Naloxone Challenge in Smokers: Preliminary Evidence of an Opioid Component in Nicotine Dependence
Krishnan-Sarin S, Rosen M, O'Malley S. Naloxone Challenge in Smokers: Preliminary Evidence of an Opioid Component in Nicotine Dependence. JAMA Psychiatry 1999, 56: 663-668. PMID: 10401515, DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.663.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEndogenous opioid systemOpioid systemNicotine dependenceOpiate-like withdrawalNicotine-dependent individualsDose-dependent increaseNicotine-dependent subjectsPreliminary evidenceOpioid componentAdrenal axisNaloxone challengeWithdrawal signsCortisol releaseNeuroendocrine parametersNicotine cravingCigarette smokeLong-term exposureCortisol levelsBaseline levelsLow dosesSubjective signsNaloxoneSmokersChallenge proceduresSymptomsThe effects of naltrexone maintenance on the response to yohimbine in healthy volunteers
Rosen M, Kosten T, Kreek M. The effects of naltrexone maintenance on the response to yohimbine in healthy volunteers. Biological Psychiatry 1999, 45: 1636-1645. PMID: 10376126, DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00259-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsWeeks of treatmentDrug effectsStrongest drug effectsOpioid antagonist naltrexoneActive naltrexoneNaltrexone treatmentNaltrexone maintenanceAntagonist naltrexoneHealthy subjectsHealthy volunteersWeek 1Week 2Cortisol levelsYohimbineWeek 5PlaceboPreclinical researchNaltrexoneAlters sensitivityEffect of pretreatmentWeeksAntagonistTreatmentStress responsivenessSubjects