2023
Multiplex Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence: A Practical Update for Pathologists
Harms P, Frankel T, Moutafi M, Rao A, Rimm D, Taube J, Thomas D, Chan M, Pantanowitz L. Multiplex Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence: A Practical Update for Pathologists. Modern Pathology 2023, 36: 100197. PMID: 37105494, DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100197.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsBiomarkersBiomarkers, TumorColoring AgentsFluorescent Antibody TechniqueHumansImmunohistochemistryNeoplasmsPathologistsTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsDigital spatial profilingMost clinical laboratoriesTumor microenvironmentImmunofluorescence/immunohistochemistryImmuno-oncology researchDiagnostic practiceClinical laboratoriesRoutine diagnostic useAntitumor immunityAdvanced cancerImmune populationsMultiplex stainingEosin stainingIHC stainsPractical updateClinical diagnostic practiceMultiplex immunohistochemistrySingle biomarkerImmunohistochemistryMultiplexed immunohistochemistryStandardized protocolChromogenic immunohistochemistryDiagnostic useMultiple biomarkersSerial sections
2021
Multi-institutional TSA-amplified Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Reproducibility Evaluation (MITRE) Study
Taube JM, Roman K, Engle EL, Wang C, Ballesteros-Merino C, Jensen SM, McGuire J, Jiang M, Coltharp C, Remeniuk B, Wistuba I, Locke D, Parra ER, Fox BA, Rimm DL, Hoyt C. Multi-institutional TSA-amplified Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Reproducibility Evaluation (MITRE) Study. Journal For ImmunoTherapy Of Cancer 2021, 9: e002197. PMID: 34266881, PMCID: PMC8286792, DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002197.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsBiomarkers, TumorFemaleFluorescent Antibody TechniqueHumansImmunohistochemistryLaboratories, ClinicalMaleTissue Array AnalysisConceptsPD-1/PD-L1 axisPD-L1 axisMultiplexed immunofluorescenceTumor cellsBreast carcinomaNon-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissuesCell lung cancer tissuesCell density assessmentPD-L1 expressionLung cancer tissuesTissue sectionsPercent positive cellsAverage concordanceClinical laboratory processPDL1 expressionMIF assayPD-1PD-L1Predictive biomarkersLow-level expressionPositive cellsCancer tissuesFluorescent detection reagentMultisite trialChromogenic assayAnalysis of multispectral imaging with the AstroPath platform informs efficacy of PD-1 blockade
Berry S, Giraldo NA, Green BF, Cottrell TR, Stein JE, Engle EL, Xu H, Ogurtsova A, Roberts C, Wang D, Nguyen P, Zhu Q, Soto-Diaz S, Loyola J, Sander IB, Wong PF, Jessel S, Doyle J, Signer D, Wilton R, Roskes JS, Eminizer M, Park S, Sunshine JC, Jaffee EM, Baras A, De Marzo AM, Topalian SL, Kluger H, Cope L, Lipson EJ, Danilova L, Anders RA, Rimm DL, Pardoll DM, Szalay AS, Taube JM. Analysis of multispectral imaging with the AstroPath platform informs efficacy of PD-1 blockade. Science 2021, 372 PMID: 34112666, PMCID: PMC8709533, DOI: 10.1126/science.aba2609.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAntigens, CDAntigens, Differentiation, MyelomonocyticAntineoplastic Agents, ImmunologicalB7-H1 AntigenBiomarkers, TumorCD8 AntigensFemaleFluorescent Antibody TechniqueForkhead Transcription FactorsHumansImmune Checkpoint ProteinsMacrophagesMaleMelanomaMiddle AgedPrognosisProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorProgression-Free SurvivalReceptors, Cell SurfaceSingle-Cell AnalysisSOXE Transcription FactorsT-Lymphocyte SubsetsTreatment OutcomeTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsAnti-programmed cell death 1Anti-PD-1 blockadePD-1 blockadeCell death 1Tissue-based biomarkersLong-term survivalTumor tissue sectionsDeath-1PD-1PD-L1Immunoregulatory moleculesT cellsIndependent cohortMyeloid cellsMelanoma specimensMultiple cell typesTissue sectionsLow/BlockadeCell typesDistinct expression patternsExpression patternsImagingCD8Foxp3Spatial Analysis and Clinical Significance of HLA Class-I and Class-II Subunit Expression in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Datar IJ, Hauc SC, Desai S, Gianino N, Henick B, Liu Y, Syrigos K, Rimm DL, Kavathas P, Ferrone S, Schalper KA. Spatial Analysis and Clinical Significance of HLA Class-I and Class-II Subunit Expression in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 2021, 27: 2837-2847. PMID: 33602682, PMCID: PMC8734284, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3655.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNon-small cell lung cancerNK cell infiltrationReduced T cellCell lung cancerHLA class IIT cellsLung cancerHLA classClinical significanceSubunit expressionHLA class II downregulationΒ2MClass IIHLA genesHuman leukocyte antigen classShorter overall survivalTumor microenvironment compositionClass II β chainImmune contextureOverall survivalLung malignancyNatural killerPatient survivalCell infiltrationClinicopathologic variables
2020
The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer statement on best practices for multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining and validation
Taube JM, Akturk G, Angelo M, Engle EL, Gnjatic S, Greenbaum S, Greenwald NF, Hedvat CV, Hollmann TJ, Juco J, Parra ER, Rebelatto MC, Rimm DL, Rodriguez-Canales J, Schalper KA, Stack EC, Ferreira CS, Korski K, Lako A, Rodig SJ, Schenck E, Steele KE, Surace MJ, Tetzlaff MT, von Loga K, Wistuba II, Bifulco CB, . The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer statement on best practices for multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining and validation. Journal For ImmunoTherapy Of Cancer 2020, 8: e000155. PMID: 32414858, PMCID: PMC7239569, DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000155.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsFluorescent Antibody TechniqueHumansImmunohistochemistryImmunotherapyStaining and LabelingTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsMultiplex immunohistochemistryImmune cell subsetsImmunotherapy of cancerRoutine clinical practiceMultiplex immunofluorescence analysisDigital spatial profilingMIF assayTask ForceTreatment of cancerCell subsetsPractice guidelinesBest practice guidelinesAcademic centersClinical practiceImmune systemTumor microenvironmentImmunohistochemistryTumor cellsBiomarker studiesCancer statementsChromogenic immunohistochemistryImmunotherapyImmunofluorescence analysisConsecutive stainingCancerAdvances in quantitative immunohistochemistry and their contribution to breast cancer
Yaghoobi V, Martinez-Morilla S, Liu Y, Charette L, Rimm DL, Harigopal M. Advances in quantitative immunohistochemistry and their contribution to breast cancer. Expert Review Of Molecular Diagnostics 2020, 20: 509-522. PMID: 32178550, DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1743178.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2019
High-Plex Predictive Marker Discovery for Melanoma Immunotherapy–Treated Patients Using Digital Spatial Profiling
Toki MI, Merritt CR, Wong PF, Smithy JW, Kluger HM, Syrigos KN, Ong GT, Warren SE, Beechem JM, Rimm DL. High-Plex Predictive Marker Discovery for Melanoma Immunotherapy–Treated Patients Using Digital Spatial Profiling. Clinical Cancer Research 2019, 25: 5503-5512. PMID: 31189645, PMCID: PMC6744974, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0104.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAntineoplastic Agents, ImmunologicalBiomarkers, TumorFemaleFluorescent Antibody TechniqueHumansImmunohistochemistryImmunotherapyLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingMaleMelanomaMolecular Diagnostic TechniquesMolecular Targeted TherapyPrognosisProportional Hazards ModelsTissue Array AnalysisTreatment OutcomeConceptsNon-small cell lung cancerProlonged progression-free survivalDigital spatial profilingOverall survivalPD-L1Predictive markerPD-L1 expressionProgression-free survivalProtein expressionCell lung cancerNovel predictive markerCD68-positive cellsStromal CD3Melanoma immunotherapyImmune markersImmune therapyPrognostic valueLung cancerAntibody cocktailTissue microarrayQuantitative fluorescenceOutcome assessmentTumor cellsHigh concordanceMultiple biomarkersQuantitative assessment of PD-L1 as an analyte in immunohistochemistry diagnostic assays using a standardized cell line tissue microarray
Martinez-Morilla S, McGuire J, Gaule P, Moore L, Acs B, Cougot D, Gown AM, Yaziji H, Wang WL, Cartun RW, Hornick JL, Sholl LM, Qiu J, Mino-Kenudson M, Yi ES, Beasley MB, Merrick DT, Ambaye AB, Zhang ZJ, Walker J, Rimm DL. Quantitative assessment of PD-L1 as an analyte in immunohistochemistry diagnostic assays using a standardized cell line tissue microarray. Laboratory Investigation 2019, 100: 4-15. PMID: 31409885, PMCID: PMC6920558, DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0295-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTissue microarrayPD-L1Quantitative immunofluorescencePD-L1 expressionPD-L1 immunohistochemistryMulti-institutional settingRoutine clinical samplesCell linesPredictive markerClinical trialsTumor typesIHC assaysQuantitative digital image analysisImmunohistochemistryCut pointsClinical samplesAntibodiesFDAInter-assay comparisonsDiagnostic assaysIsogenic cell linesAssaysDigital image analysisSubjective assessmentLow levelsMultiplex Quantitative Analysis of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Immunotherapy Outcome in Metastatic Melanoma
Wong PF, Wei W, Smithy JW, Acs B, Toki MI, Blenman K, Zelterman D, Kluger HM, Rimm DL. Multiplex Quantitative Analysis of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Immunotherapy Outcome in Metastatic Melanoma. Clinical Cancer Research 2019, 25: 2442-2449. PMID: 30617133, PMCID: PMC6467753, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2652.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAged, 80 and overAntineoplastic Agents, ImmunologicalBiomarkersBiomarkers, TumorFemaleFluorescent Antibody TechniqueHumansImmunohistochemistryImmunotherapyKaplan-Meier EstimateLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingMaleMelanomaMiddle AgedMolecular Targeted TherapyNeoplasm StagingROC CurveT-Lymphocyte SubsetsConceptsCell countTIL activationQuantitative immunofluorescenceLymphocytic infiltrationMelanoma patientsMetastatic melanomaAnti-PD-1 responseAnti-PD-1 therapyCell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitionAbsence of immunotherapyDeath-1 (PD-1) inhibitionDisease control rateProgression-free survivalCD8 cell countsTumor-Infiltrating LymphocytesNew predictive biomarkersWhole tissue sectionsRECIST 1.1Progressive diseaseDurable responsesObjective responsePartial responseImmunotherapy outcomesLymphocyte profilesMultivariable analysisExpression and clinical significance of PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4 and TILs in human small cell lung Cancer (SCLC)
Carvajal-Hausdorf D, Altan M, Velcheti V, Gettinger SN, Herbst RS, Rimm DL, Schalper KA. Expression and clinical significance of PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4 and TILs in human small cell lung Cancer (SCLC). Journal For ImmunoTherapy Of Cancer 2019, 7: 65. PMID: 30850021, PMCID: PMC6408760, DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0540-1.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAged, 80 and overB7 AntigensB7-H1 AntigenBiomarkers, TumorFemaleFluorescent Antibody TechniqueHumansKaplan-Meier EstimateLung NeoplasmsLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingMaleMiddle AgedNeoplasm GradingNeoplasm StagingPrognosisRetrospective StudiesSmall Cell Lung CarcinomaV-Set Domain-Containing T-Cell Activation Inhibitor 1ConceptsSmall cell lung cancerCell lung cancerB7-H4B7-H3Lung cancerPD-L1Non-small cell lung cancerBackgroundSmall cell lung cancerAnti-tumor immune responseHuman small cell lung cancerQuantitative immunofluorescenceB7 family ligandsLevels of TILsMultiplexed quantitative immunofluorescenceLevels of CD3Effector T cellsImmune checkpoint blockersPromising clinical activityTissue microarray formatLymphocyte subsetsCheckpoint blockersOverall survivalLung malignancyClinicopathological variablesMarker levels
2017
High concordance of a closed-system, RT-qPCR breast cancer assay for HER2 mRNA, compared to clinically determined immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and quantitative immunofluorescence
Wasserman BE, Carvajal-Hausdorf DE, Ho K, Wong W, Wu N, Chu VC, Lai EW, Weidler JM, Bates M, Neumeister V, Rimm DL. High concordance of a closed-system, RT-qPCR breast cancer assay for HER2 mRNA, compared to clinically determined immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and quantitative immunofluorescence. Laboratory Investigation 2017, 97: 1521-1526. PMID: 28892092, PMCID: PMC5711560, DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.93.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInvasive breast cancerBreast cancerQuantitative immunofluorescenceRT-qPCRFormalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocksRT-qPCR assaysEquivocal categoryReal-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactionHER2 receptor statusQuantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactionParaffin-embedded tissue blocksReverse transcription-polymerase chain reactionTranscription-polymerase chain reactionIHC/FISHMRNA measurementsAssessment of HER2Low-resource settingsReceptor statusPolymerase chain reactionPathology reportsCT cutsSingle-use cartridgeResource settingsHER2 mRNATissue blocksObjective, domain-specific HER2 measurement in uterine and ovarian serous carcinomas and its clinical significance
Carvajal-Hausdorf DE, Schalper KA, Bai Y, Black J, Santin AD, Rimm DL. Objective, domain-specific HER2 measurement in uterine and ovarian serous carcinomas and its clinical significance. Gynecologic Oncology 2017, 145: 154-158. PMID: 28196634, PMCID: PMC5941302, DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.02.002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdo-Trastuzumab EmtansineAfatinibAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedAntineoplastic AgentsCohort StudiesExtracellular SpaceFemaleFluorescent Antibody TechniqueHumansIntracellular SpaceLapatinibMaytansineMiddle AgedNeoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and SerousOvarian NeoplasmsProtein DomainsQuinazolinesReceptor, ErbB-2Retrospective StudiesTissue Array AnalysisTrastuzumabUterine NeoplasmsConceptsUterine serous carcinomaOvarian serous carcinomaHER2 intracellular domainSerous carcinomaECD levelsECD statusTissue microarrayHER2 measurementQuantitative immunofluorescenceHER2 overexpression/amplificationClinico-pathologic characteristicsClinico-pathological featuresHER2-targeted agentsIntracellular domainOverexpression/amplificationHER2 extracellular domainExtracellular domainOSC patientsClinical trialsBreast cancerClinical significancePatientsHER2 assaysP95-HER2CarcinomaProof of the quantitative potential of immunofluorescence by mass spectrometry
Toki MI, Cecchi F, Hembrough T, Syrigos KN, Rimm DL. Proof of the quantitative potential of immunofluorescence by mass spectrometry. Laboratory Investigation 2017, 97: 329-334. PMID: 28092364, PMCID: PMC5334147, DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.148.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2016
Quantitative assessment of the spatial heterogeneity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer
Mani NL, Schalper KA, Hatzis C, Saglam O, Tavassoli F, Butler M, Chagpar AB, Pusztai L, Rimm DL. Quantitative assessment of the spatial heterogeneity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research 2016, 18: 78. PMID: 27473061, PMCID: PMC4966732, DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0737-x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntraclass correlation coefficientQuantitative immunofluorescenceBreast cancerSame cancerSingle biopsyMultiplexed quantitative immunofluorescenceTumor-infiltrating lymphocytesPotential predictive markerPrimary breast carcinomaCytokeratin-positive epithelial cellsCD20-positive lymphocytesCD8 levelsLymphocyte scoreQIF scoresLymphocyte countLymphocyte subpopulationsMultiple biopsiesSubpopulation countsPredictive markerPrognostic informationBreast carcinomaBiopsyB lymphocytesCD3Breast tumorsAutomated measurement of estrogen receptor in breast cancer: a comparison of fluorescent and chromogenic methods of measurement
Zarrella ER, Coulter M, Welsh AW, Carvajal DE, Schalper KA, Harigopal M, Rimm D, Neumeister V. Automated measurement of estrogen receptor in breast cancer: a comparison of fluorescent and chromogenic methods of measurement. Laboratory Investigation 2016, 96: 1016-1025. PMID: 27348626, PMCID: PMC5008858, DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.73.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchValidation of the IHC4 Breast Cancer Prognostic Algorithm Using Multiple Approaches on the Multinational TEAM Clinical Trial
Bartlett JM, Christiansen J, Gustavson M, Rimm DL, Piper T, van de Velde CJ, Hasenburg A, Kieback DG, Putter H, Markopoulos CJ, Dirix LY, Seynaeve C, Rea DW. Validation of the IHC4 Breast Cancer Prognostic Algorithm Using Multiple Approaches on the Multinational TEAM Clinical Trial. Archives Of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 2016, 140: 66-74. PMID: 26717057, DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0599-oa.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHazard ratioBreast cancerResidual riskMultivariate Cox proportional hazardsDistant recurrence-free survivalClinical prognostic factorsEarly breast cancerRecurrence-free survivalSignificant prognostic valueCox proportional hazardsHER2/neuIHC4 scoreHormone therapyNodal statusTrial cohortPrognostic factorsPrognostic valueClinical trialsKi-67Proportional hazardsMultivariate analysisTEAM trialBiomarker expressionQuantitative immunofluorescenceResidual risk assessmentQuantitative Assessment of the Heterogeneity of PD-L1 Expression in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
McLaughlin J, Han G, Schalper KA, Carvajal-Hausdorf D, Pelakanou V, Rehman J, Velcheti V, Herbst R, LoRusso P, Rimm DL. Quantitative Assessment of the Heterogeneity of PD-L1 Expression in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. JAMA Oncology 2016, 2: 1-9. PMID: 26562159, PMCID: PMC4941982, DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.3638.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAntibodies, MonoclonalAntibody SpecificityB7-H1 AntigenBiomarkers, TumorCarcinoma, Non-Small-Cell LungFemaleFluorescent Antibody TechniqueHumansImmunohistochemistryLung NeoplasmsMaleObserver VariationPredictive Value of TestsReproducibility of ResultsRetrospective StudiesTissue Array AnalysisConceptsTumor-infiltrating lymphocytesPD-L1 expressionPD-L1 antibodiesPD-L1 protein expressionCell lung cancerPD-L1Whole tissue sectionsQuantitative immunofluorescenceLung cancerChromogenic immunohistochemistryPoor concordanceDifferent PD-L1 antibodiesHigh tumor-infiltrating lymphocytesTumor PD-L1 expressionPD-L1 protein levelsCell lung cancer biopsiesMonoclonal antibodiesCurrent consensus guidelinesProtein expressionDurable clinical responsesMain outcome measuresEarly phase trialsLung cancer biopsiesRabbit monoclonal antibodyCorresponding tissue microarrays
2015
Loss of antigenicity with tissue age in breast cancer
Combs SE, Han G, Mani N, Beruti S, Nerenberg M, Rimm DL. Loss of antigenicity with tissue age in breast cancer. Laboratory Investigation 2015, 96: 264-269. PMID: 26568292, DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.138.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman epidermal growth receptor 2Estrogen receptorQuantitative immunofluorescenceProtein expressionSeries of formalinRandom-effects modelHuman breast carcinomaLarge cooperative groupsParaffin-embedded tissuesKi67 expressionBreast carcinomaBreast cancerIndividual patientsTissue microarrayClinical investigationClinical questionsReceptor 2Tumor specimensPositive casesLoss of antigenicityFFPE biospecimensQuantitative protein expressionBiomarkersCooperative groupsPreservation timeMeasurement of Domain-Specific HER2 (ERBB2) Expression May Classify Benefit From Trastuzumab in Breast Cancer
Carvajal-Hausdorf DE, Schalper KA, Pusztai L, Psyrri A, Kalogeras KT, Kotoula V, Fountzilas G, Rimm DL. Measurement of Domain-Specific HER2 (ERBB2) Expression May Classify Benefit From Trastuzumab in Breast Cancer. Journal Of The National Cancer Institute 2015, 107: djv136. PMID: 25991002, PMCID: PMC4554192, DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv136.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedAntineoplastic AgentsAntineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ProtocolsBiomarkers, TumorBreast NeoplasmsChemotherapy, AdjuvantClinical Trials as TopicDisease-Free SurvivalExtracellular SpaceFemaleFluorescent Antibody TechniqueGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticHumansIntracellular SpaceKaplan-Meier EstimateMiddle AgedPredictive Value of TestsPrognosisReceptor, ErbB-2Sensitivity and SpecificityTissue Array AnalysisTrastuzumabTreatment OutcomeConceptsHuman epidermal growth factor receptor 2ECD expressionICD statusLonger DFSQuantitative immunofluorescenceTrastuzumab therapyPrognostic valueBreast cancerTissue microarrayEpidermal growth factor receptor 2Adjuvant trastuzumab therapyDisease-free survival analysisTrastuzumab-treated patientsGrowth factor receptor 2High positive predictive valueHER2-positive tumorsKaplan-Meier estimatesFactor receptor 2ERBB2 gene amplificationHER2 protein expressionPositive predictive valueExtracellular domainAdjuvant chemotherapyHER2-ICDBetter DFSPLEKHA5 as a Biomarker and Potential Mediator of Melanoma Brain Metastasis
Jilaveanu LB, Parisi F, Barr ML, Zito CR, Cruz-Munoz W, Kerbel RS, Rimm DL, Bosenberg MW, Halaban R, Kluger Y, Kluger HM. PLEKHA5 as a Biomarker and Potential Mediator of Melanoma Brain Metastasis. Clinical Cancer Research 2015, 21: 2138-2147. PMID: 25316811, PMCID: PMC4397107, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0861.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAged, 80 and overBiomarkers, TumorBrain NeoplasmsCell Line, TumorFemaleFluorescent Antibody TechniqueGene Expression ProfilingHumansImage Processing, Computer-AssistedIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsMaleMelanomaMiddle AgedNeoplasm InvasivenessTissue Array AnalysisTranscriptomeYoung AdultConceptsCell line modelsBlood-brain barrierBrain metastasesGene expression profilesGene expression profilingExpression profilingExpression profilesPLEKHA5Brain metastasis-free survivalA375P cellsQuantitative immunofluorescenceEarly brain metastasisMelanoma brain metastasesMetastasis-free survivalProfile of patientsPotential mediatorsProtein levelsMetastatic melanoma casesEarly developmentMelanoma cellsKnockdownDecrease proliferationBBB transmigrationExtracerebral sitesMetastatic sites