Bexarotene Enhances Macrophage Erythrophagocytosis and Hematoma Clearance in Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Chang CF, Massey J, Osherov A, Angenendt da Costa LH, Sansing LH. Bexarotene Enhances Macrophage Erythrophagocytosis and Hematoma Clearance in Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2019, 51: 612-618. PMID: 31826730, PMCID: PMC7135897, DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.027037.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntracerebral hemorrhageBexarotene treatmentFunctional recoveryHematoma clearanceRetinoid X receptor agonistExperimental intracerebral hemorrhageX receptor agonistMacrophage TNF productionMarrow-derived macrophagesNeurological recoveryNeurobehavioral recoveryNeurological deficitsAutologous bloodBrain recoveryHematoma volumeReceptor agonistTherapeutic effectMacrophage expressionTNF productionMouse modelVivo phagocytosisMacrophage phenotypeFlow cytometryHistological analysisErythrocyte metabolitesTransforming growth factor-β promotes basement membrane fibrosis, alters perivascular cerebrospinal fluid distribution, and worsens neurological recovery in the aged brain after stroke
Howe MD, Furr JW, Munshi Y, Roy-O’Reilly M, Maniskas ME, Koellhoffer EC, d’Aigle J, Sansing LH, McCullough LD, Urayama A. Transforming growth factor-β promotes basement membrane fibrosis, alters perivascular cerebrospinal fluid distribution, and worsens neurological recovery in the aged brain after stroke. GeroScience 2019, 41: 543-559. PMID: 31721012, PMCID: PMC6885082, DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00118-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPoor functional recoveryFunctional recoveryExperimental strokeAstrocyte activationStroke patientsAged brainCultured astrocytesSerum TGF-β levelsTGF-β receptor inhibitionPotential new treatment strategyGlial scar developmentElderly stroke patientsTGF-β levelsPoor functional outcomeOxygen-glucose deprivationCerebrospinal fluid distributionNew treatment strategiesPrimary cultured astrocytesExogenous TGF-β stimulationBasement membraneTGF-β stimulationNeurological recoveryElderly patientsSerum levelsFunctional outcome