2004
Renal Function, Digoxin Therapy, and Heart Failure Outcomes: Evidence from the Digoxin Intervention Group Trial
SHLIPAK MG, SMITH GL, RATHORE SS, MASSIE BM, KRUMHOLZ HM. Renal Function, Digoxin Therapy, and Heart Failure Outcomes: Evidence from the Digoxin Intervention Group Trial. Journal Of The American Society Of Nephrology 2004, 15: 2195-2203. PMID: 15284305, DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000135121.81744.75.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGlomerular filtration rateHeart failure outcomesEffect of digoxinRenal functionHeart failureRenal dysfunctionGroup trialsMortality riskLow glomerular filtration rateLevel of GFRFailure outcomesSystolic heart failureHeart failure survivalLower mortality hazardDigoxin efficacyCause mortalityDigoxin therapyCommon complicationClinical outcomesFiltration rateGFR 60Failure survivalSimilar riskMortality hazardStable outpatients
2002
Sex-Based Differences in the Effect of Digoxin for the Treatment of Heart Failure
Rathore SS, Wang Y, Krumholz HM. Sex-Based Differences in the Effect of Digoxin for the Treatment of Heart Failure. New England Journal Of Medicine 2002, 347: 1403-1411. PMID: 12409542, DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa021266.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEffect of digoxinDepressed left ventricular systolic functionLeft ventricular systolic functionVentricular systolic functionSex-based differencesRate of deathDigoxin therapyHeart failureSystolic functionMultivariable Cox proportional hazards modelsDigitalis Investigation Group (DIG) studyDigitalis Investigation Group trialCox proportional hazards modelHeart failure variesPrimary end pointRisk of deathProportional hazards modelMantel-Haenszel testOverall mortalityTherapy differsEpidemiologic featuresMultivariable analysisClinical variablesSubgroup analysisGroup trials