2025
Dynamic and Static Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Canonical Networks in Military and Civilian Populations with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and/or Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Dwulit A, Sun D, Haswell C, Hussain A, Dennis E, Wilde E, Newsome M, Tate D, Walker W, Abdallah C, Averill C, Blackford J, Olatunji B, King A, Liberzon I, Angstadt M, Rektor I, Říha P, Nečasová M, Fňašková M, Daniels J, Walter H, Manthey A, Sierk A, Olff M, van Zuiden M, Koch S, Veltman D, Frijiling J, Nawijn L, Jahanshad N, Thompson P, Morey R. Dynamic and Static Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Canonical Networks in Military and Civilian Populations with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and/or Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience And Neuroimaging 2025 PMID: 40840859, DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.08.002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMild traumatic brain injuryPosttraumatic stress disorderDynamic functional connectivityStatic resting-state functional connectivitySalience networkStatic functional connectivityTraumatic brain injuryCentral executiveStress disorderComorbid subjectsFunctional connectivityFunctional connectomeMild traumatic brain injury groupInteraction effects of diagnosisAnxiety-related effectsExternally focused statesInteraction of diagnosisCanonical resting state networksBrain injuryEffect of diagnosisInteraction effectsDefault modeControl subjectsMilitary veteransDiagnostic groupsMental, Physical, and Social Mediators of the Relationship Between Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Functional Impairment in U.S. Military Veterans
Meshberg-Cohen S, Ingram P, Cook J, Fischer I, Pietrzak R. Mental, Physical, and Social Mediators of the Relationship Between Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Functional Impairment in U.S. Military Veterans. Psychiatry 2025, ahead-of-print: 1-14. PMID: 40768645, DOI: 10.1080/00332747.2025.2528524.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMild traumatic brain injuryU.S. military veteransMilitary veteransTraumatic brain injurySomatic symptomsCognitive functionSample of U.S. military veteransSymptoms of major depressionNational Health and ResilienceScreening statusPosttraumatic stress disorderFunctional impairmentBrain injuryMajor depressionStress disorderGeneralized anxietyPsychiatric symptomsVeterans StudyPsychosocial functioningMulti-modal interventionMental functioningPsychosocial difficultiesVeteransPhysical functionInjury screening
2024
Genetic vulnerability and adverse mental health outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis of CENTER-TBI and TRACK-TBI cohorts
Kals M, Wilson L, Levey D, Parodi L, Steyerberg E, Richardson S, He F, Sun X, Jain S, Palotie A, Ripatti S, Rosand J, Manley G, Maas A, Stein M, Menon D, Consortium T, Ackerlund C, Adams H, Amrein K, Andelic N, Andreassen L, Anke A, Antoni A, Audibert G, Azouvi P, Azzolini M, Bartels R, Barzó P, Beauvais R, Beer R, Bellander B, Belli A, Benali H, Berardino M, Beretta L, Blaabjerg M, Bragge P, Brazinova A, Brinck V, Brooker J, Brorsson C, Buki A, Bullinger M, Cabeleira M, Caccioppola A, Calappi E, Calvi M, Cameron P, Lozano G, Carbonara M, Castaño-León A, Cavallo S, Chevallard G, Chieregato A, Citerio G, Clusmann H, Coburn M, Coles J, Cooper J, Correia M, Čović A, Curry N, Czeiter E, Czosnyka M, Dahyot-Fizelier C, Dark P, Dawes H, De Keyser V, Degos V, Della Corte F, Boogert H, Depreitere B, Đilvesi Đ, Dixit A, Donoghue E, Dreier J, Dulière G, Ercole A, Esser P, Ezer E, Fabricius M, Feigin V, Foks K, Frisvold S, Furmanov A, Gagliardo P, Galanaud D, Gantner D, Gao G, George P, Ghuysen A, Giga L, Glocker B, Golubović J, Gomez P, Gratz J, Gravesteijn B, Grossi F, Gruen R, Gupta D, Haagsma J, Haitsma I, Helbok R, Helseth E, Horton L, Huijben J, Hutchinson P, Jacobs B, Jankowski S, Jarrett M, Jiang J, Johnson F, Jones K, Karan M, Kolias A, Kompanje E, Kondziella D, Koskinen L, Kovács N, Kowark A, Lagares A, Lanyon L, Laureys S, Lecky F, Ledoux D, Lefering R, Legrand V, Lejeune A, Levi L, Lightfoot R, Lingsma H, Maegele M, Majdan M, Manara A, Maréchal H, Martino C, Mattern J, McFadyen C, McMahon C, Melegh B, Menovsky T, Mikolic A, Misset B, Muraleedharan V, Murray L, Negru A, Nelson D, Newcombe V, Nieboer D, Nyirádi J, Oresic M, Ortolano F, Otesile O, Parizel P, Payen J, Perera N, Perlbarg V, Persona P, Peul W, Piippo-Karjalainen A, Pirinen M, Pisica D, Ples H, Polinder S, Pomposo I, Posti J, Puybasset L, Rădoi A, Ragauskas A, Raj R, Rambadagalla M, Rehorčíková V, Helmrich I, Rhodes J, Richter S, Rocka S, Roe C, Roise O, Rosenfeld J, Rosenlund C, Rosenthal G, Rossaint R, Rossi S, Rueckert D, Rusnák M, Sahuquillo J, Sakowitz O, Sanchez-Porras R, Sandor J, Schäfer N, Schmidt S, Schoechl H, Schoonman G, Schou R, Schwendenwein E, Sewalt C, Singh R, Skandsen T, Smielewski P, Sorinola A, Stamatakis E, Stanworth S, Stevens R, Stewart W, Stocchetti N, Sundström N, Takala R, Tamás V, Tamosuitis T, Taylor M, Ao B, Tenovuo O, Theadom A, Thibaut A, Thomas M, Tibboel D, Timmers M, Tolias C, Trapani T, Tudora C, Unterberg A, Vajkoczy P, Valeinis E, Vallance S, Vámos Z, van der Jagt M, van der Naalt J, Van der Steen G, van Dijck J, van Erp I, van Essen T, Van Hecke W, van Heugten C, Van Praag D, van Veen E, van Wijk R, Vyvere T, Vargiolu A, Vega E, Velt K, Verheyden J, Vespa P, Vik A, Vilcinis R, Volovici V, von Steinbüchel N, Voormolen D, Vulekovic P, Whitehouse D, Wiegers E, Williams G, Wolf S, Yang Z, Ylén P, Younsi A, Zeiler F, Ziverte A, Zoerle T, Adeoye O, Badjatia N, Barber J, Bergin M, Boase K, Bodien Y, Chesnut R, Corrigan J, Crawford K, Diaz-Arrastia R, Dikmen S, Duhaime A, Ellenbogen R, Feeser V, Ferguson A, Foreman B, Gaudette E, Giacino J, Gonzalez L, Gopinath S, Grandhi R, Gullapalli R, Hemphill C, Hotz G, Huie R, Jha R, Keene D, Kitagawa R, Korley F, Kramer J, Kreitzer N, Levin H, Lindsell C, Machamer J, Madden C, Martin A, McAllister T, McCrea M, Merchant R, Mukherjee P, Nelson L, Ngwenya L, Noel F, Nolan A, Okonkwo D, Palacios E, Perl D, Puccio A, Rabinowitz M, Robertson C, Rodgers R, Rosenthal E, Sander A, Sandsmark D, Schneider A, Schnyer D, Seabury S, Sherer M, Sugar G, Temkin N, Toga A, Torres-Espin A, Valadka A, Vassar M, Wang K, Wang V, Yue J, Yuh E, Zafonte R. Genetic vulnerability and adverse mental health outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis of CENTER-TBI and TRACK-TBI cohorts. EClinicalMedicine 2024, 78: 102956. PMID: 39720422, PMCID: PMC11667043, DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102956.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchPost-traumatic stress disorderMild traumatic brain injuryPolygenic risk scoresPTSD-PRSMDD-PRSTraumatic brain injuryTRACK-TBIProportion of outcome variancePost-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5Odds of post-traumatic stress disorderAdverse mental health outcomesAssociations of polygenic risk scoresBrain injuryPatient Health Questionnaire-9Mental health outcomesOdds ratioMonths post-injuryRisk of depressionDisorder-specificDepressive disorderStress disorderChecklist-5Genetic vulnerabilityOutcome varianceCohort of African AmericansMild Traumatic Brain Injury in U.S. Military Veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study
Meshberg-Cohen S, Cook J, Fischer I, Pietrzak R. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in U.S. Military Veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Psychiatry 2024, 87: 314-328. PMID: 39186319, DOI: 10.1080/00332747.2024.2392226.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMild traumatic brain injuryNational Health and ResilienceU.S. military veteransPsychosocial functioningTraumatic brain injuryVeterans StudyMilitary veteransCurrent posttraumatic stress disorderOutcomes of mild traumatic brain injuryLifetime psychiatric conditionsGeneralized anxiety disorderComorbid psychiatric diagnosesPosttraumatic stress disorderPoor psychosocial functioningMild traumatic brain injury eventDrug use disordersBrain injuryPrevention of disabilityAssociated with increased oddsAnxiety disordersDepressive disorderStress disorderPsychiatric diagnosisMTBI symptomsPsychiatric characteristicsThe Impact of Non-Pain Factors on Pain Interference Among U.S. Service Members and Veterans with Symptoms of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Kennedy E, Manhapra A, Miles S, Martindale S, Rowland J, Mobasher H, Myers M, Panahi S, Walker W, Pugh M. The Impact of Non-Pain Factors on Pain Interference Among U.S. Service Members and Veterans with Symptoms of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal Of Neurotrauma 2024, 42: 1621-1630. PMID: 38907690, DOI: 10.1089/neu.2024.0126.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchPredictors of pain interferencePain interferenceMild traumatic brain injuryTraumatic brain injuryU.S. service membersPain intensityAssociated with pain interferenceAssociated with functional limitationsService membersRates of traumatic brain injuryPain interference scoresPain intensity scoresHistory of traumatic brain injuryProspective longitudinal observational studyNon-pain symptomsTraumatic brain injury historyLongitudinal observational studyHolistic treatment approachSymptoms of mild traumatic brain injuryBrain injuryFunctional limitationsPain scoresChronic painIdentifying fatigueTargeting comorbiditiesDynamic Functional Network Connectivity Clustering and Harmonization Evaluation Metric
Bostami B, Lewis N, Vergara V, van der Horn H, van der Naalt J, Calhoun V. Dynamic Functional Network Connectivity Clustering and Harmonization Evaluation Metric. Annual International Conference Of The IEEE Engineering In Medicine And Biology Society (EMBC) 2024, 00: 1-4. PMID: 40039268, DOI: 10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782621.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2023
Dynamic phase-locking states and personality in sub-acute mild traumatic brain injury: An exploratory study
van der Horn H, de Koning M, Visser K, Kok M, Spikman J, Scheenen M, Renken R, Calhoun V, Vergara V, Cabral J, Mayer A, van der Naalt J. Dynamic phase-locking states and personality in sub-acute mild traumatic brain injury: An exploratory study. PLOS ONE 2023, 18: e0295984. PMID: 38100479, PMCID: PMC10723684, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295984.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMild traumatic brain injuryDynamic functional network connectivityTraumatic brain injurySymptom severityEmotional instabilityAssociated with lower symptom severityMild traumatic brain injury patientsHead Injury Symptom ChecklistHealthy controlsPatients relative to HCMaladaptive personality characteristicsDefault mode networkTract-based spatial statisticsLower symptom severityBrain injuryPosterior corona radiataFunctional network connectivityPost-injuryMonths post-injuryLow extraversionHigh neuroticismSuperordinate factorDiffusion MRINeural underpinningsPersonality dimensionsRole of Deployment History on the Association Between Epilepsy and Traumatic Brain Injury in Post–9/11 Era US Veterans
Henion A, Wang C, Amuan M, Altalib H, Towne A, Hinds S, Baca C, LaFrance W, Van Cott A, Kean J, Roghani A, Kennedy E, Panahi S, Pugh M. Role of Deployment History on the Association Between Epilepsy and Traumatic Brain Injury in Post–9/11 Era US Veterans. Neurology 2023, 101: e2571-e2584. PMID: 38030395, PMCID: PMC10791059, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207943.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTraumatic brain injuryDeployed veteransNondeployed veteransHigher oddsNeurologic conditionsBrain injuryEpilepsy impactDeployment-related traumatic brain injurySevere traumatic brain injuryEpilepsy risk factorsMild traumatic brain injuryVeterans Health AdministrationYears of careDeployment-related exposuresService membersService-connected disabilityHistory of deploymentHealthy warrior effectLogistic regression modelsDeployment historyMilitary service membersEpilepsy preventionICD-9/10TBI exposureAntiseizure medicationsExtracting functional connectivity brain networks at the resting state from pulsed arterial spin labeling data
Wiseman N, Iraji A, Haacke E, Calhoun V, Kou Z. Extracting functional connectivity brain networks at the resting state from pulsed arterial spin labeling data. Meta-Radiology 2023, 1: 100023. PMID: 38298860, PMCID: PMC10830167, DOI: 10.1016/j.metrad.2023.100023.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchDefault mode networkMild traumatic brain injuryBrain networksRsfMRI dataFunctional connectivity brain networksResting state networksArterial spin labelingMild traumatic brain injury patientsResting state functional magnetic resonance imagingFunctional magnetic resonance imagingHealthy controlsFunctional connectivity informationBlood oxygen levelTraumatic brain injuryBOLD signalMode networkFunctional connectivitySpin labelingBlood flow changesMagnetic resonance imagingNeuronal activityResponse to activationPulsed ASLBOLDRetrospective study
2022
Tau PET following acute TBI: Off-target binding to blood products, tauopathy, or both?
Butler T, Chiang G, Niogi S, Wang X, Skudin C, Tanzi E, Wickramasuriya N, Spiegel J, Maloney T, Pahlajani S, Zhou L, Morim S, Rusinek H, Normandin M, Dyke J, Fung E, Li Y, Glodzik L, Razlighi Q, Shah S, de Leon M. Tau PET following acute TBI: Off-target binding to blood products, tauopathy, or both? Frontiers In Neuroimaging 2022, 1: 958558. PMID: 36876118, PMCID: PMC9979975, DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2022.958558.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchBlood-Based Biomarkers of Repetitive, Subconcussive Blast Overpressure Exposure in the Training Environment: A Pilot Study
Agoston D, McCullough J, Aniceto R, Lin I, Kamnaksh A, Eklund M, Graves W, Dunbar C, Engall J, Schneider E, Leonessa F, Duckworth J. Blood-Based Biomarkers of Repetitive, Subconcussive Blast Overpressure Exposure in the Training Environment: A Pilot Study. Neurotrauma Reports 2022, 3: 479-490. PMID: 36337080, PMCID: PMC9634979, DOI: 10.1089/neur.2022.0029.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchTraumatic brain injuryMatrix metalloprotease-9Serum levelsClaudin-5Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1Pilot studyUnknown long-term effectsElevated autoantibody titersGlial fibrillary acidic proteinMild traumatic brain injuryElevated serum levelsBlood-based biomarkersAlpha 7 subunitChronic degenerative processMolecular changesFibrillary acidic proteinBlast overpressure exposureAutoantibody titersAutoimmune processVascular changesElevated titersBrain injuryLong-term effectsBlood samplesMetalloprotease-9
2021
The Military Injuries: Understanding Post-Traumatic Epilepsy Study: Understanding Relationships among Lifetime Traumatic Brain Injury History, Epilepsy, and Quality of Life
Pugh MJ, Kennedy E, Gugger JJ, Mayo J, Tate D, Swan A, Kean J, Altalib H, Gowda S, Towne A, Hinds S, Van Cott A, Lopez MR, Jaramillo CA, Eapen BC, McCafferty RR, Salinsky M, Cramer J, McMillan KK, Kalvesmaki A, Diaz-Arrastia R, Amuan M, Henion A, Padilla S, McCafferty M, Elizondo B, Wells M. The Military Injuries: Understanding Post-Traumatic Epilepsy Study: Understanding Relationships among Lifetime Traumatic Brain Injury History, Epilepsy, and Quality of Life. Journal Of Neurotrauma 2021, 38: 2841-2850. PMID: 34353118, PMCID: PMC8820288, DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0015.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTraumatic brain injuryPost-traumatic epilepsyHistory of TBIQuality of lifeEvidence of TBILifetime traumatic brain injuryMild traumatic brain injuryHealth recordsHealth-related qualityVA medical recordsWorse physical functioningPopulation-based assessmentVeterans Health AdministrationHealth record dataTraumatic brain injury historyBrain injury historyComplex comorbiditiesMedical recordsBrain injuryPhysical functioningTBI severityInjury historyEpilepsyHealth AdministrationEpilepsy studies
2020
Chronic head injury promotes tau and amyloid‐beta pathology and accelerates cognitive decline in a humanized knock‐in model of Alzheimer's disease
Chiasseu M, Fesharaki A, Saito T, Saido T, Strittmatter S. Chronic head injury promotes tau and amyloid‐beta pathology and accelerates cognitive decline in a humanized knock‐in model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2020, 16 DOI: 10.1002/alz.047623.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMild traumatic brain injuryChronic head injuryHead injuryMorris water maze testAmyloid-beta pathologyAccumulation of amyloidAge-matched miceWater maze testTraumatic brain injuryNovel object recognitionProtein gene mutationsEnvironmental risk factorsAlzheimer's disease symptomsIba1 expressionCortical AβAlzheimer pathologyPhospho-tauClinical manifestationsAD pathologyCortical impactorAD pathogenesisRisk factorsBrain injuryApp NLMaze testAdapting two American Decision Aids for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury to the Canadian Context Using the Nominal Group Technique
Ghandour E, Lelaidier Hould L, Fortier F, Gélinas V, Melnick E, Hess E, Lang E, Gravel J, Perry J, Le Sage N, Truchon C, LeBlanc A, Dubrovsky A, Gagnon M, Ouellet M, Gagnon I, McKenna S, Légaré F, Sauvé L, van de Belt T, Kavanagh É, Paquette L, Verrette A, Plante P, Riopelle R, Archambault P. Adapting two American Decision Aids for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury to the Canadian Context Using the Nominal Group Technique. The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research 2020, 13: 729-743. PMID: 33078377, DOI: 10.1007/s40271-020-00459-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHead CT useMild traumatic brain injuryDecision aidTraumatic brain injuryCT useQualitative thematic content analysisTarget populationResultsTwenty-one participantsPatient-focused toolEmergency medicine expertsHead CT utilizationThematic content analysisPaediatric mild traumatic brain injuryNominal group techniqueCanadian contextCT scan useBrain injuryEmergency department patientsPatient follow-up plansFollow-up planBackgroundDecision aidsPatient partnersCanadian stakeholdersClinician-researchersDepartment patientsGene-environment interaction promotes Alzheimer's risk as revealed by synergy of repeated mild traumatic brain injury and mouse App knock-in
Chiasseu M, Fesharaki-Zadeh A, Saito T, Saido TC, Strittmatter SM. Gene-environment interaction promotes Alzheimer's risk as revealed by synergy of repeated mild traumatic brain injury and mouse App knock-in. Neurobiology Of Disease 2020, 145: 105059. PMID: 32858147, PMCID: PMC7572902, DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105059.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMild traumatic brain injuryTraumatic brain injuryAlzheimer's diseaseBrain injuryGene-environment interactionsMild closed head injuryMorris water maze testAge-matched wild-type controlsStrong unmet needAccumulation of amyloidAge-matched miceClosed head injuryWater maze testNovel object recognitionPersistent cognitive deficitsProtein gene mutationsIba1 expressionWild-type controlsPhospho-tauClinical manifestationsAD pathologyAD symptomsHead injuryAD pathogenesisRisk factors
2019
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Brief Overview
Fesharaki-Zadeh A. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Brief Overview. Frontiers In Neurology 2019, 10: 713. PMID: 31333567, PMCID: PMC6616127, DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00713.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchChronic traumatic encephalopathyTraumatic brain injuryRepetitive mild traumatic brain injuryPost-traumatic brain injuryMild traumatic brain injuryPeri-vascular regionsRisk factor genesAmerican football playersTraumatic encephalopathyAPOE4 carriersSubtle presentationBrain injuryTBI treatmentTeam physiciansNeuropathological signatureNeuropsychiatric assessmentPhosphorylated tauCognitive impairmentCombat settingNeurodegenerative diseasesDiseaseMilitary veteransDistinct phenotypesSubtypesFootball playersChapter 4 Defining Cure
Slade M, Hoffer M. Chapter 4 Defining Cure. 2019, 49-52. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812344-7.00004-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMild traumatic brain injuryBrain injury
2016
Comparison of blast-exposed OEF/OIF veterans with and without a history of TBI symptoms on a brief computerized neuropsychological battery
Kalkstein S, Scott JC, Biester R, Brownlow JA, Harpaz-Rotem I, Gur RC. Comparison of blast-exposed OEF/OIF veterans with and without a history of TBI symptoms on a brief computerized neuropsychological battery. Applied Neuropsychology Adult 2016, 24: 92-97. PMID: 27045712, DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2015.1119693.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsComputerized neuropsychological batteryPosttraumatic stress disorderNeuropsychological batteryBlast-related mild TBIOEF/OIF veteransMild TBISlower processing speedSpeed-accuracy tradeoffMild traumatic brain injuryBlast-exposed veteransLarge effect sizesComputerized batterySustained attentionTraumatic brain injuryNeurocognitive performanceStress disorderProcessing speedMTBI groupOIF veteransNeurocognitive testingTBI symptomsAccuracy scoresImprovised Explosive DevicesEffect sizeBlast exposure
2015
Subjective sleep quality and postconcussion symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury
Towns S, Silva M, Belanger H. Subjective sleep quality and postconcussion symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 2015, 29: 1337-1341. PMID: 26288022, DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1045030.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHistory of mild traumatic brain injuryMild traumatic brain injurySubjective sleep qualityNeurobehavioral Symptom InventoryPostconcussive symptomsPsychological distressTraumatic brain injuryPittsburgh Sleep Quality IndexSleep qualityBrief Symptom Inventory-18Postconcussive symptom severityPsychological distress variablesBrain injuryPoor subjective sleep qualityPoorer subjective sleepBSI-18Symptom InventoryDistress variablesSleep Quality IndexSubjective sleepPoor sleepDistressDemographic variablesSleepSymptomsNeuropathology of Traumatic Brain Injury: Comparison of Penetrating, Nonpenetrating Direct Impact and Explosive Blast Etiologies
de Lanerolle NC, Kim JH, Bandak FA. Neuropathology of Traumatic Brain Injury: Comparison of Penetrating, Nonpenetrating Direct Impact and Explosive Blast Etiologies. Seminars In Neurology 2015, 35: 012-019. PMID: 25714863, DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1544240.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsClosed head injuryTraumatic brain injuryDiffuse axonal injuryAxonal injuryMild TBIHead injuryBrain injurySevere closed head injuryModerate traumatic brain injuryModerate closed head injuryMild traumatic brain injuryAnimal TBI modelsMicroglial activationNeuronal injuryTBI modelCerebral vasculatureInjuryNeuropathologyGross disruptionHuman brainBlunt impactUnique patternHumansActivationAstrocytes
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