2003
Pax5 is required for recombination of transcribed, acetylated, 5′ IgH V gene segments
Hesslein DG, Pflugh DL, Chowdhury D, Bothwell AL, Sen R, Schatz DG. Pax5 is required for recombination of transcribed, acetylated, 5′ IgH V gene segments. Genes & Development 2003, 17: 37-42. PMID: 12514097, PMCID: PMC195966, DOI: 10.1101/gad.1031403.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAcetylationAllelesAnimalsB-LymphocytesChromatinDNA NucleotidyltransferasesDNA-Binding ProteinsGene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy ChainGenes, ImmunoglobulinGenes, RAG-1HistonesHomeodomain ProteinsImmunoglobulin Heavy ChainsImmunoglobulin Variable RegionMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutPAX5 Transcription FactorTranscription FactorsTranscription, GeneticVDJ Recombinases
2002
RAG1-DNA Binding in V(D)J Recombination SPECIFICITY AND DNA-INDUCED CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES REVEALED BY FLUORESCENCE AND CD SPECTROSCOPY*
Ciubotaru M, Ptaszek LM, Baker GA, Baker SN, Bright FV, Schatz DG. RAG1-DNA Binding in V(D)J Recombination SPECIFICITY AND DNA-INDUCED CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES REVEALED BY FLUORESCENCE AND CD SPECTROSCOPY*. Journal Of Biological Chemistry 2002, 278: 5584-5596. PMID: 12488446, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209758200.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBase SequenceBinding SitesCircular DichroismCloning, MolecularDNADNA NucleotidyltransferasesDNA-Binding ProteinsEscherichia coliGenes, RAG-1Homeodomain ProteinsKineticsMiceOligodeoxyribonucleotidesProtein ConformationRecombinant ProteinsRecombination, GeneticSubstrate SpecificityTransfectionTransposasesVDJ RecombinasesConceptsRecombination signal sequencesConformational changesSynaptic complex formationAbsence of DNAAssembly of immunoglobulinMajor conformational changesIntrinsic protein fluorophoresProtein intrinsic fluorescenceSolvent-exposed environmentRAG2 proteinsRAG1/2 complexSingle DNA moleculesRAG1 proteinSignal sequenceAcrylamide quenching studiesT-cell receptor genesStrep-tagRecombination specificityDNA moleculesProtein fluorophoresRAG1Receptor geneProteinIntrinsic fluorescenceCircular dichroismEvidence of a critical architectural function for the RAG proteins in end processing, protection, and joining in V(D)J recombination
Tsai CL, Drejer AH, Schatz DG. Evidence of a critical architectural function for the RAG proteins in end processing, protection, and joining in V(D)J recombination. Genes & Development 2002, 16: 1934-1949. PMID: 12154124, PMCID: PMC186421, DOI: 10.1101/gad.984502.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAlanineAmino Acid SubstitutionAnimalsCell LineCysteineDNADNA NucleotidyltransferasesDNA-Binding ProteinsGene Rearrangement, B-LymphocyteGenes, RAG-1Glutamic AcidHomeodomain ProteinsHumansMacromolecular SubstancesMiceMutagenesis, Site-DirectedNuclear ProteinsNucleic Acid ConformationPhenotypeProtein Interaction MappingRecombinant Fusion ProteinsRecombination, GeneticRegulatory Sequences, Nucleic AcidSerineSubstrate SpecificityVDJ Recombinases
2000
The RAG Proteins and V(D)J Recombination: Complexes, Ends, and Transposition
Fugmann S, Lee A, Shockett P, Villey I, Schatz D. The RAG Proteins and V(D)J Recombination: Complexes, Ends, and Transposition. Annual Review Of Immunology 2000, 18: 495-527. PMID: 10837067, DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.495.Peer-Reviewed Reviews, Practice Guidelines, Standards, and Consensus StatementsMeSH KeywordsAnimalsDNA NucleotidyltransferasesDNA Transposable ElementsDNA-Binding ProteinsHomeodomain ProteinsHumansNuclear ProteinsProtein Sorting SignalsRecombination, GeneticVDJ RecombinasesIdentification of Two Catalytic Residues in RAG1 that Define a Single Active Site within the RAG1/RAG2 Protein Complex
Fugmann S, Villey I, Ptaszek L, Schatz D. Identification of Two Catalytic Residues in RAG1 that Define a Single Active Site within the RAG1/RAG2 Protein Complex. Molecular Cell 2000, 5: 97-107. PMID: 10678172, DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80406-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsActive siteDivalent metal ionsSingle active siteMetal ionsTransfer reactionsActive site regionProtein complexesBond breakageCatalysisCatalytic functionRegion of RAG1Strand transfer reactionSecondary structure prediction algorithmsAspartic acid residuesCatalytic residuesRAG2 proteinsComplexesStructure prediction algorithmsPossible structural similaritySite regionAcid residuesRetroviral integrasesRAG1Structural similarityIons
1997
RAG1 and RAG2 Form a Stable Postcleavage Synaptic Complex with DNA Containing Signal Ends in V(D)J Recombination
Agrawal A, Schatz D. RAG1 and RAG2 Form a Stable Postcleavage Synaptic Complex with DNA Containing Signal Ends in V(D)J Recombination. Cell 1997, 89: 43-53. PMID: 9094713, DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80181-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSignal endsRecombination signalsDNA-dependent protein kinaseProtein-DNA complexesSynaptic complexHMG-2 proteinStable complexesDNA adjacentProtein kinaseProteins RAG1Immunoprecipitation experimentsMobility shiftNuclease sensitivityHMG-1Cleavage systemRAG1RAG2RecombinationComplexesVivo observationsKinaseProteinImportant stepCleavage
1996
Neoteny in Lymphocytes: Rag1 and Rag2 Expression in Germinal Center B Cells
Han S, Zheng B, Schatz D, Spanopoulou E, Kelsoe G. Neoteny in Lymphocytes: Rag1 and Rag2 Expression in Germinal Center B Cells. Science 1996, 274: 2094-2097. PMID: 8953043, DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5295.2094.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsB-LymphocytesDNA NucleotidyltransferasesDNA-Binding ProteinsFemaleGene ExpressionGene RearrangementGenes, ImmunoglobulinGenes, RAG-1Germinal CenterHomeodomain ProteinsImmunizationImmunoglobulin Class SwitchingLymphocyte ActivationMiceMice, Inbred C57BLPolymerase Chain ReactionProtein BiosynthesisProteinsVDJ RecombinasesConceptsGerminal center B cellsAntigen receptor genesT cell antigen receptor genesRAG2 proteinsB cellsRAG2 geneRAG genesRAG2 expressionFunctional immunoglobulinPeyer's patch germinal centersMessenger RNAGenesRAG1Receptor geneActivated B cellsNormal adult animalsLymphocyte populationsImmature lymphocytesGerminal centersBone marrowMurine splenicAntibody repertoireCellsAdult animalsExpressionRAG1 Mediates Signal Sequence Recognition and Recruitment of RAG2 in V(D)J Recombination
Difilippantonio M, McMahan C, Eastman Q, Spanopoulou E, Schatz D. RAG1 Mediates Signal Sequence Recognition and Recruitment of RAG2 in V(D)J Recombination. Cell 1996, 87: 253-262. PMID: 8861909, DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81343-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceCell LineDNA NucleotidyltransferasesDNA-Binding ProteinsGenes, ImmunoglobulinHomeodomain ProteinsHumansMacromolecular SubstancesMolecular Sequence DataNuclear ProteinsProtein BindingProteinsRecombinant ProteinsRecombination, GeneticSalmonellaSequence AlignmentStructure-Activity RelationshipTranscriptional ActivationTransfectionConceptsDNA bindingAbsence of RAG2Signal sequence recognitionRegion of RAG1RAG2 proteinsBacterial invertasesSequence similarityRecombination signalsSpecific binding interactionsRAG1Sequence recognitionDNA cleavageRAG2Binding interactionsProteinBindingRecombinationRecent studiesSignal recognitionInvertaseHeptamerRecruitmentCleavageLocalizationVivo
1995
A modified tetracycline-regulated system provides autoregulatory, inducible gene expression in cultured cells and transgenic mice.
Shockett P, Difilippantonio M, Hellman N, Schatz DG. A modified tetracycline-regulated system provides autoregulatory, inducible gene expression in cultured cells and transgenic mice. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 1995, 92: 6522-6526. PMID: 7604026, PMCID: PMC41550, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.14.6522.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords3T3 CellsAnimalsBlotting, WesternCells, CulturedDNA NucleotidyltransferasesGene Expression RegulationHerpes Simplex Virus Protein Vmw65MiceMice, TransgenicOpen Reading FramesPlasmidsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsRepressor ProteinsRestriction MappingRNA, MessengerSequence DeletionTetracyclineTrans-ActivatorsTransfectionVDJ RecombinasesConceptsInducible gene expressionGene expressionTetracycline-regulated gene expressionTranscriptional activation domainCultured cellsTetracycline-regulated systemTransgenic miceExpression of tTAAutoregulatory systemActivation domainTTA geneInducible promoterTetracycline repressorInducible expressionFusion proteinTransactivator proteinConstitutive expressionTransgenic animalsGene 1Induced levelsRecombination activityMost tissuesConstitutive systemProteinCell lines
1991
Thymocyte Expression of RAG-1 and RAG-2: Termination by T Cell Receptor Cross-Linking
Turka L, Schatz D, Oettinger M, Chun J, Gorka C, Lee K, McCormack W, Thompson C. Thymocyte Expression of RAG-1 and RAG-2: Termination by T Cell Receptor Cross-Linking. Science 1991, 253: 778-781. PMID: 1831564, DOI: 10.1126/science.1831564.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAntigens, CDAntigens, Differentiation, T-LymphocyteCD3 ComplexCell DifferentiationCell SurvivalDNA NucleotidyltransferasesDNA-Binding ProteinsGene ExpressionGene Rearrangement, T-LymphocyteHomeodomain ProteinsHumansMiceNuclear ProteinsNucleic Acid HybridizationProteinsReceptor AggregationReceptors, Antigen, T-CellReceptors, Interleukin-2RNA, MessengerT-Lymphocyte SubsetsThymus GlandVDJ RecombinasesConceptsMajor histocompatibility complexCortical thymocytesSelf-major histocompatibility complexT cell receptor expressionHLA class IRAG-2Cell receptor expressionTCR complexRAG expressionT cell developmentT cell surfaceThymic subpopulationsCD4-CD8Intact thymusReceptor expressionThymic maturationRAG-1RAG-2 expressionThymocyte TCRThymocyte maturationHistocompatibility complexClass IReceptor crossThymocyte expressionBlot analysis
1990
RAG-1 and RAG-2, Adjacent Genes That Synergistically Activate V(D)J Recombination
Oettinger M, Schatz D, Gorka C, Baltimore D. RAG-1 and RAG-2, Adjacent Genes That Synergistically Activate V(D)J Recombination. Science 1990, 248: 1517-1523. PMID: 2360047, DOI: 10.1126/science.2360047.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnimalsBase SequenceBiological EvolutionCattleCell LineChickensCricetinaeDNADNA NucleotidyltransferasesDNA-Binding ProteinsDogsFemaleGene Rearrangement, B-LymphocyteGene Rearrangement, T-LymphocyteHomeodomain ProteinsHumansMaleMiceMolecular Sequence DataMultigene FamilyNuclear ProteinsNucleic Acid HybridizationOpossumsProteinsRabbitsRecombination, GeneticRestriction MappingTransfectionTurtlesVDJ RecombinasesConceptsRAG-2RAG-1Adjacent genesRecombinase activityFrequency of recombinationPutative proteinUntranslated sequenceSingle exonGenomic rearrangementsExpression patternsVast repertoireGenesComplementary DNAAmino acidsT cell receptorCell receptorRecombinationSequenceKilobasesExonsCotransfectionRecombinaseSpeciesProteinDNA
1989
The V(D)J recombination activating gene, RAG-1
Schatz D, Oettinger M, Baltimore D. The V(D)J recombination activating gene, RAG-1. Cell 1989, 59: 1035-1048. PMID: 2598259, DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90760-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnimalsBase SequenceBiological EvolutionCell LineCloning, MolecularDNA NucleotidyltransferasesGene Expression RegulationGene LibraryGene Rearrangement, T-LymphocyteGenes, ImmunoglobulinGenomic LibraryHumansMiceMolecular Sequence DataNucleic Acid HybridizationOligonucleotide ProbesReceptors, Antigen, T-CellRecombination, GeneticSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidT-LymphocytesTransfectionVDJ Recombinases
1988
Stable expression of immunoglobulin gene V(D)J recombinase activity by gene transfer into 3T3 fibroblasts
Schatz D, Baltimore D. Stable expression of immunoglobulin gene V(D)J recombinase activity by gene transfer into 3T3 fibroblasts. Cell 1988, 53: 107-115. PMID: 3349523, DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90492-8.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
1987
Increased frequency of N-region insertion in a murine pre-B-cell line infected with a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase retroviral expression vector.
Landau NR, Schatz DG, Rosa M, Baltimore D. Increased frequency of N-region insertion in a murine pre-B-cell line infected with a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase retroviral expression vector. Molecular And Cellular Biology 1987, 7: 3237-3243. PMID: 3118194, PMCID: PMC367960, DOI: 10.1128/mcb.7.9.3237.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPre-B cell linesN-region insertionsRetroviral expression vectorExpression vectorCell linesMurine pre-B cell lineImmunoglobulin light chain genesNucleotide sequence analysisLight chain genesV-J junctionGene junctionSequence analysisImmunoglobulin genesGenesRearrangement substratesTerminal deoxynucleotidyl transferaseContinuous rearrangementApparent absenceJunctional sitesProvirusDeoxynucleotidyl transferaseRearrangementControl vectorN regionInsertion