2025
The incidence and trends of diving-related spine injuries in the United States and risk factors associated with spinal cord injury
Seddio A, Jabbouri S, Vasudevan R, Gouzoulis M, Day W, Maloy G, Varthi A, Rubio D, Grauer J. The incidence and trends of diving-related spine injuries in the United States and risk factors associated with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2025, 1-7. PMID: 40490487, DOI: 10.1038/s41393-025-01098-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchEstimated annual percentage changeSpine injuriesSpinal cord injuryRisk factorsLumbar spineInjury prevention programsAnnual percentage changePublic health initiativesCord injuryCervical spine surgeryMultivariate logistic regressionLog-linear regressionUnique risk factorsHealth initiativesUnited StatesCervical spondylolisthesisElixhauser Comorbidity IndexCervical spinePrevention programsAdministrative datasetsLogistic regressionSpine surgeryPercentage changeCervical stenosisOlder ageExtracellular Vesicle (EV) Targeted Cells Release Secondary Effector EVs: Indication of How To Account for Histocompatibility and Disease Specificity of EV Treatments
Askenase P. Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Targeted Cells Release Secondary Effector EVs: Indication of How To Account for Histocompatibility and Disease Specificity of EV Treatments. Journal Of Extracellular Vesicles 2025, 14: e70076. PMID: 40415199, PMCID: PMC12104073, DOI: 10.1002/jev2.70076.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMesenchymal stromal cellsSpinal cord injuryT cellsExtracellular vesiclesEffector T cellsSuppressor T cellsDisease specificityTreating spinal cord injuryImmune toleranceHistocompatibility barriersRecipient macrophagesEV treatmentStromal cellsTarget cellsCord injuryMSC-derivedPathological conditionsDiverse injuriesCellsInjuryDiseasePer treatmentTreatmentHealingHealing effectIntravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells increased axonal signal intensity in the rubrospinal tract in spinal cord injury
Hirota R, Sasaki M, Teramoto A, Yamashita T, Kocsis J, Honmou O. Intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells increased axonal signal intensity in the rubrospinal tract in spinal cord injury. Molecular Brain 2025, 18: 35. PMID: 40241097, PMCID: PMC12004759, DOI: 10.1186/s13041-025-01210-0.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cellsInfusion of mesenchymal stem cellsSpinal cord injuryIntravenous infusionMesenchymal stem cellsRubrospinal tractCircuit reorganizationInfused mesenchymal stem cellsCord injuryNeural circuit reorganizationNeuronal tracing techniquesSignal intensityInjury siteFunctional improvementSpontaneous recoveryStem cellsDescending tractsAxonal connectionsInjuryAxonal growthTractAxonal networkCrossing the Valley of Death in Spinal Cord Injury: Learning from Successful Translators
Failli V, Strittmatter S, Schwab M, Anderson A, Ruban A, Al-Ali H, Curt A, Cohen A, Hsieh J. Crossing the Valley of Death in Spinal Cord Injury: Learning from Successful Translators. Neurotrauma Reports 2025, 6: 298-310. PMID: 40309162, PMCID: PMC12040567, DOI: 10.1089/neur.2025.0029.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchTraumatic vertebral artery occlusion is associated with high rates of recanalization: insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sujijantarat N, Fathima B, Padmanaban V, Kosyakovsky J, Elsamadicy A, Haynes J, Koo A, Shankar G, Regenhardt R, Stapleton C, Rabinov J, Hebert R, Matouk C, Patel A. Traumatic vertebral artery occlusion is associated with high rates of recanalization: insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurgical Review 2025, 48: 306. PMID: 40097874, DOI: 10.1007/s10143-025-03460-x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpine interventionsSpinal cord injuryCervical deformityMeta-analysisSystematic reviewCord injuryRandom-effects meta-analysisAssociated with spinal cord injuryManual citation searchingEffects meta-analysisMeta-analysis of literaturePost-interventionFollow-upIncidence of strokeCitation searchingCervical injuryArtery occlusionAssociated with higher ratesNon-embolized patientsFollow-up periodVertebral artery occlusionInterventionInitial admissionClinical practicePatient populationImaging Demyelinated Axons After Spinal Cord Injuries with PET Tracer [18F]3F4AP
Ramos-Torres K, Conti S, Zhou Y, Tiss A, Caravagna C, Takahashi K, He M, Wilks M, Eckl S, Sun Y, Biundo J, Gong K, He Z, Linnman C, Brugarolas P. Imaging Demyelinated Axons After Spinal Cord Injuries with PET Tracer [18F]3F4AP. Journal Of Nuclear Medicine 2025, 66: jnumed.124.268242. PMID: 39819685, PMCID: PMC11800733, DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.124.268242.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchSpinal cord injuryDemyelinated axonsIncomplete injuryPostmortem spinal cord tissueSpinal cord blood flowSpinal cord injury ratsResponse to therapyCord injuryCord blood flowManagement of spinal cord injurySpinal cord tissuePET imaging resultsSensitive to injuryInjured segmentContusion injuryAxonal lossCord tissueDemyelinating changesAnimal modelsDemyelinationPET imagingBlood flowPET tracersWorsening disabilityTracer binding
2024
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles: Therapeutic Mechanisms for Blood–Spinal Cord Barrier Repair Following Spinal Cord Injury
Nakazaki M, Yokoyama T, Lankford K, Hirota R, Kocsis J, Honmou O. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles: Therapeutic Mechanisms for Blood–Spinal Cord Barrier Repair Following Spinal Cord Injury. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 2024, 25: 13460. PMID: 39769223, PMCID: PMC11677717, DOI: 10.3390/ijms252413460.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBlood-spinal cord barrierBSCB repairMesenchymal stromal/stem cellsSpinal cord injuryMSC-EVsMesenchymal stromal/stem cell therapyBlood-spinal cord barrier integritySpinal cord homeostasisBlood-spinal cord barrier permeabilityCord injuryImpaired axonal regenerationTreating spinal cord injuryCell-free alternativeExtracellular vesiclesTight junction proteinsSpinal neural tissueBlood-brain barrierImprove patient outcomesAnti-inflammatory propertiesImmune cellsPreclinical studiesJunction proteinsSecreted extracellular vesiclesClinical trialsReduce inflammationIntravenous Infusion of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expanded in Auto Serum for Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients: A Case Series
Hirota R, Sasaki M, Iyama S, Kurihara K, Fukushi R, Obara H, Oshigiri T, Morita T, Nakazaki M, Namioka T, Namioka A, Onodera R, Kataoka-Sasaki Y, Oka S, Takemura M, Ukai R, Yokoyama T, Sasaki Y, Yamashita T, Kobayashi M, Okuma Y, Kondo R, Aichi R, Ohmatsu S, Kawashima N, Ito Y, Kobune M, Takada K, Ishiai S, Ogata T, Teramoto A, Yamashita T, Kocsis J, Honmou O. Intravenous Infusion of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expanded in Auto Serum for Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients: A Case Series. Journal Of Clinical Medicine 2024, 13: 6072. PMID: 39458022, PMCID: PMC11509003, DOI: 10.3390/jcm13206072.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAmerican Spinal Injury Association Impairment ScaleSevere spinal cord injuryMesenchymal stem cell infusionAutologous mesenchymal stem cellsIntravenous infusionCase seriesMesenchymal stem cellsQuality of lifeAuto-serumSpinal cord injuryFunctional improvementChronic spinal cord injury patientsIntravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cellsInfusion of mesenchymal stem cellsStem cellsCord injurySpinal Cord Independence Measure IIIAmerican Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale grades CSpinal cord injury patientsChronic SCI patientsClassification of Spinal Cord InjuryNeurological Classification of Spinal Cord InjurySignificant functional improvementAssociation Impairment ScaleInternational Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord InjuryThere Is More to Life Than Walking: A Qualitative Study of Survivorship Among Peer Mentors in the Spinal Cord Injury Community
Kayani T, Cotter R, Sigworth J, Doolittle B. There Is More to Life Than Walking: A Qualitative Study of Survivorship Among Peer Mentors in the Spinal Cord Injury Community. The Yale Journal Of Biology And Medicine 2024, 97: 271-280. PMID: 39351326, PMCID: PMC11426298, DOI: 10.59249/yxeb6783.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPeer mentorship programSpinal cord injuryMentorship programSurvivorship journeySpinal cord injury survivorsPeer mentoringSpinal cord injury communityPost-injuryPost-injury rehabilitationPromote independent livingSemi-structured interviewsCommunity integrationStudies of survivorshipThematic analysisFamily supportQualitative studyEmotional copingIndependent livingTwenty-eight membersCord injuryLongitudinal effectsLife satisfactionAccessibility challengesSurvivorshipPost-SCIPAK1 inhibition with Romidepsin attenuates H‐reflex hyperexcitability after spinal cord injury
Kauer S, Benson C, Carrara J, Tarafder A, Ibrahim Y, Estacion M, Waxman S, Tan A. PAK1 inhibition with Romidepsin attenuates H‐reflex hyperexcitability after spinal cord injury. The Journal Of Physiology 2024, 602: 5061-5081. PMID: 39231098, DOI: 10.1113/jp284976.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchDendritic spine dysgenesisSpinal cord injurySCI-induced spasticityRomidepsin treatmentSpine dysgenesisLoss of rate-dependent depressionCutaneous T-cell lymphomaTreatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomaContusive spinal cord injuryT-cell lymphomaSpinal cord injury animalsCord injuryRate-dependent depressionExaggerated reflex responsesH-reflex changesSpinal cord injury mouse modelManaging spasticityReduce spasticityReporter micePreclinical utilityDrug responseRomidepsinControl cohortIntervention effectsSpinal hyperreflexiaFACTFINDERS FOR PATIENT SAFETY: Minimizing risks with cervical epidural injections
Holder E, Lee H, Raghunandan A, Marshall B, Michalik A, Nguyen M, Saffarian M, Schneider B, Smith C, Tiegs-Heiden C, Zheng P, Patel J, Levi D, Committee I. FACTFINDERS FOR PATIENT SAFETY: Minimizing risks with cervical epidural injections. Interventional Pain Medicine 2024, 3: 100430. PMID: 39502902, PMCID: PMC11536293, DOI: 10.1016/j.inpm.2024.100430.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchEpidural steroid injectionsCervical transforaminal epidural steroid injectionsTransforaminal epidural steroid injectionCervical epidural injectionsSpinal cord injurySteroid injectionContralateral obliqueDural punctureEpidural hematomaCervical interlaminar epidural steroid injectionCord injuryEpidural injectionEpidural spaceCatastrophic neurologic injuryLoss of resistanceInterlaminar epidural steroid injectionsComplication of dural punctureComplication of spinal cord injuryNeedle placementCase reports of patientsReview of cross-sectional imagingSevere systemic complicationsInadvertent dural puncturePatient safetyReports of patientsSelf-Assembled Fibroblast Growth Factor Nanoparticles as a Therapeutic for Oxidant-Induced Neuronal and Skin Cell Injury
Kumar S, Chu A, Theis T, Rastogi S, Costea D, Banerjee R, Das B, Yarmush M, Hsia H, Cohen R, Schachner M, Berthiaume F. Self-Assembled Fibroblast Growth Factor Nanoparticles as a Therapeutic for Oxidant-Induced Neuronal and Skin Cell Injury. ACS Applied Bio Materials 2024, 7: 5158-5170. PMID: 39038169, DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00135.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchSpinal cord injuryFGF-2Cell injuryTraumatic brain injurySkin wound healingResponses in vivoInflammatory response in vivoWound healingPressure woundsOxidant-mediated injuryFibroblast growth factor-2Growth factor 2Delayed injuryLocal inflammationNanoparticle sizeChronic skin woundsSecondary complicationsCultured neuronal cellsEndothelial cellsGrowth factorPromote neurite outgrowthCord injuryNeurological sensationsRecombinant fusion proteinNanoparticles
2023
Cross-hemicord spinal fiber reorganization associates with cortical sensory and motor network expansion in the rat model of hemicontusion cervical spinal cord injury
Mihailovic J, Sanganahalli B, Hyder F, Chitturi J, Elkabes S, Heary R, Kannurpatti S. Cross-hemicord spinal fiber reorganization associates with cortical sensory and motor network expansion in the rat model of hemicontusion cervical spinal cord injury. Neuroscience Letters 2023, 820: 137607. PMID: 38141752, PMCID: PMC10797561, DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137607.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cord injuryCervical spinal cord injuryDiffusion tensor imagingCord injurySpinal cordCervical spinal cordState functional connectivitySpinal cord samplesSpinal cord diffusion tensor imagingMagnetic resonance imagingBrain functional MRIInjury epicenterSpinal reorganizationPost-SCINeuroplastic changesCord samplesCortical sensoryRat modelTraumatic injuryMD changeMotor networkNervous systemResonance imagingSingle-subject levelFunctional MRIConditional Astrocyte Rac1KO Attenuates Hyperreflexia after Spinal Cord Injury
Benson C, Olson K, Patwa S, Kauer S, King J, Waxman S, Tan A. Conditional Astrocyte Rac1KO Attenuates Hyperreflexia after Spinal Cord Injury. Journal Of Neuroscience 2023, 44: e1670222023. PMID: 37963762, PMCID: PMC10851682, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1670-22.2023.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cord injuryRate-dependent depressionΑ-motor neuronsGlutamate transporter 1Dendritic spine dysgenesisCord injurySpine dysgenesisDevelopment of SCIMild contusion spinal cord injuryAstrocytic glutamate transporter 1Glial-specific glutamate transporterContusion spinal cord injuryTransporter 1Development of hyperreflexiaMonosynaptic H-reflexDendritic spine densityPre-injury levelSpinal reflex circuitsVentral spinal cordReflex hyperexcitabilityHyperexcitability disordersFunctional recoveryGlutamate clearanceH-reflexVentral hornGuidelines for neuroprognostication in adults with traumatic spinal cord injury
Mahanes D, Muehlschlegel S, Wartenberg K, Rajajee V, Alexander S, Busl K, Creutzfeldt C, Fontaine G, Hocker S, Hwang D, Kim K, Madzar D, Mainali S, Meixensberger J, Varelas P, Weimar C, Westermaier T, Sakowitz O. Guidelines for neuroprognostication in adults with traumatic spinal cord injury. Neurocritical Care 2023, 40: 415-437. PMID: 37957419, PMCID: PMC10959804, DOI: 10.1007/s12028-023-01845-8.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchSpinal cord injuryTraumatic spinal cord injuryCord injuryFunctional outcomeRecommendations AssessmentIndependent ambulationClinical variablesAmerican Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) grade conversionBest practice recommendationsPractice recommendationsReliable predictorCandidate clinical variablesPatient-centered prioritiesClinical prediction ruleQuality of evidenceLow-quality studiesGuideline development processAbility of cliniciansSeverity of injuryLong-term qualityFull-text reviewMagnetic resonance imagingTime of assessmentNarrative systematic reviewConclusionsThese guidelinesIncreased astrocytic GLT-1 expression in tripartite synapses is associated with SCI-induced hyperreflexia
Benson C, King J, Kauer S, Waxman S, Tan A. Increased astrocytic GLT-1 expression in tripartite synapses is associated with SCI-induced hyperreflexia. Journal Of Neurophysiology 2023, 130: 1358-1366. PMID: 37877184, PMCID: PMC10972632, DOI: 10.1152/jn.00234.2023.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cord injuryRate-dependent depressionTripartite synapsesGLT-1Astrocytic GLT-1 expressionChronic neurological complicationsGLT-1 expressionAstrocyte involvementChronic spasticityUninjured shamsNeurological complicationsNeuropathic painHyperexcitability disordersH-reflexPSD-95 proteinReactive astrocytesVentral hornCord injuryMuscle toneAstrocytes' roleSpinal cordSpinal circuitsSynaptic transmissionHyperreflexiaSpasticityAnatomical Diversity of the Adult Corticospinal Tract Revealed by Single-Cell Transcriptional Profiling
Golan N, Ehrlich D, Bonanno J, O'Brien R, Murillo M, Kauer S, Ravindra N, Van Dijk D, Cafferty W. Anatomical Diversity of the Adult Corticospinal Tract Revealed by Single-Cell Transcriptional Profiling. Journal Of Neuroscience 2023, 43: 7929-7945. PMID: 37748862, PMCID: PMC10669816, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0811-22.2023.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCorticospinal tract neuronsCorticospinal tractAdult corticospinal tractIrreversible functional deficitsCortical layer 2/3Lumbar spinal cordSpinal cord injuryLayer 5 neuronsClasses of neuronsMolecular heterogeneityAxon collateralizationTract neuronsCord injuryRetrograde labelingMotor pathwaysFemale miceFunctional deficitsLayer 2/3Primary axonsSpinal cordTerminal fieldsNeuron subtypesAdult tractTherapeutic interventionsSingle-cell RNA sequencingMachine learning to develop a predictive model of pressure injury in persons with spinal cord injury
Luther S, Thomason S, Sabharwal S, Finch D, McCart J, Toyinbo P, Bouayad L, Lapcevic W, Hahm B, Hauser R, Matheny M, Powell-Cope G. Machine learning to develop a predictive model of pressure injury in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2023, 61: 513-520. PMID: 37598263, DOI: 10.1038/s41393-023-00924-z.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPressure injuriesAmerican Spinal Cord Injury Association Impairment ScaleSCI/D CentersSpinal cord injury/diseaseReceiver-operating curve analysisNew pressure injuryModifiable risk factorsElectronic health record dataSCI/DSpinal cord injuryHealth record dataInjury/diseaseTwo-step logistic regressionLogistic regression modelsCohort studyRegression modelsStudy designACord injurySevere gradesRisk factorsImpairment ScaleHigh riskClinical implicationsTotal daysAnnual examSoluble Nogo-Receptor-Fc decoy (AXER-204) in patients with chronic cervical spinal cord injury in the USA: a first-in-human and randomised clinical trial
Maynard G, Kannan R, Liu J, Wang W, Lam T, Wang X, Adamson C, Hackett C, Schwab J, Liu C, Leslie D, Chen D, Marino R, Zafonte R, Flanders A, Block G, Smith E, Strittmatter S. Soluble Nogo-Receptor-Fc decoy (AXER-204) in patients with chronic cervical spinal cord injury in the USA: a first-in-human and randomised clinical trial. The Lancet Neurology 2023, 22: 672-684. PMID: 37479373, PMCID: PMC10410101, DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00215-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsUpper extremity motor scoreSpinal cord injuryChronic spinal cord injuryTreatment-related adverse eventsAdverse eventsDay 169Intrathecal dosesCord injuryClinical trialsAmerican Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) gradeCervical traumatic spinal cord injuryChronic cervical spinal cord injuryCommon treatment-related adverse eventsCervical spinal cord injurySevere spinal cord injuryTraumatic spinal cord injuryPost-hoc subgroup analysesPersistent neurological deficitsDouble-blind comparisonKey secondary objectiveNational InstituteOpen labelAdvancing Translational SciencesPlacebo groupNeurological deficitsRepeated intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells enhances recovery of motor function in a rat model with chronic spinal cord injury
Kurihara K, Sasaki M, Nagahama H, Obara H, Fukushi R, Hirota R, Yoshimoto M, Teramoto A, Kocsis J, Yamashita T, Honmou O. Repeated intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells enhances recovery of motor function in a rat model with chronic spinal cord injury. Brain Research 2023, 1817: 148484. PMID: 37442249, DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148484.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cord injuryInfusion of MSCsChronic spinal cord injuryMesenchymal stem cellsAxonal sproutingCord injuryHD-MSCsIntravenous infusionMotor functionVehicle groupWeek 6Single high-dose infusionInjection of MSCsChronic SCI ratsSingle MSC injectionGreater functional recoveryRat SCI modelSingle intravenous infusionHigh-dose infusionLimited treatment optionsGreater functional improvementSingle high doseHigh disease burdenVivo diffusion tensor imagingEx vivo diffusion tensor imaging
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