2017
Menthol disrupts nicotine’s psychostimulant properties in an age and sex-dependent manner in C57BL/6J mice
Fait BW, Thompson DC, Mose TN, Jatlow P, Jordt SE, Picciotto MR, Mineur YS. Menthol disrupts nicotine’s psychostimulant properties in an age and sex-dependent manner in C57BL/6J mice. Behavioural Brain Research 2017, 334: 72-77. PMID: 28743602, PMCID: PMC5580257, DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.027.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAdult male miceNicotine intakeMale micePsychostimulant effectsPsychostimulant propertiesHome cage locomotor activitySex-dependent mannerSex-dependent mechanismsBlood levelsAdolescent miceFemale miceLocomotor stimulationLocomotor activityNicotine sensitivityAge groupsE-cigarettesMiceIntakeSignificant decreaseNicotineAgeSexBehavioral changesAdultsSpecific mechanisms
2014
Expression of the 5-HT1A Serotonin Receptor in the Hippocampus Is Required for Social Stress Resilience and the Antidepressant-Like Effects Induced by the Nicotinic Partial Agonist Cytisine
Mineur YS, Einstein EB, Bentham MP, Wigestrand MB, Blakeman S, Newbold SA, Picciotto MR. Expression of the 5-HT1A Serotonin Receptor in the Hippocampus Is Required for Social Stress Resilience and the Antidepressant-Like Effects Induced by the Nicotinic Partial Agonist Cytisine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014, 40: 938-946. PMID: 25288485, PMCID: PMC4330507, DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.269.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralinAlkaloidsAnimalsAntidepressive AgentsAzocinesDisease Models, AnimalDrug SynergismFluoxetineGene Expression RegulationHEK293 CellsHindlimb SuspensionHippocampusHumansInterpersonal RelationsMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMotor ActivityQuinolizinesReceptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1ASelective Serotonin Reuptake InhibitorsSerotonin Receptor AgonistsStress, PsychologicalConceptsAntidepressant-like effectsSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitorsDorsal rapheCholinergic systemAgonist cytisineNicotinic acetylcholine receptor blockersEffects of cytisineTreatment-resistant patientsSerotonin reuptake inhibitorsAcetylcholine receptor blockerSSRI fluoxetineReceptor blockersAntidepressant efficacyReuptake inhibitorsSerotonin depletionCholinergic drugsMood disordersSerotonin receptorsMouse modelPharmacological approachesHippocampusReceptorsCytisineRapheMolecular mechanisms
2012
Constitutive knockout of the membrane cytoskeleton protein beta adducin decreases mushroom spine density in the nucleus accumbens but does not prevent spine remodeling in response to cocaine
Jung Y, Mulholland PJ, Wiseman SL, Chandler LJ, Picciotto MR. Constitutive knockout of the membrane cytoskeleton protein beta adducin decreases mushroom spine density in the nucleus accumbens but does not prevent spine remodeling in response to cocaine. European Journal Of Neuroscience 2012, 37: 1-9. PMID: 23106536, PMCID: PMC3538958, DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12037.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNucleus accumbensCocaine administrationSpine densitySynaptic plasticityMature mushroom-shaped spinesMushroom spine densityDaily cocaine administrationMushroom-shaped spinesChronic cocaine administrationOverall spine densityElevated locomotor activityExperience-dependent remodelingLipophilic dye DiINAc slicesWT miceMushroom spinesKO miceCocaine treatmentDiolistic labelingSynaptic remodelingBrain slicesBrain areasConstitutive knockoutMature spinesLocomotor activity
2011
&agr;4&bgr;2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonists with low intrinsic efficacy have antidepressant-like properties
Mineur YS, Einstein EB, Seymour PA, Coe JW, O'Neill BT, Rollema H, Picciotto MR. &agr;4&bgr;2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonists with low intrinsic efficacy have antidepressant-like properties. Behavioural Pharmacology 2011, 22: 291-299. PMID: 21566524, PMCID: PMC3227135, DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e328347546d.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNovelty-suppressed feeding testPartial agonistNicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonistAcceptable side effect profileAntidepressant-like effectsAntidepressant-like propertiesSide effect profileTail suspension testForced-swim testReceptor partial agonistLow intrinsic efficacyNicotinic acetylcholine receptorsAntidepressant efficacyFeeding testsReduced immobilityAntidepressant propertiesMood disordersNicotinic compoundsΑ4β2 nAChRsAcetylcholine receptorsLocomotor activityIntrinsic efficacyFunctional efficacySubtype selectivityTime pointsReduced locomotor responses to cocaine in ghrelin-deficient mice
Abizaid A, Mineur YS, Roth RH, Elsworth JD, Sleeman MW, Picciotto MR, Horvath TL. Reduced locomotor responses to cocaine in ghrelin-deficient mice. Neuroscience 2011, 192: 500-506. PMID: 21699961, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.001.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsCocaineDopamineDopamine Uptake InhibitorsGhrelinMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, Inbred DBAMice, KnockoutMotor ActivityConceptsGhrelin KO miceWT miceDopamine releaseLocomotor activityBehavioral effectsDopamine metabolite concentrationsGhrelin-deficient miceLocomotor-stimulating effectsDopamine cell activityEffects of cocaineMesolimbic dopaminergic systemWild-type littermatesOrexigenic hormoneChronic injectionsDopamine utilizationDaily injectionsStriatal dopamineMesolimbic systemWT littermatesDopaminergic systemDaily cocaineFood intakeRewarding effectsPsychostimulant effectsLocomotor responseDissociation between duration of action in the forced swim test in mice and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor occupancy with sazetidine, varenicline, and 5-I-A85380
Caldarone BJ, Wang D, Paterson NE, Manzano M, Fedolak A, Cavino K, Kwan M, Hanania T, Chellappan SK, Kozikowski AP, Olivier B, Picciotto MR, Ghavami A. Dissociation between duration of action in the forced swim test in mice and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor occupancy with sazetidine, varenicline, and 5-I-A85380. Psychopharmacology 2011, 217: 199-210. PMID: 21487659, PMCID: PMC3266849, DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2271-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAntidepressive AgentsAzetidinesBehavior, AnimalBenzazepinesBrainData Interpretation, StatisticalDose-Response Relationship, DrugLigandsMaleMiceMice, Inbred BALB CMice, Inbred C57BLMolecular StructureMotor ActivityNicotinic AgonistsProtein BindingPyridinesQuinoxalinesReceptors, NicotinicSwimmingTime FactorsVareniclineConceptsAntidepressant-like effectsAntidepressant-like actionSwim testDuration of actionReceptor occupancyNAChR antagonist mecamylamineDihydro-β-erythroidineAcetylcholine receptor agonistRole of β2Partial agonist vareniclineSymptoms of depressionNAChR β2Antagonist mecamylamineReceptor agonistActive dosesAgonist vareniclineSazetidinePartial agonistVareniclineObjectivesThe studyBehavioral efficacyNAChRsBehavioral responsesAgonistsPromising target
2010
Locomotion and Self-Administration Induced by Cocaine in 129/OlaHsd Mice Lacking Galanin
Brabant C, Kuschpel AS, Picciotto MR. Locomotion and Self-Administration Induced by Cocaine in 129/OlaHsd Mice Lacking Galanin. Behavioral Neuroscience 2010, 124: 828-838. PMID: 21038934, PMCID: PMC3058554, DOI: 10.1037/a0021221.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGal KO miceCocaine-induced hyperactivityGalanin receptor agonistCocaine-induced hyperlocomotionSpontaneous motor activityGalanin knockout miceEffects of cocaineDrug takersDoses of cocaineDrugs of abuseSelf-administer cocaineGalanin systemReceptor agonistLocomotor effectsKnockout miceGalaninIntravenous cocaineMotor activityFixed ratio scheduleSelf-AdministrationGenetic deletionMiceCocaineDifferent schedulesRatio scheduleThe Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Partial Agonist Varenicline Increases the Ataxic and Sedative‐Hypnotic Effects of Acute Ethanol Administration in C57BL/6J Mice
Kamens HM, Andersen J, Picciotto MR. The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Partial Agonist Varenicline Increases the Ataxic and Sedative‐Hypnotic Effects of Acute Ethanol Administration in C57BL/6J Mice. Alcohol Clinical And Experimental Research 2010, 34: 2053-2060. PMID: 20946306, PMCID: PMC2988947, DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01301.x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSedative-hypnotic effectsBaseline locomotor activityFixed-speed rotarodAlcohol abuseEthanol consumptionNicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist vareniclineLocomotor activityEthanol-induced motor incoordinationAbility of vareniclineAcute ethanol injectionDuration of LORRLocomotor activity chambersEffects of vareniclineAcute ethanol administrationNew pharmacologic strategiesDowel testDuration of lossPartial agonist vareniclineEthanol-induced ataxiaBalance beamNicotinic modulationPharmacologic strategiesMotor incoordinationEthanol administrationSedative effectsOral nicotine consumption does not affect maternal care or early development in mice but results in modest hyperactivity in adolescence
Heath CJ, Horst NK, Picciotto MR. Oral nicotine consumption does not affect maternal care or early development in mice but results in modest hyperactivity in adolescence. Physiology & Behavior 2010, 101: 764-769. PMID: 20826170, PMCID: PMC2975773, DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.08.021.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNicotine administrationMaternal behaviorNeuropharmacological effectsSignificant between-group differencesDrinking water administrationNicotine-exposed micePostnatal weight gainBetween-group differencesOral nicotine consumptionPersistent behavioral alterationsExposure-induced changesNursing miceTransient hyperactivityDrinking waterNicotine exposureEffects of exposureC57BL/6J miceHuman smokingBehavioral alterationsNicotine consumptionPassive nursingWeight gainMiceAdministrationMaternal care
2009
Cytisine-Based Nicotinic Partial Agonists as Novel Antidepressant Compounds
Mineur YS, Eibl C, Young G, Kochevar C, Papke RL, Gündisch D, Picciotto MR. Cytisine-Based Nicotinic Partial Agonists as Novel Antidepressant Compounds. Journal Of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics 2009, 329: 377-386. PMID: 19164465, PMCID: PMC2670591, DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.149609.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAlkaloidsAnimalsAntidepressive AgentsAzocinesCloning, MolecularData Interpretation, StatisticalElectrophysiologyEnvironmentFeeding BehaviorHindlimb SuspensionLaburnumMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMotor ActivityNicotinic AgonistsOocytesPatch-Clamp TechniquesQuinolizinesReceptors, CholinergicSwimmingXenopus laevisConceptsAntidepressant-like effectsAntidepressant-like propertiesNicotinic partial agonistPartial agonistAntidepressant efficacyDose-dependent antidepressant-like effectNovelty-suppressed feeding testC57/BL6 miceBeta2 nAChRsAntidepressant-like activityTail suspension testBlood-brain barrierSelective partial agonistNicotinic acetylcholine receptorsNovel antidepressantsDevelopment of drugsBL6 miceAlpha3/beta4Alpha7 nAChRsAgonist effectsMood disordersRodent modelsSuspension testTail suspensionMouse model
2008
Effects of the H3 receptor inverse agonist thioperamide on cocaine-induced locomotion in mice: role of the histaminergic system and potential pharmacokinetic interactions
Brabant C, Alleva L, Grisar T, Quertemont E, Lakaye B, Ohtsu H, Lin JS, Jatlow P, Picciotto MR, Tirelli E. Effects of the H3 receptor inverse agonist thioperamide on cocaine-induced locomotion in mice: role of the histaminergic system and potential pharmacokinetic interactions. Psychopharmacology 2008, 202: 673-687. PMID: 18843481, DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1345-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEffects of thioperamideCocaine-induced hyperlocomotionCocaine-induced locomotionLocomotor effectsHistaminergic systemKnockout micePotential drug-drug interactionsContribution of histamineNon-histaminergic neuronsPlasma cocaine concentrationsPotential pharmacokinetic interactionsCocaine-induced hyperactivityCocaine plasma concentrationsDrug-drug interactionsReceptor inverse agonistInverse agonist thioperamideSelective H3 agonistH3 receptor inverse agonistConclusionsThe present resultsH3 autoreceptorsPharmacokinetic interactionsIntraperitoneal injectionAgonist AHistamine releasePharmacokinetic effectsRegulation of Synaptic Efficacy in Hypocretin/Orexin-Containing Neurons by Melanin Concentrating Hormone in the Lateral Hypothalamus
Rao Y, Lu M, Ge F, Marsh DJ, Qian S, Wang AH, Picciotto MR, Gao XB. Regulation of Synaptic Efficacy in Hypocretin/Orexin-Containing Neurons by Melanin Concentrating Hormone in the Lateral Hypothalamus. Journal Of Neuroscience 2008, 28: 9101-9110. PMID: 18784290, PMCID: PMC2562258, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1766-08.2008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAction PotentialsAnalysis of VarianceAnimalsAnimals, NewbornBehavior, AnimalBenzazepinesBenzhydryl CompoundsCentral Nervous System StimulantsDopamine AgonistsDose-Response Relationship, DrugExcitatory Amino Acid AgentsGlutamic AcidGreen Fluorescent ProteinsHypothalamic Area, LateralHypothalamic HormonesIn Vitro TechniquesIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsMelaninsMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, TransgenicModafinilMotor ActivityNeuronsNeuropeptidesOrexinsPertussis ToxinPituitary HormonesReceptors, SomatostatinSynapsesSynaptic TransmissionTime FactorsConceptsHypocretin/orexin neuronsMCHR1 KO miceOrexin-containing neuronsLateral hypothalamusWild-type miceOrexin neuronsHypocretin/orexinKO miceMCH receptor 1Action potential firingEffects of modafinilMelanin-Concentrating HormoneHypocretin/orexin signalingGroups of neuronsMCH neuronsMiniature EPSCsWT miceHypocretin/Glutamatergic synapsesOrexin signalingSynaptic transmissionPertussis toxinBrain areasReciprocal innervationInhibitory influenceAdministration of the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine modulates cocaine-induced locomotor activity in rats
Addy NA, Bahi A, Taylor JR, Picciotto MR. Administration of the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine modulates cocaine-induced locomotor activity in rats. Psychopharmacology 2008, 200: 129-139. PMID: 18587562, PMCID: PMC2574760, DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1189-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLocomotor responseCocaine 5Cocaine injectionLocomotor activityCocaine-induced locomotor activityAcute locomotor responseAcute cocaine challengeMale Sprague-DawleyCocaine-mediated behaviorsCyclosporine administrationMethodsLocomotor activityCalcineurin inhibitorsDaily administrationI. AdministrationCocaine challengeCocaine exposureSprague-DawleyCyclosporine pretreatmentAbility of calcineurinConclusionOur resultsCocaine-mediated changesAdministrationCocaineSynapsin IPotential mechanismsAntidepressant-like effects of nicotine and transcranial magnetic stimulation in the olfactory bulbectomy rat model of depression
Vieyra-Reyes P, Mineur YS, Picciotto MR, Túnez I, Vidaltamayo R, Drucker-Colín R. Antidepressant-like effects of nicotine and transcranial magnetic stimulation in the olfactory bulbectomy rat model of depression. Brain Research Bulletin 2008, 77: 13-18. PMID: 18582540, PMCID: PMC2771408, DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.05.007.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAntidepressive AgentsBehavior, AnimalDepressionDisease Models, AnimalDrug Administration ScheduleExploratory BehaviorInjections, IntraperitonealMaleMotor ActivityNicotineOlfactory BulbPsychology, ComparativeRatsRats, Long-EvansRats, WistarSelf AdministrationSpecies SpecificitySwimmingTranscranial Magnetic StimulationConceptsDepression-like symptomsTranscranial magnetic stimulationAntidepressant-like effectsWistar ratsMagnetic stimulationOlfactory bulbectomyRat strainsDaily transcranial magnetic stimulationOlfactory bulbectomy rat modelEffects of nicotineOral nicotine intakeOral intakeDepression managementSwim testTherapeutic alternativeNicotine intakeRat modelLong-Evans rat strainDepression susceptibilitySymptomsLong-EvansNicotineInnate differencesRatsBulbectomySex differences in anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity following chronic nicotine exposure in mice
Caldarone BJ, King SL, Picciotto MR. Sex differences in anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity following chronic nicotine exposure in mice. Neuroscience Letters 2008, 439: 187-191. PMID: 18524488, PMCID: PMC2491450, DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.023.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAnxiogenic-like responseChronic nicotineAnxiety-like behaviorLocomotor activationFemale miceLocomotor activityPsychostimulant propertiesChronic nicotine exposureFemale C57BL/6J miceSymptoms of anxietyNicotine variesNicotine exposureOverall incidenceC57BL/6J miceMale miceWildtype miceNicotine intakeNicotinic receptorsOpen armsHigh doseMiceNicotineAnxiety disordersBeta2 subunitBehavioral sensitivityVoluntary oral nicotine intake in mice down-regulates GluR2 but does not modulate depression-like behaviors
Vieyra-Reyes P, Picciotto MR, Mineur YS. Voluntary oral nicotine intake in mice down-regulates GluR2 but does not modulate depression-like behaviors. Neuroscience Letters 2008, 434: 18-22. PMID: 18261852, PMCID: PMC2757003, DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.01.021.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdministration, OralAnimalsAnxiety DisordersBehavior, AnimalBrainCyclic AMP Response Element-Binding ProteinDepressive DisorderDown-RegulationGlutamic AcidMaleMiceMice, Inbred BALB CMice, Inbred C57BLMotor ActivityNeural PathwaysNicotineNicotinic AgonistsNucleus AccumbensReceptors, AMPARewardSynaptic TransmissionTobacco Use DisorderVentral Tegmental AreaVolitionConceptsCAMP response element-binding proteinDepression-like behaviorVentral tegmental areaNucleus accumbensMesolimbic systemNicotine preferenceChronic nicotine exposureDepression-related behaviorsNon-treated animalsBALB/cOral nicotine intakeCentral nervous systemResponse element-binding proteinNicotine exposureNicotine rewardMesolimbic dopamine projectionsTegmental areaNicotine intakeGlutamate receptorsDopamine projectionsElement-binding proteinNervous systemLocomotor activityMice C57BL/6JGluR1 levels
2007
Deficiency in Inhibitory Cortical Interneurons Associates with Hyperactivity in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Mutant Mice
Smith K, Fagel DM, Stevens HE, Rabenstein RL, Maragnoli ME, Ohkubo Y, Picciotto MR, Schwartz ML, Vaccarino FM. Deficiency in Inhibitory Cortical Interneurons Associates with Hyperactivity in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Mutant Mice. Biological Psychiatry 2007, 63: 953-962. PMID: 17988653, DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.09.020.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmphetamineAnimalsBehavior, AnimalBiogenic MonoaminesCell CountCentral Nervous System StimulantsCerebral CortexDisease Models, AnimalDopamine AgentsExploratory BehaviorFibroblast Growth Factor 1Glutamate DecarboxylaseHyperkinesisLocomotionMaleMethylphenidateMiceMice, KnockoutMotor ActivityNerve Tissue ProteinsNeural InhibitionNeuronsSignal TransductionConceptsInhibitory cortical circuitsCortical pyramidal neuronsD2 receptor antagonistGrowth factor receptor 1Spontaneous locomotor hyperactivityFibroblast growth factor receptor 1Factor receptor 1Inhibitory neuronal subtypesLocomotor hyperactivityDopamine agonistsCerebral cortexPyramidal neuronsBasal gangliaMotor hyperactivityReceptor antagonistInhibitory interneuronsTyrosine hydroxylaseCortical circuitsPsychiatric disordersLocomotor responseNeuronal subtypesReceptor 1Mutant miceDopamine transporterSpatial learningGalanin Protects Against Behavioral and Neurochemical Correlates of Opiate Reward
Hawes JJ, Brunzell DH, Narasimhaiah R, Langel Ű, Wynick D, Picciotto MR. Galanin Protects Against Behavioral and Neurochemical Correlates of Opiate Reward. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 33: 1864-1873. PMID: 17957220, PMCID: PMC2504505, DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301579.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBehavior, AnimalBlotting, WesternBrain ChemistryConditioning, OperantCyclic AMP Response Element-Binding ProteinDose-Response Relationship, DrugExtracellular Signal-Regulated MAP KinasesGalaninGenotypeMiceMice, KnockoutMorphineMorphine DependenceMotor ActivityNarcoticsRewardSignal TransductionConceptsGKO miceMorphine place preferenceOpiate rewardGalanin agonistsMorphine administrationPlace preferenceGalanin knockout miceSingle systemic injectionEndogenous negative regulatorDrugs of abuseAcute administrationNeurochemical effectsNeuropeptide galaninPeripheral injectionWithdrawal signsLocomotor activationSystemic injectionNeurochemical correlatesNucleus accumbensGalaninKnockout miceTherapeutic targetBrain areasDrug reinforcementGalnonRole of Calcineurin in Nicotine-Mediated Locomotor Sensitization
Addy NA, Fornasiero EF, Stevens TR, Taylor JR, Picciotto MR. Role of Calcineurin in Nicotine-Mediated Locomotor Sensitization. Journal Of Neuroscience 2007, 27: 8571-8580. PMID: 17687035, PMCID: PMC6672935, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2601-07.2007.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsVentral tegmental areaEffects of nicotineLocomotor sensitizationCalcineurin inhibitorsRole of calcineurinInfusion of rapamycinCultured cortical neuronsSprague-Dawley ratsNicotine-mediated behaviorsCyclosporine administrationTegmental areaCortical neuronsDawley ratsFK-binding proteinActivation of calcineurinNicotineSensitizationCalcineurin activityInfusionIntracellular signalingAdministrationCalcineurinFK506InhibitorsDirect infusionCytisine, a partial agonist of high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, has antidepressant-like properties in male C57BL/6J mice
Mineur YS, Somenzi O, Picciotto MR. Cytisine, a partial agonist of high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, has antidepressant-like properties in male C57BL/6J mice. Neuropharmacology 2007, 52: 1256-1262. PMID: 17320916, PMCID: PMC1959230, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.01.006.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAntidepressant-like effectsAntidepressant-like propertiesAntidepressant efficacyNicotinic acetylcholine receptorsPartial agonistBasolateral amygdalaAcetylcholine receptorsHigh-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptorsC-Fos immunoreactivityNovel antidepressant drugsC-fos expressionPotential neurobiological correlatesAlpha3/Classical antidepressantsAntidepressant drugsRodent modelsImmunohistochemical analysisNeuronal activityAnimal modelsFull agonistAgonistsNeuronal systemsEfficacyNeurobiological correlatesCytisine