral Hip Arthroscopic Surgery in the Context of Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome: A Nested Matched-Pair Control Study Focusing on the Effect of Time Between Procedures. The American Journal Of Sports Medicine 2022, 50: 2998-3008. PMID: 35877152, DOI: 10.1177/03635465221108955.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHip Outcome Score-Sports Specific SubscalePatient acceptable symptom stateHip arthroscopic surgeryPatient-reported outcomesFemoroacetabular impingement syndromeVisual analog scaleNonarthritic Hip ScoreBody mass indexBilateral proceduresArthroscopic surgeryStudy groupHip scoreMass indexImpingement syndromeControl groupPrimary hip arthroscopic surgeryPropensity score-matched control groupComparable improvementAcceptable symptom stateHarris hip scoreLevel of evidenceCohort studyContralateral procedureSymptom stateAnalog scale5-Year Arthroscopy-Free Survivorship and Outcomes of Adolescents Undergoing Primary Hip Arthroscopy: A Comparison Between Traumatic and Atraumatic Injuries
Lee MS, Paraschos OA, Jimenez AE, Owens JS, Maldonado DR, Domb BG. 5-Year Arthroscopy-Free Survivorship and Outcomes of Adolescents Undergoing Primary Hip Arthroscopy: A Comparison Between Traumatic and Atraumatic Injuries. The American Journal Of Sports Medicine 2022, 50: 2613-2621. PMID: 35853165, DOI: 10.1177/03635465221103255.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPatient acceptable symptom stateMaximum outcome improvement satisfaction thresholdPropensity-matched control groupPatient-reported outcomesFemoroacetabular impingement syndromePrimary hip arthroscopyBody mass indexHip arthroscopyTraumatic injuryAdolescent patientsControl groupAtraumatic injuriesHip scoreHip Outcome Score-Sports Specific SubscaleTI groupAcceptable symptom stateHarris hip scoreNonarthritic Hip ScoreVisual analog scaleHigher revision rateLevel of evidenceOutcomes of adolescentsHigh ratePaucity of literatureMean followPaper 46: Comparing Midterm Outcomes of High-Level Athletes Versus Nonathletes Undergoing Primary Hip Arthroscopy: A Propensity Matched Comparison with Minimum 5-year Follow-Up *ACCEPTED TO AJSM*
Jimenez A, Monahan P, Owens J, Lall A, Domb B, Maldonado D. Paper 46: Comparing Midterm Outcomes of High-Level Athletes Versus Nonathletes Undergoing Primary Hip Arthroscopy: A Propensity Matched Comparison with Minimum 5-year Follow-Up *ACCEPTED TO AJSM*. Orthopaedic Journal Of Sports Medicine 2022, 10: 2325967121s00610. PMCID: PMC9339881, DOI: 10.1177/2325967121s00610.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchHip Outcome Score-Sports Specific SubscalePatient acceptable symptomatic stateNon-Arthritic Hip ScorePatient-reported outcome scoresPrimary hip arthroscopyMid-term outcomesFemoroacetabular impingement syndromeNA patientsHip arthroscopyControl groupHip scoreOutcome scoresFavorable mid-term outcomesHigh ratePropensity-matched cohortPropensity-Matched ComparisonRevision arthroscopic surgeryHarris hip scoreSport-Specific SubscaleHigh-level athletesSimilar ratesMidterm outcomesPostoperative scoresIntraoperative findingsImpingement syndromePaper 48: Elite Female Athletes Demonstrate Greater Improvement in Patient Reported Outcome Scores and Equal Rate of Return to Sport Compared to Elite Male Athletes After Hip Arthroscopy: A Sex-Based Comparison in Professional and Collegiate Athletes *ACCEPTED TO AJSM*
Domb B, Glein R, Miecznikowski K, Maldonado D, MD,MS A, Jimenez A. Paper 48: Elite Female Athletes Demonstrate Greater Improvement in Patient Reported Outcome Scores and Equal Rate of Return to Sport Compared to Elite Male Athletes After Hip Arthroscopy: A Sex-Based Comparison in Professional and Collegiate Athletes *ACCEPTED TO AJSM*. Orthopaedic Journal Of Sports Medicine 2022, 10: 2325967121s00612. PMCID: PMC9339853, DOI: 10.1177/2325967121s00612.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchHip Outcome Score-Sports Specific SubscaleNonarthritic Hip ScoreVisual analog scalePatient acceptable symptomatic statePrimary hip arthroscopyHip arthroscopyFemoroacetabular impingementElite female athletesMale athletesElite male athletesFemale athletesHip scoreOutcome scoresControl groupLower preoperative scoresHigh ratePercentage of patientsHarris hip scoreYear of surgerySex-based comparisonsAthlete’s hipPostoperative scoresPreoperative scoresAnalog scalePatient selectionPropensity-Matched Patients Undergoing Revision Hip Arthroscopy Older Than the Age of 40 Years Had Greater Risk of Conversion to Total Hip Arthroplasty Compared With Their Primary Counterparts
Maldonado DR, Diulus SC, Lee MS, Owens JS, Jimenez AE, Perez-Padilla PA, Domb BG. Propensity-Matched Patients Undergoing Revision Hip Arthroscopy Older Than the Age of 40 Years Had Greater Risk of Conversion to Total Hip Arthroplasty Compared With Their Primary Counterparts. Arthroscopy The Journal Of Arthroscopic And Related Surgery 2022, 39: 54-63. PMID: 35764206, DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2022.06.014.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPatient-reported outcomesRevision hip arthroscopyHip Outcome Score-Sports Specific SubscaleHarris hip scoreNonarthritic Hip ScoreBody mass indexHip scoreHip arthroscopyRevision groupHip arthroplastyControl groupMass indexPropensity-matched control groupSpecific SubscalePropensity-matched patientsTime of surgeryPrevious hip conditionsVisual analog scaleTotal hip arthroplastyYears of ageAnalog scaleMean agePrimary hipRelative riskRevision hipOutcomes After Primary Hip Arthroscopy in Athletes Older Than 40 Years Compared With Nonathletes
Saks BR, Monahan PF, Hawkins GC, Maldonado DR, Jimenez AE, Sabetian PW, Lall AC, Domb BG. Outcomes After Primary Hip Arthroscopy in Athletes Older Than 40 Years Compared With Nonathletes. The American Journal Of Sports Medicine 2022, 50: 2181-2189. PMID: 35666110, DOI: 10.1177/03635465221096843.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPrimary hip arthroscopyPatient-reported outcome measuresHip arthroscopyControl groupMaster athletesSecondary arthroscopyHip scoreIntraoperative findingsPROM scoresHip arthroplastyHip Outcome Score-Sports Specific SubscaleMaximum outcome improvement satisfaction thresholdPostoperative patient-reported outcome measuresMeaningful improvementsVisual analog scale scorePropensity score-matched control groupHarris hip scoreAnalog scale scoreNonarthritic Hip ScoreArthroscopic hip surgeryLevel of evidenceLower ratesHigh rateNonathlete control groupNA patientsBasketball Players Undergoing Primary Hip Arthroscopy Exhibit Higher Grades of Acetabular Cartilage Damage but Achieve Favorable Midterm Outcomes and Return to Sports Rates Comparable With a Propensity-Matched Group of Other Cutting Sports Athletes
Owens JS, Jimenez AE, Lee MS, Hawkins GC, Maldonado DR, Domb BG. Basketball Players Undergoing Primary Hip Arthroscopy Exhibit Higher Grades of Acetabular Cartilage Damage but Achieve Favorable Midterm Outcomes and Return to Sports Rates Comparable With a Propensity-Matched Group of Other Cutting Sports Athletes. The American Journal Of Sports Medicine 2022, 50: 1909-1918. PMID: 35648627, DOI: 10.1177/03635465221092762.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHip Outcome Score-Sports Specific SubscalePatient-reported outcomesFemoroacetabular impingement syndromePrimary hip arthroscopyNonarthritic Hip ScoreBody mass indexVisual analog scaleMidterm outcomesCompetitive basketball playersHip arthroscopyHip scoreControl groupSport athletesPropensity-matched control groupFavorable short-term outcomesMean body mass indexFavorable midterm outcomesSimilar midterm outcomesPropensity-matched cohortHarris hip scoreShort-term outcomesAcetabular cartilage damageLevel of evidenceBasketball playersHigh rateOutcomes and Return-to-Sport Rates for Elite Athletes With Femoral Retroversion Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy: A Propensity-Matched Analysis With Minimum 2-Year Follow-up
Owens JS, Jimenez AE, Lee MS, Maldonado DR, Lall AC, Domb BG. Outcomes and Return-to-Sport Rates for Elite Athletes With Femoral Retroversion Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy: A Propensity-Matched Analysis With Minimum 2-Year Follow-up. Orthopaedic Journal Of Sports Medicine 2022, 10: 23259671221099840. PMID: 35677020, PMCID: PMC9168879, DOI: 10.1177/23259671221099840.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchHip Outcome Score-Sports Specific SubscalePatient acceptable symptom statePropensity-matched control groupPatient-reported outcomesNormal femoral versionPrimary hip arthroscopyHip arthroscopyFemoral retroversionFemoral versionControl groupHip scoreRTS rateInclusion criteriaMaximum outcome improvement satisfaction thresholdElite athletesFavorable patient-reported outcomesPrevious ipsilateral hip surgeryHigh RTS rateIpsilateral hip surgeryAcceptable symptom stateHarris hip scoreNonarthritic Hip ScoreVisual analog scaleFemoroacetabular impingement syndromeLevel of evidenceComparison of Outcomes Between Nonsmokers and Patients Who Discontinued Smoking 1 Month Before Primary Hip Arthroscopy: A Propensity-Matched Study With Minimum 2-Year Follow-up
Lee MS, Jimenez AE, Owens JS, Curley AJ, Paraschos OA, Maldonado DR, Lall AC, Domb BG. Comparison of Outcomes Between Nonsmokers and Patients Who Discontinued Smoking 1 Month Before Primary Hip Arthroscopy: A Propensity-Matched Study With Minimum 2-Year Follow-up. Orthopaedic Journal Of Sports Medicine 2022, 10: 23259671221097372. PMID: 35693458, PMCID: PMC9185012, DOI: 10.1177/23259671221097372.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchNonarthritic Hip ScorePatient-reported outcomesPrimary hip arthroscopyVisual analog scaleFemoroacetabular impingement syndromePropensity-matched control groupBody mass indexFormer smokersHip arthroscopyHip scoreCigarette smokingControl groupPostoperative patient-reported outcomesHarris hip scorePercentage of hipsComparison of outcomesLevel of evidenceLogistic regression analysisEffect of cessationSimilar ratesCohort studyPostoperative outcomesPreoperative scoresPostoperative scoresMass indexEffect of Cigarette Smoking on Midterm Outcomes After Arthroscopic Surgery for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome: A Propensity-Matched Controlled Study With Minimum 5-Year Follow-up
Jimenez AE, Lee MS, Owens JS, Maldonado DR, Saks BR, Lall AC, Domb BG. Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Midterm Outcomes After Arthroscopic Surgery for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome: A Propensity-Matched Controlled Study With Minimum 5-Year Follow-up. Orthopaedic Journal Of Sports Medicine 2022, 10: 23259671221090905. PMID: 35571968, PMCID: PMC9098985, DOI: 10.1177/23259671221090905.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchHip Outcome Score-Sports Specific SubscalePatient acceptable symptom statePatient-reported outcomesFemoroacetabular impingement syndromePrimary hip arthroscopyPropensity-matched control groupHip arthroscopyIHOT-12Smoking patientsControl patientsHip scoreImpingement syndromeMaximum outcome improvement satisfaction thresholdControl groupInternational Hip Outcome Tool-12Cigarette-smoking patientsWorse preoperative scoresAcceptable symptom stateHarris hip scoreMonths of surgeryNonarthritic Hip ScorePercentage of patientsIHOT-12 scoresLevel of evidenceLower ratesMinimum 2-Year Outcomes and Return to Sports of Competitive Athletes Who Undergo Subspine Decompression During Primary Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome and Subspine Impingement: A Propensity-Matched Controlled Study
Jimenez AE, Lee MS, George T, Owens JS, Harris WT, Maldonado DR, Lall AC, Domb BG. Minimum 2-Year Outcomes and Return to Sports of Competitive Athletes Who Undergo Subspine Decompression During Primary Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome and Subspine Impingement: A Propensity-Matched Controlled Study. The American Journal Of Sports Medicine 2022, 50: 1582-1590. PMID: 35438010, DOI: 10.1177/03635465221085664.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPrimary hip arthroscopyFemoroacetabular impingement syndromePatient-reported outcomesHip Outcome Score-Sports Specific SubscaleSubspine decompressionSubspine impingementHip arthroscopyControl groupCompetitive athletesHip scoreImpingement syndromeSSI groupTreatment of FAISPropensity-matched control groupSpecific SubscaleLateral center-edge angleArthroscopic subspine decompressionHigh RTS rateHarris hip scoreNonarthritic Hip ScoreTime of surgeryBody mass indexVisual analog scaleLevel of evidenceCenter-edge angle