2016
Oligomers of Amyloid β Prevent Physiological Activation of the Cellular Prion Protein-Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Complex by Glutamate in Alzheimer Disease*
Haas LT, Strittmatter SM. Oligomers of Amyloid β Prevent Physiological Activation of the Cellular Prion Protein-Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Complex by Glutamate in Alzheimer Disease*. Journal Of Biological Chemistry 2016, 291: 17112-17121. PMID: 27325698, PMCID: PMC5016115, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.720664.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsProtein tyrosine kinase 2Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IICalcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IICellular prion proteinProtein kinase IIBrain slicesSignaling cascadesAlzheimer's diseaseKinase IIPhysiological signalingKinase 2Mutant transgeneMetabotropic glutamate receptor 5Loss of synapsesPrion proteinGlutamate receptor 5Receptor complexWild-type slicesProtein mediatorsAmyloid-β OligomersGlutamate activationChronic expressionDementia symptomsReceptor 5Acute exposure
2012
Limiting multiple sclerosis related axonopathy by blocking Nogo receptor and CRMP-2 phosphorylation
Petratos S, Ozturk E, Azari MF, Kenny R, Lee JY, Magee KA, Harvey AR, McDonald C, Taghian K, Moussa L, Aui P, Siatskas C, Litwak S, Fehlings MG, Strittmatter SM, Bernard CC. Limiting multiple sclerosis related axonopathy by blocking Nogo receptor and CRMP-2 phosphorylation. Brain 2012, 135: 1794-1818. PMID: 22544872, PMCID: PMC3589918, DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws100.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAnalysis of VarianceAnimalsAntibodiesAxonsCD3 ComplexCell Line, TumorDemyelinating DiseasesDisease Models, AnimalEncephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, ExperimentalFemaleGene Expression RegulationGlycoproteinsGPI-Linked ProteinsGreen Fluorescent ProteinsHumansImmunoprecipitationIntercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutMiddle AgedMultiple SclerosisMutationMyelin ProteinsMyelin-Oligodendrocyte GlycoproteinNerve DegenerationNerve Tissue ProteinsNeuroblastomaNeurofilament ProteinsNogo Receptor 1Optic NervePeptide FragmentsPhosphorylationReceptors, Cell SurfaceRetinal Ganglion CellsSeverity of Illness IndexSilver StainingSpinal CordTau ProteinsTime FactorsTransduction, GeneticTubulinConceptsExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitisAutoimmune encephalomyelitisMyelin oligodendrocyte glycoproteinMultiple sclerosisAxonal degenerationSpinal cordChronic active multiple sclerosis lesionsOptic nerve axonal degenerationNogo-66 receptor 1CRMP-2Axonal growth inhibitorsCollapsin response mediator protein 2Improved clinical outcomesSpinal cord neuronsRetinal ganglion cellsResponse mediator protein 2Central nervous systemViable therapeutic targetAdeno-associated viral vectorMultiple sclerosis lesionsClinical outcomesOptic nerveCord neuronsOligodendrocyte glycoproteinGanglion cells
2011
Membrane-type Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Regulates Neuronal Responsiveness to Myelin through Nogo-66 Receptor 1 Cleavage*
Ferraro GB, Morrison CJ, Overall CM, Strittmatter SM, Fournier AE. Membrane-type Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Regulates Neuronal Responsiveness to Myelin through Nogo-66 Receptor 1 Cleavage*. Journal Of Biological Chemistry 2011, 286: 31418-31424. PMID: 21768085, PMCID: PMC3173120, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.249169.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMatrix metalloproteinase-3Primary neuronsMetalloproteinase-3Neuronal responsesSH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cellsMetalloproteinase-dependent mannerNeuronal responsivenessAxonal regrowthCortical neuronsNeuronal knockdownNgR1Receptor 1Neuroblastoma cellsNeuronsCell surfaceMT3-MMPMyelinSpecific metalloproteinasesGlycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored receptorInhibitorsPhysiological consequencesCleavage fragmentsCleavage-resistant formMetalloproteinasesReceptorsInosine Augments the Effects of a Nogo Receptor Blocker and of Environmental Enrichment to Restore Skilled Forelimb Use after Stroke
Zai L, Ferrari C, Dice C, Subbaiah S, Havton LA, Coppola G, Geschwind D, Irwin N, Huebner E, Strittmatter SM, Benowitz LI. Inosine Augments the Effects of a Nogo Receptor Blocker and of Environmental Enrichment to Restore Skilled Forelimb Use after Stroke. Journal Of Neuroscience 2011, 31: 5977-5988. PMID: 21508223, PMCID: PMC3101108, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4498-10.2011.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntrinsic growth potentialUnilateral strokeSpinal cordLayer 5 pyramidal neuronsForelimb motor areaSimilar functional improvementEnvironmental enrichmentCause of disabilitySkilled forelimb useEffect of treatmentUndamaged cortexReceptor blockersDenervated sidePreoperative levelsNEP1-40Stroke patientsPyramidal neuronsUndamaged hemisphereSkilled reachingTreatment optionsDenervated areaIntact hemisphereReceptor antagonistClinical trialsFunctional improvement
2010
Combination of NEP 1-40 Treatment and Motor Training Enhances Behavioral Recovery After a Focal Cortical Infarct in Rats
Fang PC, Barbay S, Plautz EJ, Hoover E, Strittmatter SM, Nudo RJ. Combination of NEP 1-40 Treatment and Motor Training Enhances Behavioral Recovery After a Focal Cortical Infarct in Rats. Stroke 2010, 41: 544-549. PMID: 20075346, PMCID: PMC2853474, DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.572073.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMotor trainingWeeks postinfarctBehavioral recoverySkilled reachWeek 2Focal cortical infarctsFocal cortical ischemiaFocal ischemic infarctTreatment week 2Foot-fault testFocal ischemic injuryWeeks of treatmentSkilled reach taskNEP 1Cortical infarctsForelimb impairmentCortical ischemiaFoot faultsMotor recoveryIschemic infarctIschemic injuryMotor cortexEndothelin-1Intraventricular infusionMotor function
2009
β-amyloid oligomers and cellular prion protein in Alzheimer’s disease
Gunther EC, Strittmatter SM. β-amyloid oligomers and cellular prion protein in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal Of Molecular Medicine 2009, 88: 331-338. PMID: 19960174, PMCID: PMC2846635, DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0568-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCreutzfeldt-Jakob diseaseAβ oligomersDisease pathophysiologyCellular prion proteinProgression of ADAlzheimer's disease pathophysiologyΒ-amyloid oligomersΒ-amyloid peptidePrion proteinBrain slicesAlzheimer's diseaseSynaptic functionFunctional receptorsNeurodegenerative diseasesDiseasePotential mediatorsAβ assembliesReceptorsAβ monomersPrPCPathophysiologyNeurotoxicityPlaquesProgressionCellular Prion Protein Mediates the Toxicity of β-Amyloid Oligomers: Implications for Alzheimer Disease
Nygaard HB, Strittmatter SM. Cellular Prion Protein Mediates the Toxicity of β-Amyloid Oligomers: Implications for Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neurology 2009, 66: 1325-1328. PMID: 19901162, PMCID: PMC2849161, DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.223.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAlzheimer DiseaseAmyloid beta-PeptidesAnimalsBinding SitesHumansPeptide FragmentsPrPC ProteinsConceptsAlzheimer's diseaseCellular prion proteinPathogenesis of ADBeta-amyloid plaquesAge-related dementiaSoluble oligomeric assembliesPrion proteinPotential clinical implicationsBeta-amyloid oligomersΒ-amyloid oligomersHigh-affinity receptorCommon causeSynaptic plasticityTherapeutic interventionsClinical implicationsAbeta oligomersNovel targetRecent evidenceToxic effectsDiseasePathogenesisDementiaAbetaPlaquesBrainCellular prion protein mediates impairment of synaptic plasticity by amyloid-β oligomers
Laurén J, Gimbel DA, Nygaard HB, Gilbert JW, Strittmatter SM. Cellular prion protein mediates impairment of synaptic plasticity by amyloid-β oligomers. Nature 2009, 457: 1128-1132. PMID: 19242475, PMCID: PMC2748841, DOI: 10.1038/nature07761.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAlzheimer DiseaseAmyloid beta-PeptidesAmyloid Precursor Protein SecretasesAmyloidosisAnimalsChlorocebus aethiopsCOS CellsHippocampusHumansLong-Term PotentiationMiceMice, Inbred C57BLNeuronal PlasticityNeuronsPeptide FragmentsPrionsProtein BindingProtein MultimerizationReceptors, Cell SurfaceSynapsesConceptsCellular prion protein PrPCPrion protein PrPCSoluble amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) oligomersAlzheimer's diseaseCellular prion proteinDisease pathologyPlasma membrane glycoproteinsCell surface receptorsHigh affinity cell surface receptorsAlzheimer's disease pathologySoluble Aβ oligomersLipid raftsInfectious prion diseasesUnexpected linkMechanistic basisMembrane glycoproteinsPrion proteinAmyloid-β peptide (Aβ) oligomersSynaptic plasticityPrion diseasesTherapeutic potentialDiseaseAβ oligomersCentral roleDeleterious effects
2008
Nogo-66 Receptor Antagonist Peptide (NEP1-40) Administration Promotes Functional Recovery and Axonal Growth After Lateral Funiculus Injury in the Adult Rat
Cao Y, Shumsky JS, Sabol MA, Kushner RA, Strittmatter S, Hamers FP, Lee DH, Rabacchi SA, Murray M. Nogo-66 Receptor Antagonist Peptide (NEP1-40) Administration Promotes Functional Recovery and Axonal Growth After Lateral Funiculus Injury in the Adult Rat. Neurorehabilitation And Neural Repair 2008, 22: 262-278. PMID: 18056009, PMCID: PMC2853251, DOI: 10.1177/1545968307308550.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBehavior, AnimalDenervationEfferent PathwaysFemaleGPI-Linked ProteinsGrowth ConesMyelin ProteinsNerve RegenerationNeuronal PlasticityNogo Receptor 1Peptide FragmentsPyramidal TractsRaphe NucleiRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyReceptors, Cell SurfaceRecovery of FunctionRed NucleusSpinal Cord InjuriesSpinal Nerve RootsTreatment OutcomeWallerian DegenerationConceptsNEP1-40 groupDorsal root axonsRST axonsRubrospinal axonsRubrospinal tractAxonal growthNEP1-40 treatmentPromotes Functional RecoveryCervical spinal cordDorsal hemisectionForelimb usageNEP1-40Corticospinal axonsFunctional recoveryIntrathecal deliveryLateral funiculusSpinal cordMotor functionOutcome measuresAdult ratsLesion siteOperated controlsWhite matterGait analysisAxonsRelease of MICAL Autoinhibition by Semaphorin-Plexin Signaling Promotes Interaction with Collapsin Response Mediator Protein
Schmidt EF, Shim SO, Strittmatter SM. Release of MICAL Autoinhibition by Semaphorin-Plexin Signaling Promotes Interaction with Collapsin Response Mediator Protein. Journal Of Neuroscience 2008, 28: 2287-2297. PMID: 18305261, PMCID: PMC2846290, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5646-07.2008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdaptor Proteins, Signal TransducingAnimalsCell Adhesion MoleculesCell Line, TransformedChick EmbryoCytoskeletal ProteinsFlavin-Adenine DinucleotideGanglia, SpinalGenetic VectorsHIVHumansImmunoprecipitationIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsLIM Domain ProteinsMembrane GlycoproteinsMicrofilament ProteinsMixed Function OxygenasesMutationNerve Tissue ProteinsNeuritesNeuronsPeptide FragmentsProtein BindingSemaphorin-3ASemaphorinsSignal TransductionTransfectionConceptsCollapsin response mediator proteinsMediator proteinsCytoplasmic proteinsEnzymatic domainsCatalytic domainPlexin functionPlexin receptorsTerminal domainMICALPromotes interactionAxon guidanceNeuronal developmentAxonal guidanceEnzymatic activityProteinAutoinhibitionDomainPlexinsSignalingSemaphorinsActivatorAssociatesInteractionActivityActivationThe N-Terminal Domain of Nogo-A Inhibits Cell Adhesion and Axonal Outgrowth by an Integrin-Specific Mechanism
Hu F, Strittmatter SM. The N-Terminal Domain of Nogo-A Inhibits Cell Adhesion and Axonal Outgrowth by an Integrin-Specific Mechanism. Journal Of Neuroscience 2008, 28: 1262-1269. PMID: 18234903, PMCID: PMC2856844, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1068-07.2008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCell adhesionFocal adhesion kinase activationN-terminal domainAxonal outgrowthInhibits cell adhesionAxonal growth conesCNS axon regenerationKinase activationCertain integrinsIntegrin activatorIntegrin beta1Widespread expressionExtracellular matrixSecond domainAlpha5 integrinUnknown mechanismIntegrinsGrowth conesNogo-A proteinCell linesAlpha6 integrinNogo-66 receptorAxonal growthAdult brainOutgrowth
2004
Blockade of Nogo-66, Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein, and Oligodendrocyte Myelin Glycoprotein by Soluble Nogo-66 Receptor Promotes Axonal Sprouting and Recovery after Spinal Injury
Li S, Liu BP, Budel S, Li M, Ji B, Walus L, Li W, Jirik A, Rabacchi S, Choi E, Worley D, Sah DW, Pepinsky B, Lee D, Relton J, Strittmatter SM. Blockade of Nogo-66, Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein, and Oligodendrocyte Myelin Glycoprotein by Soluble Nogo-66 Receptor Promotes Axonal Sprouting and Recovery after Spinal Injury. Journal Of Neuroscience 2004, 24: 10511-10520. PMID: 15548666, PMCID: PMC6730300, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2828-04.2004.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAxonsEvoked Potentials, MotorFemaleGPI-Linked ProteinsInjections, SpinalMotor ActivityMyelin ProteinsMyelin-Associated GlycoproteinMyelin-Oligodendrocyte GlycoproteinNogo ProteinsNogo Receptor 1OligodendrogliaPeptide FragmentsRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyReceptors, Cell SurfaceReceptors, PeptideRecombinant Fusion ProteinsSerotoninSolubilitySpinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesConceptsAxonal sproutingTraumatic spinal cord injurySpinal-injured ratsSpinal cord injuryAdult mammalian CNSNogo-66 receptorOligodendrocyte myelin glycoproteinMyelin associated glycoproteinRaphespinal fibersLocomotor recoveryCord injurySpinal injuryMammalian CNSNgR functionTherapeutic potentialAxonal growthNogo-66Myelin glycoproteinInjuryMyelin proteinsImproved locomotionViral blockadeBlockadeFc proteinSproutingA Neutralizing Anti-Nogo66 Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Reverses Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Central Nervous System Myelin*
Li W, Walus L, Rabacchi SA, Jirik A, Chang E, Schauer J, Zheng BH, Benedetti NJ, Liu BP, Choi E, Worley D, Silvian L, Mo W, Mullen C, Yang W, Strittmatter SM, Sah DW, Pepinsky B, Lee DH. A Neutralizing Anti-Nogo66 Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Reverses Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Central Nervous System Myelin*. Journal Of Biological Chemistry 2004, 279: 43780-43788. PMID: 15297463, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401803200.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsOligodendrocyte myelin glycoproteinRat dorsal root ganglion neuronsDorsal root ganglion neuronsMonoclonal antibodiesMyelin glycoproteinNeurite outgrowthMyelin proteinsUseful therapeutic approachCNS myelin substrateNogo66 receptorCentral nervous system myelinGanglion neuronsTherapeutic approachesCNS repairMyelin substrateCentral nervous system myelin proteinsInhibitory effectNgR1AntibodiesNeurite growthMyelinSystem myelinReverses inhibitionMolecular epitopes
2003
Delayed Systemic Nogo-66 Receptor Antagonist Promotes Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury
Li S, Strittmatter SM. Delayed Systemic Nogo-66 Receptor Antagonist Promotes Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury. Journal Of Neuroscience 2003, 23: 4219-4227. PMID: 12764110, PMCID: PMC6741116, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-10-04219.2003.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnimalsAxonsAxotomyBehavior, AnimalCornified Envelope Proline-Rich ProteinsFemaleGanglia, SpinalGPI-Linked ProteinsInjections, SubcutaneousIntralaminar Thalamic NucleiMembrane ProteinsMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMolecular Sequence DataMolecular WeightMotor ActivityMyelin ProteinsNerve FibersNerve RegenerationNogo Receptor 1Peptide FragmentsProtein BiosynthesisProteinsPyramidal TractsReceptors, Cell SurfaceSerotoninSpinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesConceptsSpinal cord injuryCord injuryCorticospinal axonsThoracic spinal cord injuryTherapeutic time windowSpinal cord hemisectionSpinal cord traumaCorticospinal tract axonsAdult mammalian CNSNogo-66 receptorOligodendrocyte myelin glycoproteinCNS axonal injuryCord lesionsSubcutaneous treatmentSystemic therapyCord hemisectionCord traumaIntrathecal applicationLocal therapyLocomotor recoveryFunctional recoverySerotonergic fibersAxonal injuryReceptor antagonistAxon sprouting
2002
Truncated Soluble Nogo Receptor Binds Nogo-66 and Blocks Inhibition of Axon Growth by Myelin
Fournier AE, Gould GC, Liu BP, Strittmatter SM. Truncated Soluble Nogo Receptor Binds Nogo-66 and Blocks Inhibition of Axon Growth by Myelin. Journal Of Neuroscience 2002, 22: 8876-8883. PMID: 12388594, PMCID: PMC6757674, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-20-08876.2002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnimalsAxonsCell LineChick EmbryoGPI-Linked ProteinsGrowth ConesHumansKidneyMiceMolecular Sequence DataMutagenesis, Site-DirectedMyelin ProteinsMyelin SheathNeuritesNogo ProteinsNogo Receptor 1Peptide FragmentsProtein BindingProtein Structure, TertiaryReceptors, Cell SurfaceRepetitive Sequences, Amino AcidRetinaSequence DeletionSignal TransductionSolubilityConceptsChick retinal ganglion cellsRetinal ganglion cellsOutgrowth inhibitionMechanism of NogoGanglion cellsNogo receptorOutgrowth inhibitorViral infectionMyelin inhibitionInhibitory signalingNogo-66Axon growthCNS myelinAxon outgrowthMyelinRegenerative growthNogoCOS-7 cellsInhibitionAlkaline phosphataseReceptorsNGRMyelin-Associated Glycoprotein as a Functional Ligand for the Nogo-66 Receptor
Liu BP, Fournier A, GrandPré T, Strittmatter SM. Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein as a Functional Ligand for the Nogo-66 Receptor. Science 2002, 297: 1190-1193. PMID: 12089450, DOI: 10.1126/science.1073031.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAxonsBinding SitesChick EmbryoCloning, MolecularCOS CellsGanglia, SpinalGene LibraryGPI-Linked ProteinsLigandsMiceMyelin ProteinsMyelin-Associated GlycoproteinNerve RegenerationNeuritesNeuronsNogo ProteinsNogo Receptor 1Peptide FragmentsPhosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-LyaseProtein Structure, TertiaryReceptors, Cell SurfaceRecombinant Fusion ProteinsSialic AcidsTransfectionType C PhospholipasesNogo-66 receptor antagonist peptide promotes axonal regeneration
GrandPré T, Li S, Strittmatter SM. Nogo-66 receptor antagonist peptide promotes axonal regeneration. Nature 2002, 417: 547-551. PMID: 12037567, DOI: 10.1038/417547a.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnimalsAxonsBinding, CompetitiveCentral Nervous SystemCulture Media, ConditionedFemaleGPI-Linked ProteinsGrowth ConesMolecular Sequence DataMotor ActivityMyelin ProteinsMyelin SheathNerve RegenerationNeuritesNogo Receptor 1Peptide FragmentsProtein Structure, TertiaryRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyReceptors, Cell SurfaceSpinal Cord InjuriesConceptsCentral nervous systemAxonal regenerationNogo-66NEP1-40Antagonist peptideAxonal outgrowthNogo-66 receptorPotential therapeutic agentCorticospinal tract regenerationAxonal outgrowth inhibitionCNS myelin inhibitionSignificant axon growthIntrathecal administrationFunctional recoveryCNS injuryCorticospinal tractOutgrowth inhibitorCompetitive antagonistNervous systemMyelin inhibitionTherapeutic agentsAxon growthMonoclonal antibodiesAdult mammalsNogo
1998
Neuropilin-1 Extracellular Domains Mediate Semaphorin D/III-Induced Growth Cone Collapse
Nakamura F, Tanaka M, Takahashi T, Kalb R, Strittmatter S. Neuropilin-1 Extracellular Domains Mediate Semaphorin D/III-Induced Growth Cone Collapse. Neuron 1998, 21: 1093-1100. PMID: 9856464, DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80626-1.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
1994
GAP-43 amino terminal peptides modulate growth cone morphology and neurite outgrowth
Strittmatter S, Igarashi M, Fishman M. GAP-43 amino terminal peptides modulate growth cone morphology and neurite outgrowth. Journal Of Neuroscience 1994, 14: 5503-5513. PMID: 8083750, PMCID: PMC6577098, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.14-09-05503.1994.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGAP-43G-protein activityPertussis toxinNeuronal growth-associated protein GAP-43Neurite outgrowthGrowth-associated protein GAP-43Dorsal root ganglion cellsG protein-mediated eventsGrowth cone membraneDorsal root gangliaProtein GAP-43N1E-115 neuroblastoma cellsChick dorsal root ganglion cellsChick dorsal root gangliaNeurite extensionCone membraneEmbryonic chick dorsal root gangliaRoot gangliaGanglion cellsRetinal neuronsPeptide stimulationGrowth cone collapseGrowth cone morphologyNeuroblastoma cellsPotential modulators
1992
Palmitoylation alters protein activity: blockade of G(o) stimulation by GAP‐43.
Sudo Y, Valenzuela D, Beck‐Sickinger A, Fishman MC, Strittmatter SM. Palmitoylation alters protein activity: blockade of G(o) stimulation by GAP‐43. The EMBO Journal 1992, 11: 2095-2102. PMID: 1534749, PMCID: PMC556676, DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05268.x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHeterotrimeric G proteinsProtein-protein interactionsMembrane associationFatty acylationGAP-43Cysteine residuesHydrophobicity of proteinsN-terminusAddition of palmitateG proteinsPalmitoylationNeuronal proteinsProteinGAP-43 proteinTerminal peptidesActive poolResiduesPeptidesCysteineMembraneActivityActivationPool