2024
Genetic analysis of psychosis Biotypes: shared Ancestry-adjusted polygenic risk and unique genomic associations
Xia C, Alliey-Rodriguez N, Tamminga C, Keshavan M, Pearlson G, Keedy S, Clementz B, McDowell J, Parker D, Lencer R, Hill S, Bishop J, Ivleva E, Wen C, Dai R, Chen C, Liu C, Gershon E. Genetic analysis of psychosis Biotypes: shared Ancestry-adjusted polygenic risk and unique genomic associations. Molecular Psychiatry 2024, 30: 2673-2685. PMID: 39709506, PMCID: PMC12092190, DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02876-z.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchTranscriptome-wide association studyPolygenic risk scoresNeural cell adhesion molecule 1Genomic associationsGenetically regulated expressionPolygenic risk score analysisMendelian randomizationGenotype principal componentsNeurite out-growthGenomic analysisAssociation studiesSchizophrenia polygenic risk scoresAssociation analysisNCAM signalingBiological pathwaysGenesIntermediate phenotypesBiotypesPolygenic riskCell adhesion molecule 1Bipolar-Schizophrenia NetworkDiagnosis of schizophreniaOut-growthRisk scoreBiological investigationsChildhood maltreatment and health in the UK Biobank: triangulation of outcome-wide and polygenic risk score analyses
Espinosa Dice A, Lawn R, Ratanatharathorn A, Roberts A, Denckla C, Kim A, de la Rosa P, Zhu Y, VanderWeele T, Koenen K. Childhood maltreatment and health in the UK Biobank: triangulation of outcome-wide and polygenic risk score analyses. BMC Medicine 2024, 22: 135. PMID: 38523269, PMCID: PMC10962116, DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03360-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsOutcome-wide analysisUK BiobankBias due to unmeasured confoundingPolygenic risk score analysisPolygenic risk scoresPhysical health outcomesLower household incomeDirection of associationImprove causal inferenceRisk score analysisHearing difficultiesHealth behaviorsHealth outcomesHealth themesUnmeasured confoundersSocioeconomic statusDiastolic blood pressureAnalytic sampleTriangulation studySources of biasHousehold incomeRisk scoreTriangulation designChildhood maltreatmentGeneralized linear model
2023
Genetic associations with longevity are on average stronger in females than in males
Zeng Y, Chen H, Liu X, Song Z, Yao Y, Lei X, Lv X, Cheng L, Chen Z, Bai C, Yin Z, Lv Y, Lu J, Li J, Land K, Yashin A, O'Rand A, Sun L, Yang Z, Tao W, Gu J, Gottschalk W, Tan Q, Christensen K, Hesketh T, Tian X, Yang H, Egidi V, Caselli G, Robine J, Wang H, Shi X, Vaupel J, Lutz M, Nie C, Min J. Genetic associations with longevity are on average stronger in females than in males. Heliyon 2023, 10: e23691. PMID: 38192771, PMCID: PMC10772631, DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23691.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchGenome-wide complex trait analysisGenome-wide association study datasetGenetic associationSex-specific genetic variantsSex-specific genesGenetic variantsComplex trait analysisReplication analysisPolygenic risk score analysisIndividual genesGenetic datasetsCandidate genesBiological functionsTrait analysisRisk score analysisGenesMiddle-age controlsLongevityIndependent datasetsLongevity StudyUnderlying mechanismGWASFuture investigationsVariantsSNPsGenome-wide association study of antisocial personality disorder diagnostic criteria provides evidence for shared risk factors across disorders
Li W, Zhou H, Thygesen J, Heydtmann M, Smith I, Degenhardt F, Nöthen M, Morgan M, Kranzler H, Gelernter J, Bass N, McQuillin A. Genome-wide association study of antisocial personality disorder diagnostic criteria provides evidence for shared risk factors across disorders. Psychiatric Genetics 2023, 33: 233-242. PMID: 37756443, PMCID: PMC10635348, DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000352.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAntisocial personality disorderAttention deficit hyperactivity disorderSubstance use disordersPosttraumatic stress disorderGenome-wide association studiesDeficit hyperactivity disorderDisorder diagnostic criteriaRisk factorsFrontal cortexDiagnostic criteriaUse disordersRisk score analysisAnterior cingulateAlcohol-dependent participantsPsychiatric conditionsSignificant associationBrain regionsPersonality disorder diagnostic criteriaStress disorderAnxiety disordersASPD criteriaHyperactivity disorderPolygenic risk score analysisPersonality disorderScore analysisAdjusting for population stratification in polygenic risk score analyses: a guide for model specifications in the UK Biobank
Lin B, Pries L, van Os J, Luykx J, Rutten B, Guloksuz S. Adjusting for population stratification in polygenic risk score analyses: a guide for model specifications in the UK Biobank. Journal Of Human Genetics 2023, 68: 653-656. PMID: 37188914, DOI: 10.1038/s10038-023-01161-1.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRisk score analysisPolygenic risk score analysisScore analysisUK BiobankMental health outcomesMost outcomesHealth outcomesContinuous outcomesIdentification of Novel, Replicable Genetic Risk Loci for Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among US Military Veterans
Kimbrel N, Ashley-Koch A, Qin X, Lindquist J, Garrett M, Dennis M, Hair L, Huffman J, Jacobson D, Madduri R, Trafton J, Coon H, Docherty A, Mullins N, Ruderfer D, Harvey P, McMahon B, Oslin D, Beckham J, Hauser E, Hauser M, Agarwal K, Ashley-Koch A, Aslan M, Beckham J, Begoli E, Bhattacharya T, Brown B, Calhoun P, Cheung K, Choudhury S, Cliff A, Cohn J, Crivelli S, Cuellar-Hengartner L, Deangelis H, Dennis M, Dhaubhadel S, Finley P, Ganguly K, Garvin M, Gelernter J, Hair L, Harvey P, Hauser E, Hauser M, Hengartner N, Jacobson D, Jones P, Kainer D, Kaplan A, Katz I, Kember R, Kimbrel N, Kirby A, Ko J, Kolade B, Lagergren J, Lane M, Levey D, Levin D, Lindquist J, Liu X, Madduri R, Manore C, Martins S, McCarthy J, McDevitt-Cashman M, McMahon B, Miller I, Morrow D, Oslin D, Pavicic-Venegas M, Pestian J, Pyarajan S, Qin X, Rajeevan N, Ramsey C, Ribeiro R, Rodriguez A, Romero J, Santel D, Schaefferkoetter N, Shi Y, Stein M, Sullivan K, Sun N, Tamang S, Townsend A, Trafton J, Walker A, Wang X, Wangia-Anderson V, Yang R, Yoon H, Yoo S, Zamora-Resendiz R, Zhao H, Docherty A, Mullins N, Coleman J, Shabalin A, Kang J, Murnyak B, Wendt F, Adams M, Campos A, DiBlasi E, Fullerton J, Kranzler H, Bakian A, Monson E, Rentería M, Andreassen O, Bulik C, Edenberg H, Kessler R, Mann J, Nurnberger J, Pistis G, Streit F, Ursano R, Awasthi S, Bergen A, Berrettini W, Bohus M, Brandt H, Chang X, Chen H, Chen W, Christensen E, Crawford S, Crow S, Duriez P, Edwards A, Fernández-Aranda F, Fichter M, Galfalvy H, Gallinger S, Gandal M, Gorwood P, Guo Y, Hafferty J, Hakonarson H, Halmi K, Hishimoto A, Jain S, Jamain S, Jiménez-Murcia S, Johnson C, Kaplan A, Kaye W, Keel P, Kennedy J, Kim M, Klump K, Levey D, Li D, Liao S, Lieb K, Lilenfeld L, Lori A, Magistretti P, Marshall C, Mitchell J, Myers R, Okazaki S, Otsuka I, Pinto D, Powers A, Ramoz N, Ripke S, Roepke S, Rozanov V, Scherer S, Schmahl C, Sokolowski M, Starnawska A, Strober M, Su M, Thornton L, Treasure J, Ware E, Watson H, Witt S, Woodside D, Yilmaz Z, Zillich L, Agerbo E, Børglum A, Breen G, Demontis D, Erlangsen A, Esko T, Gelernter J, Glatt S, Hougaard D, Hwu H, Kuo P, Lewis C, Li Q, Liu C, Martin N, McIntosh A, Medland S, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Nurnberger J, Olsen C, Porteous D, Smith D, Stahl E, Stein M, Wasserman D, Werge T, Whiteman D, Willour V, Coon H, Ruderfer D, Dedert E, Elbogen E, Fairbank J, Hurley R, Kilts J, Martindale S, Marx C, McDonald S, Moore S, Morey R, Naylor J, Rowland J, Shura R, Swinkels C, Tupler L, Van Voorhees E, Yoash-Gantz R, Gaziano J, Muralidhar S, Ramoni R, Chang K, O’Donnell C, Tsao P, Breeling J, Hauser E, Sun Y, Huang G, Casas J, Moser J, Whitbourne S, Brewer J, Conner T, Argyres D, Stephens B, Brophy M, Humphries D, Selva L, Do N, Shayan S, Cho K, Churby L, Wilson P, McArdle R, Dellitalia L, Mattocks K, Harley J, Whittle J, Jacono F, Wells J, Gutierrez S, Gibson G, Hammer K, Kaminsky L, Villareal G, Kinlay S, Xu J, Hamner M, Mathew R, Bhushan S, Iruvanti P, Godschalk M, Ballas Z, Ivins D, Mastorides S, Moorman J, Gappy S, Klein J, Ratcliffe N, Florez H, Okusaga O, Murdoch M, Sriram P, Yeh S, Tandon N, Jhala D, Liangpunsakul S, Oursler K, Whooley M, Ahuja S, Constans J, Meyer P, Greco J, Rauchman M, Servatius R, Gaddy M, Wallbom A, Morgan T, Stapley T, Sherman S, Ross G, Strollo P, Boyko E, Meyer L, Gupta S, Huq M, Fayad J, Hung A, Lichy J, Hurley R, Robey B, Striker R. Identification of Novel, Replicable Genetic Risk Loci for Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among US Military Veterans. JAMA Psychiatry 2023, 80: 135-145. PMID: 36515925, PMCID: PMC9857322, DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3896.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMolecular genetic basisRisk lociSingle nucleotide variantsGWS lociGenetic basisGenomic risk lociRisk genesGenome-wide association studiesSignificant enrichmentGene-based analysisGenetic risk lociCandidate risk genesCyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalingIdentification of novelPolygenic risk score analysisGene clusterFocal adhesionsGenetic substructureUbiquitination processChromosome 2Enrichment analysisAssociation studiesAxon guidanceAfrican ancestryNCAM1-TTC12
2022
Genome-wide association study in individuals of European and African ancestry and multi-trait analysis of opioid use disorder identifies 19 independent genome-wide significant risk loci
Deak JD, Zhou H, Galimberti M, Levey DF, Wendt FR, Sanchez-Roige S, Hatoum AS, Johnson EC, Nunez YZ, Demontis D, Børglum AD, Rajagopal VM, Jennings MV, Kember RL, Justice AC, Edenberg HJ, Agrawal A, Polimanti R, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J. Genome-wide association study in individuals of European and African ancestry and multi-trait analysis of opioid use disorder identifies 19 independent genome-wide significant risk loci. Molecular Psychiatry 2022, 27: 3970-3979. PMID: 35879402, PMCID: PMC9718667, DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01709-1.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGenome-wide association studiesGenome-wide significant risk lociAssociation studiesVariant associationsLarge-scale genome-wide association studiesGenetic correlationsSignificant risk lociPsychiatric Genomics ConsortiumMulti-trait analysisPolygenic risk score analysisSingle-variant associationsGWS lociGenetic architectureIndividuals of EuropeanGWS associationsRisk lociGene regionGenomics ConsortiumMillion Veteran ProgramSusceptibility lociAfrican ancestryLociRisk score analysisGenetic informativenessSNPs one
2020
Genome-wide meta-analysis of problematic alcohol use in 435,563 individuals yields insights into biology and relationships with other traits
Zhou H, Sealock JM, Sanchez-Roige S, Clarke TK, Levey DF, Cheng Z, Li B, Polimanti R, Kember RL, Smith RV, Thygesen JH, Morgan MY, Atkinson SR, Thursz MR, Nyegaard M, Mattheisen M, Børglum AD, Johnson EC, Justice AC, Palmer AA, McQuillin A, Davis LK, Edenberg HJ, Agrawal A, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J. Genome-wide meta-analysis of problematic alcohol use in 435,563 individuals yields insights into biology and relationships with other traits. Nature Neuroscience 2020, 23: 809-818. PMID: 32451486, PMCID: PMC7485556, DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0643-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRegulatory genomic regionsGenome-wide association studiesNovel risk lociEuropean ancestry individualsPolygenic risk score analysisIndependent risk variantsGenetic architectureGenomic regionsRisk lociAssociation studiesGenetic relationshipsRisk genesGenetic correlationsPsychiatric traitsRisk variantsRisk score analysisTraitsGenetic heritabilityYields insightsBiobank samplesMendelian randomizationGenesLociBiologyHeritabilityMultiple Polygenic Risk Score Analysis Reveals Genetic Contributions to Psychiatric Traits in Research and Electronic Health Records Data
Biernacka J, Moscati A, Coombes B, Charney A, Huckins L, McElroy S, Frye M, Stahl E. Multiple Polygenic Risk Score Analysis Reveals Genetic Contributions to Psychiatric Traits in Research and Electronic Health Records Data. Biological Psychiatry 2020, 87: s69. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.197.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchPolygenic risk score analysisRisk score analysisPsychiatric traitsRecord dataGenetic contributionScore analysisPsychiatricGenome-Wide Association Study of Susceptibility to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Allen RJ, Guillen-Guio B, Oldham JM, Ma SF, Dressen A, Paynton ML, Kraven LM, Obeidat M, Li X, Ng M, Braybrooke R, Molina-Molina M, Hobbs BD, Putman RK, Sakornsakolpat P, Booth HL, Fahy WA, Hart SP, Hill MR, Hirani N, Hubbard RB, McAnulty RJ, Millar AB, Navaratnam V, Oballa E, Parfrey H, Saini G, Whyte MKB, Zhang Y, Kaminski N, Adegunsoye A, Strek ME, Neighbors M, Sheng XR, Gudmundsson G, Gudnason V, Hatabu H, Lederer DJ, Manichaikul A, Newell JD, O’Connor G, Ortega VE, Xu H, Fingerlin TE, Bossé Y, Hao K, Joubert P, Nickle DC, Sin DD, Timens W, Furniss D, Morris AP, Zondervan KT, Hall IP, Sayers I, Tobin MD, Maher TM, Cho MH, Hunninghake GM, Schwartz DA, Yaspan BL, Molyneaux PL, Flores C, Noth I, Jenkins RG, Wain LV. Genome-Wide Association Study of Susceptibility to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2020, 201: 564-574. PMID: 31710517, PMCID: PMC7047454, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201905-1017oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedCase-Control StudiesCell Cycle ProteinsFemaleGene ExpressionGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansIdiopathic Pulmonary FibrosisIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsKinesinsMaleMiddle AgedRisk AssessmentSignal TransductionSpindle ApparatusTOR Serine-Threonine KinasesConceptsGenome-wide association studiesAssociation studiesIPF susceptibilityNew genome-wide significant signalsGenome-wide significant signalsGenome-wide analysisCell-cell adhesionLarge genome-wide association studiesImportance of mTORPolygenic risk score analysisTelomere maintenanceCausal genesFunctional analysisSusceptibility variantsRisk score analysisMultiple pathwaysGenetic associationGenesHost defensePolygenic risk scoresIndependent studiesPossible roleExpression associatesSignificant signalRecent studies
2018
Genome‐wide association study of cognitive flexibility assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Zhang H, Zhou H, Lencz T, Farrer LA, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J. Genome‐wide association study of cognitive flexibility assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. American Journal Of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics 2018, 177: 511-519. PMID: 30134085, PMCID: PMC6110090, DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32642.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGenome-wide association studiesSingle nucleotide polymorphismsAssociation studiesGenome-wide significant associationUbiquitin-specific peptidase 9Top single nucleotide polymorphismsComplex trait analysisEnriched gene setsPolygenic risk score analysisCommon single nucleotide polymorphismsGWS associationsSame effect directionGene setsPopulation variationProtein degradationNongenetic factorsTrait analysisChromosome 15Genetic correlationsRisk score analysisNucleotide polymorphismsEffect directionEuropean-American subjectsGenetic factorsBrain developmentLocal adaptation in European populations affected the genetics of psychiatric disorders and behavioral traits
Polimanti R, Kayser MH, Gelernter J. Local adaptation in European populations affected the genetics of psychiatric disorders and behavioral traits. Genome Medicine 2018, 10: 24. PMID: 29580271, PMCID: PMC5870256, DOI: 10.1186/s13073-018-0532-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLocal adaptationPathogen diversityEuropean populationsBehavioral traitsGenome-wide investigationGenome-wide dataPolygenic risk score analysisProtozoan diversityWinter minimum temperaturesGenetic diversityEvolutionary mechanismsPositive selectionWidespread signalMolecular mechanismsTop findingsRisk score analysisDiversityTraitsCommon variationBehavioral phenotypesAdaptationGeneticsPopulationPhenotypeMechanism
2017
A Genetic Investigation of Sex Bias in the Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Martin J, Walters R, Demontis D, Mattheisen M, Lee S, Robinson E, Brikell I, Ghirardi L, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, Eriksson N, Agee M, Alipanahi B, Auton A, Bell R, Bryc K, Elson S, Fontanillas P, Furlotte N, Hinds D, Hromatka B, Huber K, Kleinman A, Litterman N, McIntyre M, Mountain J, Northover C, Pitts S, Sathirapongsasuti J, Sazonova O, Shelton J, Shringarpure S, Tian C, Tung J, Vacic V, Wilson C, Albayrak Ö, Anney R, Vasquez A, Arranz M, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Banaschewski T, Bau C, Biederman J, Mortensen P, Børglum A, Buitelaar J, Casas M, Charach A, Cormand B, Crosbie J, Dalsgaard S, Daly M, Demontis D, Dempfle A, Doyle A, Ebstein R, Elia J, Faraone S, Faraone S, Föcker M, Franke B, Freitag C, Gelernter J, Gill M, Grevet E, Haavik J, Hakonarson H, Hawi Z, Hebebrand J, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Hervas A, Hinney A, Hohmann S, Holmans P, Hutz M, Ickowitz A, Johansson S, Kent L, Kittel-Schneider S, Kranzler H, Kuntsi J, Lambregts-Rommelse N, Langley K, Lehmkuhl G, Lesch K, Loo S, Martin J, McGough J, Medland S, Meyer J, Mick E, Middletion F, Miranda A, Mulas F, Mulligan A, Neale B, Nelson S, Nguyen T, O’Donovan M, Oades R, Owen M, Palmason H, Ramos-Quiroga J, Reif A, Renner T, Rhode L, Ribasés M, Rietschel M, Ripke S, Rivero O, Roeyers H, Romanos M, Romanos J, Mota N, Rothenberger A, Sánchez-Mora C, Schachar R, Schäfer H, Scherag A, Schimmelmann B, Sergeant J, Sinzig J, Smalley S, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen H, Sullivan P, Thapar A, Thompsom M, Todorov A, Waldman I, Walitza S, Walters R, Wang Y, Warnke A, Williams N, Witt S, Yang L, Zayats T, Zhang-James Y, Agerbo E, Als T, Bækved-Hansen M, Belliveau R, Børglum A, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Cerrato F, Chambert K, Churchhouse C, Dalsgaard S, Daly M, Demontis D, Dumont A, Goldstein J, Grove J, Hansen C, Hauberg M, Hollegaard M, Hougaard D, Howrigan D, Huang H, Maller J, Martin A, Martin J, Mattheisen M, Moran J, Mors O, Mortensen P, Neale B, Nordentoft M, Pallesen J, Palmer D, Pedersen C, Pedersen M, Poterba T, Poulsen J, Ripke S, Robinson E, Satterstrom F, Stevens C, Turley P, Walters R, Werge T, Werge T, Mortensen P, Pedersen M, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Hougaard D, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Wray N, Franke B, Faraone S, O’Donovan M, Thapar A, Børglum A, Neale B. A Genetic Investigation of Sex Bias in the Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2017, 83: 1044-1053. PMID: 29325848, PMCID: PMC5992329, DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.026.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchGenome-Wide Association Studies of a Broad Spectrum of Antisocial Behavior
Tielbeek JJ, Johansson A, Polderman TJC, Rautiainen MR, Jansen P, Taylor M, Tong X, Lu Q, Burt AS, Tiemeier H, Viding E, Plomin R, Martin NG, Heath AC, Madden PAF, Montgomery G, Beaver KM, Waldman I, Gelernter J, Kranzler HR, Farrer LA, Perry JRB, Munafò M, LoParo D, Paunio T, Tiihonen J, Mous SE, Pappa I, de Leeuw C, Watanabe K, Hammerschlag AR, Salvatore JE, Aliev F, Bigdeli TB, Dick D, Faraone SV, Popma A, Medland SE, Posthuma D. Genome-Wide Association Studies of a Broad Spectrum of Antisocial Behavior. JAMA Psychiatry 2017, 74: 1242-1250. PMID: 28979981, PMCID: PMC6309228, DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3069.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNovel genetic risk variantsSingle nucleotide polymorphism-based heritabilityGenome-wide association studiesGenome-wide association dataCausal genetic variantsGenome-wide genotypesPolygenic risk score analysisGenetic architectureGenetic risk variantsInverse genetic correlationPromising lociAssociation studiesBiological pathwaysPleiotropic associationsQuantitative phenotypesGenetic correlationsPsychiatric traitsAssociation dataGenetic effectsRisk variantsRisk score analysisGenetic variantsGenetic originDiscovery sampleTraitsGenomewide association studies of suicide attempts in US soldiers
Stein MB, Ware EB, Mitchell C, Chen C, Borja S, Cai T, Dempsey CL, Fullerton CS, Gelernter J, Heeringa SG, Jain S, Kessler RC, Naifeh JA, Nock MK, Ripke S, Sun X, Beckham JC, Kimbrel NA, VA Mid‐Atlantic Mental Illness Research E, Ursano RJ, Smoller JW. Genomewide association studies of suicide attempts in US soldiers. American Journal Of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics 2017, 174: 786-797. PMID: 28902444, PMCID: PMC5685938, DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32594.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSuicide attemptsPlausible susceptibility geneGlobal public health problemPeak SNPPolygenic risk score analysisPublic health problemGenomewide association studiesSignificant SNPsSignificant lociGenetic risk factorsLogistic regression modelsUS military personnelAncestral groupsAssociation studiesGenomewide associationRecent suicide attemptersSusceptibility genesRisk factorsAdrenal cortexCase-control sampleRisk score analysisAncestral subgroupsLarger sample sizeBipolar disorderHealth problems
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