1993
Psychobiologic Mechanisms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Charney DS, Deutch AY, Krystal JH, Southwick SM, Davis M. Psychobiologic Mechanisms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 1993, 50: 294-305. PMID: 8466391, DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820160064008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPosttraumatic stress disorderStress disorderPathophysiology of PTSDAvoidance of stimuliFailure of extinctionFear conditioningTraumatic memoriesMemory processesAutonomic hyperarousalTraumatic eventsEffects of stressCore symptomsPersistent reexperiencingPsychobiologic mechanismsAdaptive behavioralBrain structuresNeurochemical systemsNeurobiologic mechanismsReexperiencingParallel activationHyperarousalDisordersChronic courseTrauma resultsBehavioral sensitization
1988
Biological Mechanisms in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Relevance for Substance Abuse
Kosten T, Krystal J. Biological Mechanisms in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Relevance for Substance Abuse. Recent Developments In Alcoholism 1988, 6: 49-68. PMID: 3283864, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7718-8_3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPosttraumatic stress disorderSubstance abuseHuman studiesEndogenous opioid systemCentral catecholaminesOpioid systemBrain catecholaminesEmotional response modelsTherapeutic approachesAnimal studiesSignificant biological contributionStress disorderNonhuman primatesBehavioral correlatesCatecholaminesRelevant animalBiological mechanismsRecent studiesAbuseIndirect measureSyndromeIncidenceStudy
1985
Inescapable shock, neurotransmitters, and addiction to trauma: Toward a psychobiology of post traumatic stress
van der Kolk B, Greenberg M, Boyd H, Krystal J. Inescapable shock, neurotransmitters, and addiction to trauma: Toward a psychobiology of post traumatic stress. Biological Psychiatry 1985, 20: 314-325. PMID: 2858226, DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(85)90061-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPost-traumatic stressStress-induced analgesiaTraumatic stressInescapable shockChronic post-traumatic stressCatecholamine depletionMassive psychic traumaEndogenous opioid releasePhysiological hyperreactivityTraumatized individualsPsychic traumaBehavioral sequelaeOpioid withdrawalPsychodynamic conceptsEndogenous opioidsPsychosocial meaningOpioid releaseMental disordersTraumaPhysiological componentsReexposureHuman equivalentAnalgesiaHyperreactivityAnimals