2025
MIF as an oncogenic driver of low‐heterogeneity melanomas
Tran T, Sánchez‐Zuno G, Kulkarni R, Kluger H, Bucala R. MIF as an oncogenic driver of low‐heterogeneity melanomas. Molecular Oncology 2025, 19: 1295-1298. PMID: 40131169, PMCID: PMC12077282, DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.70031.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMacrophage migration inhibitory factorImproving therapeutic outcomesMigration inhibitory factorPotential therapeutic utilityImmune landscapeMelanoma clonesImmune escapeT cellsImmunoregulatory cytokinesTumor heterogeneityTumor progressionOncogenic driversPathway inhibitorTherapeutic outcomesTumor evolutionInhibitory factorCell proliferationMelanomaTumorCellsAntagonistCytokines
2024
The connection between sleep deficiency and coronary artery disease: Complexities and controversies
Ujjawal A, Lobo T, Yaggi H, Neeland I. The connection between sleep deficiency and coronary artery disease: Complexities and controversies. Progress In Cardiovascular Diseases 2024, 87: 83-89. PMID: 39384126, DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2024.10.002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCoronary artery diseaseArtery diseaseBurden of coronary artery diseaseRisk of coronary artery diseaseActivation of pro-inflammatory cytokinesPathophysiology of coronary artery diseasePro-inflammatory cytokinesSleep deficiencyAssociation of sleepPathophysiological mechanismsNovel treatmentSleep physiologyEtiological relationshipDisease processSleepDiseaseDeficiencyPhysiological phenomenaMorbidityCytokinesPathophysiologyMolecular mechanisms of Coxiella burnetii formalin-fixed cellular vaccine reactogenicity
Fratzke A, Szule J, Butler S, Schaik E, Samuel J. Molecular mechanisms of Coxiella burnetii formalin-fixed cellular vaccine reactogenicity. Infection And Immunity 2024, 92: e00335-24. PMID: 39356158, PMCID: PMC11556133, DOI: 10.1128/iai.00335-24.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCD4+ T cellsSmall cell variantWhole cell vaccineWeeks post-injectionSite of vaccinationT cellsCell variantPost-injectionAdoptive transfer experimentsLocal reactionsDelayed-type hypersensitivitySite of injectionCD8+Antigen persistenceCell vaccineQ-VaxCD4Mouse modelRod-shaped bacteriaHistological changesReactogenicityGuinea pigsVaccineCytokinesWeeksHuman induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes to study inflammation-induced aberrant calcium transient
Tatekoshi Y, Chen C, Shapiro J, Chang H, Blancard M, Lyra-Leite D, Burridge P, Feinstein M, D'Aquila R, Hsue P, Ardehali H. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes to study inflammation-induced aberrant calcium transient. ELife 2024, 13: rp95867. PMID: 39331464, PMCID: PMC11434618, DOI: 10.7554/elife.95867.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytesPluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytesStem cell-derived cardiomyocytesCell-derived cardiomyocytesUptake in vitroHIV viremiaDiastolic dysfunctionHIV patientsCardiomyocyte relaxationSarcoplasmic reticulumSGLT2 inhibitorsHeart failurePotential new interventionsInflammatory cytokinesAnimal modelsHFpEFStudy molecular mechanismsMito-TEMPOCardiomyocytesCytokinesHIVPatientsRelaxation defectsPLWHSerumHuman induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes to study inflammation-induced aberrant calcium transient
Tatekoshi Y, Chen C, Shapiro J, Chang H, Blancard M, Lyra-Leite D, Burridge P, Feinstein M, D'Aquila R, Hsue P, Ardehali H. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes to study inflammation-induced aberrant calcium transient. ELife 2024, 13 DOI: 10.7554/elife.95867.3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchHuman induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytesPluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytesStem cell-derived cardiomyocytesCell-derived cardiomyocytesUptake in vitroCa 2HIV viremiaDiastolic dysfunctionCardiomyocyte relaxationHIV patientsSarcoplasmic reticulumSGLT2 inhibitorsHeart failurePotential new interventionsInflammatory cytokinesAnimal modelsHFpEFStudy molecular mechanismsMito-TEMPOCardiomyocytesHIVCytokinesRelaxation defectsPatientsPLWHExposome-Wide Ranking to Uncover Environmental Chemicals Associated with Dyslipidemia: A Panel Study in Healthy Older Chinese Adults from the BAPE Study.
Ding E, Deng F, Fang J, Liu J, Yan W, Yao Q, Miao K, Wang Y, Sun P, Li C, Liu Y, Dong H, Dong L, Zhang X, Lu Y, Lin X, Ding C, Li T, Shi Y, Cai Y, Liu X, Godri Pollitt K, Ji J, Tong S, Tang S, Shi X. Exposome-Wide Ranking to Uncover Environmental Chemicals Associated with Dyslipidemia: A Panel Study in Healthy Older Chinese Adults from the BAPE Study. Environmental Health Perspectives 2024, 132: 97005. PMID: 39240788, PMCID: PMC11379127, DOI: 10.1289/ehp13864.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDyslipidemia markersCardiovascular diseaseMulti-OmicsMarkers of dyslipidemiaExamination of cytokinesMeasurement of cytokinesSerum lipidomeSystemic inflammationMulti-omics profilingCardiac functionDyslipidemiaPrimary preventionClinical measuresSerumChinese adultsBlood transcriptomeImpact spectraCytokinesExposome-wide association studyInflammationMarkersBiomolecular pathwaysAssociationHealthy older adultsElectrocardiogramPeripheral blood cytokines and outcomes with immune checkpoint blockade: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Karol A, Fujiwara Y, D'Ovidio T, Baldwin E, Joshi H, Doroshow D, Galsky M. Peripheral blood cytokines and outcomes with immune checkpoint blockade: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Immunotherapy 2024, 16: 829-840. PMID: 39155854, PMCID: PMC11457654, DOI: 10.1080/1750743x.2024.2379230.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchImmune checkpoint blockadeProgression-free survivalC-reactive proteinPeripheral blood cytokinesOverall survivalTumor-promoting inflammationCheckpoint blockadeInterleukin-6Interleukin-8Blood cytokinesOn-treatment declineIL-8 levelsTrial end pointsIL-6 levelsPharmacodynamic biomarkersInflammatory cytokinesEnd pointsResponse rateCytokinesMeta-analysisSystematic reviewBlockadeInflammationORRSurvivalRapid Remission of Plaque Psoriasis With Bimekizumab Treatment.
Abdin R, Gharib R, Bunick C, Issa N. Rapid Remission of Plaque Psoriasis With Bimekizumab Treatment. Journal Of Drugs In Dermatology 2024, 23: 694-696. PMID: 39093648, DOI: 10.36849/jdd.8381.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPlaque psoriasisIL-17AIL-17FAnti-IL-17 biologicsSafety of bimekizumabPathogenesis of psoriasisMonoclonal immunoglobulin G1Psoriasis patientsBimekizumabTreatment optionsClinical trialsPsoriasisMedical literatureClearance timeImmunoglobulin G1Rapidity of responseTreatmentPatientsEfficacyClearancePlaqueBrodalumabCytokinesPathogenesisReceptorsBeneficial and Detrimental Effects of Cytokines during Influenza and COVID-19
Chang D, Dela Cruz C, Sharma L. Beneficial and Detrimental Effects of Cytokines during Influenza and COVID-19. Viruses 2024, 16: 308. PMID: 38400083, PMCID: PMC10892676, DOI: 10.3390/v16020308.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDetrimental effects of cytokinesEffects of cytokinesSignaling moleculesUnfavorable outcomeMyriad processesPathological functionsCytokine effectsInflammatory cytokinesAntiviral cytokinesCytokinesViral infectionDisease severityPathological consequencesHomeostatic functionsOrganism deathDisease
2023
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its homolog D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT) are significant promotors of UVB- but not chemically induced non-melanoma skin cancer
Huth S, Huth L, Heise R, Marquardt Y, Lopopolo L, Piecychna M, Boor P, Fingerle-Rowson G, Kapurniotu A, Yazdi A, Bucala R, Bernhagen J, Baron J. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its homolog D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT) are significant promotors of UVB- but not chemically induced non-melanoma skin cancer. Scientific Reports 2023, 13: 11611. PMID: 37464010, PMCID: PMC10354066, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38748-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMacrophage migration inhibitory factorNon-melanoma skin cancerD-DTSkin cancerRecombinant macrophage migration inhibitory factorUVB irradiationAcute UVB irradiationPrevention of photocarcinogenesisMigration inhibitory factorAccumulation of macrophagesAdditive protective effectChronic UVB irradiationDouble knockout micePotential therapeutic targetMacrophage accumulationCommon cancerPathophysiological roleProtective effectSkin tumorsKnockout miceTherapeutic targetInhibitory factorGenetic deletionCytokinesCancerInborn errors of OAS–RNase L in SARS-CoV-2–related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
Lee D, Le Pen J, Yatim A, Dong B, Aquino Y, Ogishi M, Pescarmona R, Talouarn E, Rinchai D, Zhang P, Perret M, Liu Z, Jordan I, Bozdemir S, Bayhan G, Beaufils C, Bizien L, Bisiaux A, Lei W, Hasan M, Chen J, Gaughan C, Asthana A, Libri V, Luna J, Jaffré F, Hoffmann H, Michailidis E, Moreews M, Seeleuthner Y, Bilguvar K, Mane S, Flores C, Zhang Y, Arias A, Bailey R, Schlüter A, Milisavljevic B, Bigio B, Le Voyer T, Materna M, Gervais A, Moncada-Velez M, Pala F, Lazarov T, Levy R, Neehus A, Rosain J, Peel J, Chan Y, Morin M, Pino-Ramirez R, Belkaya S, Lorenzo L, Anton J, Delafontaine S, Toubiana J, Bajolle F, Fumadó V, DeDiego M, Fidouh N, Rozenberg F, Pérez-Tur J, Chen S, Evans T, Geissmann F, Lebon P, Weiss S, Bonnet D, Duval X, Pan-Hammarström Q, Planas A, Meyts I, Haerynck F, Pujol A, Sancho-Shimizu V, Dalgard C, Bustamante J, Puel A, Boisson-Dupuis S, Boisson B, Maniatis T, Zhang Q, Bastard P, Notarangelo L, Béziat V, de Diego R, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Su H, Lifton R, Jouanguy E, Cobat A, Alsina L, Keles S, Haddad E, Abel L, Belot A, Quintana-Murci L, Rice C, Silverman R, Zhang S, Casanova J, Alavoine L, Behillil S, Burdet C, Charpentier C, Dechanet A, Descamps D, Duval X, Ecobichon J, Enouf V, Frezouls W, Houhou N, Kafif O, Lehacaut J, Letrou S, Lina B, Lucet J, Manchon P, Nouroudine M, Piquard V, Quintin C, Thy M, Tubiana S, van der Werf S, Vignali V, Visseaux B, Yazdanpanah Y, Chahine A, Waucquier N, Migaud M, Deplanque D, Djossou F, Mergeay-Fabre M, Lucarelli A, Demar M, Bruneau L, Gérardin P, Maillot A, Payet C, Laviolle B, Laine F, Paris C, Desille-Dugast M, Fouchard J, Malvy D, Nguyen D, Pistone T, Perreau P, Gissot V, Le Goas C, Montagne S, Richard L, Chirouze C, Bouiller K, Desmarets M, Meunier A, Lefèvre B, Jeulin H, Legrand K, Lomazzi S, Tardy B, Gagneux-Brunon A, Bertholon F, Botelho-Nevers E, Christelle K, Nicolas L, Roufai L, Amat K, Couffin-Cadiergues S, Espérou H, Hendou S, Abel L, Abolhassani H, Aguilera-Albesa S, Aiuti A, Akcan O, Akcay N, Alkan G, Alkhater S, Allende L, Alper Y, Amenzoui N, Anderson M, Arkin L, Aubart M, Avramenko I, Aydemir Ş, Aydin Z, Aytekin C, Aytekin G, Aytekin S, Bando S, Beland K, Belkaya S, Biggs C, Aburto A, Blanchard-Rohner G, Blázquez-Gamero D, Bloomfield M, Bogunovic D, Bondarenko A, Borghesi A, Bousfiha A, Boyarchuk O, Brodin P, Bryceson Y, Bucciol G, Calcaterra V, Casari G, Cavalcanti A, Celik J, Chrousos G, Colobran R, Condino-Neto A, Conti F, Cooper M, Coskuner T, Cyrus C, D’Auria E, Delafontaine S, Drolet B, Duramaz B, Zein L, Elnagdy M, Emiroglu M, Erdeniz E, Fabi M, Feldman H, Fellay J, Fencl F, Filippatos F, Freiss J, Fremuth J, Gagro A, Garcia-Solis B, Vergine G, González-Montelongo R, Gul Y, Gülhan B, Gultekin S, Gut M, Halwani R, Hammarström L, Hatipoğlu N, Heath J, Henrickson S, Hernandez-Brito E, Hoffman I, Hoste L, Hsieh E, Íñigo-Campos A, Itan Y, Jabandziev P, Kandemir B, Kanık-Yüksek S, Kapakli H, Karbuz A, Kasapcopur O, Kechiche R, Demirkol Y, Kilic O, Hansen S, Klocperk A, Lau Y, Lebl J, Lorenzo-Salazar J, Lucas C, Maglorius M, Marque L, Medina Y, Melián A, Mentis A, Pato M, Michos A, Milner J, Mogensen T, Muñoz-Barrera A, Nepesov S, Neves J, Ng A, Ng L, Novelli A, Novelli G, Oz F, Ocejo-Viñals J, Okada S, Orbak Z, Kilic A, Ouair H, Öz Ş, Özçelik T, Özkan E, Parlakay A, Pato C, Paz-Artal E, Pelham S, Pellier I, Philippot Q, Planas-Serra L, Plassart S, Pokorna P, Polat M, Poli C, Prando C, Renia L, Rivière J, Rodríguez-Palmero A, Roussel L, Rubio-Rodriguez L, Salifu M, Sasek L, Sasia L, Scherbina A, Schmitt E, Sediva A, Sevketoglu E, Slaba K, Slaby O, Sobh A, Solé-Violán J, Soler-Palacin P, De Somer L, Sözeri B, Spaan A, Stepanovskiy Y, Tangye S, Tanir G, Tatsi E, Thorball C, Torun S, Turvey S, Uddin M, Uyar E, Valencia-Ramos J, Van Den Rym A, Vatansev H, de Vera M, Vermeulen F, Vinh D, Volokha A, von Bernuth H, Wouters C, Yahşi A, Yarar V, Yesilbas O, Yıldız M, Zatz M, Zawadzki P, Zuccotti G, Zhang S, Casanova J. Inborn errors of OAS–RNase L in SARS-CoV-2–related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Science 2023, 379: eabo3627. PMID: 36538032, PMCID: PMC10451000, DOI: 10.1126/science.abo3627.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsOAS-RNase LInflammatory syndromeCytokine productionInflammatory cytokinesSARS-CoV-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndromeCytosolic double-stranded RNAMultisystem inflammatory syndromeRig-I deficiencySuppress cytokine productionPrimary myeloid cellsRNase LMonocytic cell lineAutosomal recessive deficiencyMyeloid cellsMononuclear phagocytesUnrelated childrenInborn errorsRecessive deficiencyDeficient cellsProtein deficiencyCOVID-19Cell linesCytokinesSyndromeDouble-stranded RNA
2022
The role of cytokines/chemokines in an aging skin immune microenvironment
Lin Z, Hsu C, Hwang E, Wang P, Fang J. The role of cytokines/chemokines in an aging skin immune microenvironment. Mechanisms Of Ageing And Development 2022, 210: 111761. PMID: 36496171, DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111761.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCytokines/chemokinesCutaneous barrier functionTransepidermal water lossLoss of elasticityImmune environmentImmune microenvironmentImmune cellsLifestyle habitsImmunological perspectiveEpidermal thinningImmune systemOverall healthChemokinesBarrier functionSkin agingIndividual exposurePhysiological declineCell-cell crosstalkSkinCytokinesIndividual healthHost cellsHealthCellsExposureHigh Fluid Shear Stress Inhibits Cytokine‐Driven Smad2/3 Activation in Vascular Endothelial Cells
Deng H, Schwartz MA. High Fluid Shear Stress Inhibits Cytokine‐Driven Smad2/3 Activation in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Journal Of The American Heart Association 2022, 11: e025337. PMID: 35861829, PMCID: PMC9707828, DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.025337.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInflammatory cytokinesSmad2/3 activationEndothelial cellsNuclear translocationInflammatory cytokine treatmentGrowth factor betaVascular endothelial cellsQuantitative polymerase chain reactionSmad2/3 nuclear translocationTarget gene expressionBackground AtherosclerosisInflammatory mediatorsInflammatory pathwaysPolymerase chain reactionResult of inhibitionCytokine treatmentInhibits CytokineFactor betaMesenchymal transitionHigh fluid shear stressCytokinesEndMTGene expressionLaminar fluid shear stressFluid shear stressmirTarRnaSeq: An R/Bioconductor Statistical Package for miRNA-mRNA Target Identification and Interaction Analysis
Movassagh M, Morton S, Hehnly C, Smith J, Doan T, Irizarry R, Broach J, Schiff S, Bailey J, Paulson J. mirTarRnaSeq: An R/Bioconductor Statistical Package for miRNA-mRNA Target Identification and Interaction Analysis. BMC Genomics 2022, 23: 439. PMID: 35698050, PMCID: PMC9191533, DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08558-w.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSARS-CoV-2 infectionLung epithelial cellsEpithelial cellsHuman lung epithelial cellsSARS-CoV-2NK cellsStatistical PackageEBV miRNAsT cellsImmune pathwaysB cellsClinical relevanceSample cohortCD34 cellsStomach adenocarcinomaEndothelial cellsTime pointsInfectionCOVID-19CellsCD4AdenocarcinomaPatientsCD19CytokinesCytomegalovirus proteins, maternal pregnancy cytokines, and their impact on neonatal immune cytokine profiles and acute lymphoblastic leukemogenesis in children.
Wiemels JL, Wang R, Zhou M, Hansen H, Gallant R, Jung J, Mancuso N, De Smith AJ, Metayer C, Kogan SC, Ma X. Cytomegalovirus proteins, maternal pregnancy cytokines, and their impact on neonatal immune cytokine profiles and acute lymphoblastic leukemogenesis in children. Haematologica 2022, 107: 2266-2270. PMID: 35638549, PMCID: PMC9425315, DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.280826.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAn Artificial Intelligence-guided signature reveals the shared host immune response in MIS-C and Kawasaki disease
Ghosh P, Katkar G, Shimizu C, Kim J, Khandelwal S, Tremoulet A, Kanegaye J, Bocchini J, Das S, Burns J, Sahoo D. An Artificial Intelligence-guided signature reveals the shared host immune response in MIS-C and Kawasaki disease. Nature Communications 2022, 13: 2687. PMID: 35577777, PMCID: PMC9110726, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30357-w.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsKawasaki diseaseHost immune responseLaboratory parametersImmune responseSARS-CoV-2 infectionInflammatory syndromeCytokine stormSerum cytokinesClinical featuresCytokine pathwaysCardiac phenotypeSyndromeGene signaturePediatric syndromesViral pandemicHeart tissueCOVID-19COVID-19 pandemicProximal pathwayDiseaseSeverityImmunopathogenesisPandemicCytokinesIllnessA Practical Guide to the Management of Oral Candidiasis in Patients with Plaque Psoriasis Receiving Treatments That Target Interleukin-17
Armstrong A, Blauvelt A, Mrowietz U, Strober B, Gisondi P, Merola J, Langley R, Ståhle M, Lebwohl M, Netea M, Nunez Gomez N, Warren R. A Practical Guide to the Management of Oral Candidiasis in Patients with Plaque Psoriasis Receiving Treatments That Target Interleukin-17. Dermatology And Therapy 2022, 12: 787-800. PMID: 35167107, PMCID: PMC8941045, DOI: 10.1007/s13555-022-00687-0.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchIL-23/ILOral candidiasisImmune-mediated inflammatory skin diseaseCo-existing diabetesGood oral hygieneInflammatory skin diseaseDysregulation of cytokinesStandard antifungal therapyAntifungal host defensePlaque psoriasisBiologic therapyInterleukin-17Oral hygieneAntifungal therapyPsoriasisPatientsSkin diseasesCandidiasisHost defenseFungal infectionsCytokinesTherapyTreatmentILPractical guide
2021
Suicide associated with COVID-19 infection: an immunological point of view.
Choi M, Yang J, Lee S, Kim J, Oh J, Lee J, Stubbs B, Lee K, Koyanagi A, Hong S, Ghayda R, Hwang J, Dragioti E, Jacob L, Carvalho A, Radua J, Thompson T, Smith L, Fornaro M, Stickley A, Bettac E, Han Y, Kronbichler A, Yon D, Lee S, Shin J, Lee E, Solmi M. Suicide associated with COVID-19 infection: an immunological point of view. European Review For Medical And Pharmacological Sciences 2021, 25: 6397-6407. PMID: 34730221, DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202110_27013.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCOVID-19 patientsTh2 cytokinesCause of deathIFN-gCOVID-19 infectionInflammatory featuresCytokine pathwaysIL-1BCytokine stormInflammatory responseObservational studyPubMed databaseInflammationImmunological pointPatientsCoronavirus disease 2019CytokinesInfectionMeta-analysesNeurological conditionsCOVID-19Risk of suicideIncreased suicide riskDeath3018 – SECRETORY MPP3 ENFORCE MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION TRAJECTORY AND AMPLIFY MYELOID CELL PRODUCTION
Kang Y, Paik H, Zhang S, Chen J, Warr M, Fan R, Passegué E. 3018 – SECRETORY MPP3 ENFORCE MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION TRAJECTORY AND AMPLIFY MYELOID CELL PRODUCTION. Experimental Hematology 2021, 100: s52. DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.12.240.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMyeloid cell productionBA miceMyeloid differentiationCell productionDonor chimerismSurvival benefitCytokine productionMolecular subsetsInflammatory stimuliMouse modelSpecific cytokinesMyeloid malignanciesMyeloproliferative neoplasmsDifferentiation cytokinesImmature cellsGalectin-3Disease conditionsMetabolic activationColony formationAberrant functionCytokinesConstitutive secretionMiceER volumeBlood productionCD4+ T cells that help B cells – a proposal for uniform nomenclature
Eisenbarth SC, Baumjohann D, Craft J, Fazilleau N, Ma CS, Tangye SG, Vinuesa CG, Linterman MA. CD4+ T cells that help B cells – a proposal for uniform nomenclature. Trends In Immunology 2021, 42: 658-669. PMID: 34244056, PMCID: PMC8324560, DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.06.003.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTfh-like cellsB cellsT cellsFollicular helper cellsAntigen-primed B cellsSecondary lymphoid tissuesTranscription factor Bcl6B cell differentiationHelper cellsHumoral immunityLymphoid tissueChemokine receptorsAnatomical sitesImmune challengeDistinct subsetsDifferent isotypesCD4TfhCellular plasticityCellsCell differentiationUniform nomenclatureCytokinesImmunityAntibodies
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