2020
Nucleolar localization of RAG1 modulates V(D)J recombination activity
Brecht RM, Liu CC, Beilinson HA, Khitun A, Slavoff SA, Schatz DG. Nucleolar localization of RAG1 modulates V(D)J recombination activity. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2020, 117: 4300-4309. PMID: 32047031, PMCID: PMC7049140, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920021117.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNucleolar localizationProximity-dependent biotin identificationRecombination activityDisruption of nucleoliDiscrete gene segmentsAntigen receptor lociPre-B cell linesNegative regulatory mechanismsN-terminal regionAmino acids 216Biotin identificationLocalization motifNucleolar associationProtein complexesNucleolar proteinsNucleolar sequestrationT-cell receptor genesRegulatory mechanismsNucleolar markerReceptor locusEfficient egressRAG1Amino acidsGene segmentsReceptor gene
2019
TET enzymes augment activation-induced deaminase (AID) expression via 5-hydroxymethylcytosine modifications at the Aicda superenhancer
Lio CJ, Shukla V, Samaniego-Castruita D, González-Avalos E, Chakraborty A, Yue X, Schatz DG, Ay F, Rao A. TET enzymes augment activation-induced deaminase (AID) expression via 5-hydroxymethylcytosine modifications at the Aicda superenhancer. Science Immunology 2019, 4 PMID: 31028100, PMCID: PMC6599614, DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau7523.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords5-MethylcytosineAnimalsBasic-Leucine Zipper Transcription FactorsB-LymphocytesCell DifferentiationCells, CulturedCytidine DeaminaseDioxygenasesDNA DemethylationDNA-Binding ProteinsGene Expression RegulationGenetic LociImmunoglobulin Class SwitchingLymphocyte ActivationMiceMice, TransgenicPrimary Cell CultureProto-Oncogene ProteinsResponse ElementsConceptsClass switch recombinationTranscription factorsChromatin accessibilityDNA demethylationBasic region-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factorsBZIP transcription factorsZipper transcription factorKey transcription factorEpigenetic marksTET enzymesEnhancer dynamicsGenomic regionsDeficient B cellsMurine B cellsEnhancer activityEnzyme essentialEnhancer elementsSwitch recombinationActivation-induced deaminase (AID) expressionAID expressionB cellsSuperenhancersTetDemethylationExpression
2016
Modeling altered T-cell development with induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with RAG1-dependent immune deficiencies
Brauer PM, Pessach IM, Clarke E, Rowe JH, Ott de Bruin L, Lee YN, Dominguez-Brauer C, Comeau AM, Awong G, Felgentreff K, Zhang YH, Bredemeyer A, Al-Herz W, Du L, Ververs F, Kennedy M, Giliani S, Keller G, Sleckman BP, Schatz DG, Bushman FD, Notarangelo LD, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Modeling altered T-cell development with induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with RAG1-dependent immune deficiencies. Blood 2016, 128: 783-793. PMID: 27301863, PMCID: PMC4982452, DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-676304.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInduced pluripotent stem cellsT cell developmentPluripotent stem cellsT cell receptorStem cellsOmenn syndrome patientsSingle-strand DNA breaksHuman induced pluripotent stem cellsControl iPSCsDeep-sequencing analysisT lineage cellsHuman T-cell developmentT cell progenitorsIPSC-derived cellsJoining genesImpaired T-cell differentiationDNA breaksSame geneN-terminalImmune system developmentLocus rearrangementT cell differentiationPatient cellsRecombination activityGenetic defects
2015
Spatio-temporal regulation of RAG2 following genotoxic stress
Rodgers W, Byrum JN, Sapkota H, Rahman NS, Cail RC, Zhao S, Schatz DG, Rodgers KK. Spatio-temporal regulation of RAG2 following genotoxic stress. DNA Repair 2015, 27: 19-27. PMID: 25625798, PMCID: PMC4336829, DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.12.008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsActive Transport, Cell NucleusAtaxia Telangiectasia Mutated ProteinsCell NucleusCells, CulturedCentrosomeDNADNA Breaks, Double-StrandedDNA RepairDNA-Binding ProteinsGene Knockdown TechniquesHumansMicroscopy, FluorescenceMutationNuclear ProteinsPrecursor Cells, B-LymphoidRadiation, IonizingSubcellular FractionsVDJ RecombinasesConceptsDNA double-strand breaksGenotoxic stressorsCellular responsesFormation of DSBsLymphocyte antigen receptor genesDNA DSBsSpatio-temporal regulationInhibition of ATMDNA damaging agentsSubcellular fractionation approachDouble-strand breaksAntigen receptor genesNuclear Rag2Genotoxic stressRAG complexDNA repairIncorrect repairDamaging agentsStrand breaksNovel mechanismRAG2Receptor geneCentrosomesFractionation approachSubstantial enrichment
2013
A Critical Context-Dependent Role for E Boxes in the Targeting of Somatic Hypermutation
McDonald JJ, Alinikula J, Buerstedde JM, Schatz DG. A Critical Context-Dependent Role for E Boxes in the Targeting of Somatic Hypermutation. The Journal Of Immunology 2013, 191: 1556-1566. PMID: 23836058, PMCID: PMC3735716, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300969.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsB-LymphocytesBinding SitesCells, CulturedChickensCytidine DeaminaseDNA, RecombinantE-Box ElementsEnhancer Elements, GeneticGenes, Immunoglobulin Light ChainGenes, ReporterGreen Fluorescent ProteinsImmunoglobulin Variable RegionMutationProtein BindingSomatic Hypermutation, ImmunoglobulinTranscription Factor 3TransfectionTransgenesConceptsE-boxSomatic hypermutationChicken DT40 B cellsDT40 B cellsNon-Ig lociOff-target mutationsActivation-induced cytidine deaminaseContext-dependent roleShort DNA sequencesSequence motifsDNA sequencesTarget genesIg genesSequence contextAffinity of AbsDNA damageCytidine deaminaseRepertoire diversificationMutationsGenesMotifSequenceFunctional hierarchyHypermutationAg stimulation
2012
Identification of Core DNA Elements That Target Somatic Hypermutation
Kohler KM, McDonald JJ, Duke JL, Arakawa H, Tan S, Kleinstein SH, Buerstedde JM, Schatz DG. Identification of Core DNA Elements That Target Somatic Hypermutation. The Journal Of Immunology 2012, 189: 5314-5326. PMID: 23087403, PMCID: PMC3664039, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202082.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords3' Flanking RegionAnimalsB-LymphocytesCells, CulturedChickensChromatin ImmunoprecipitationCytidine DeaminaseDNAEnhancer Elements, GeneticGenes, ImmunoglobulinGenetic LociImmunoassayImmunoglobulin Variable RegionMutationPhosphorylationRNA Polymerase IISerineSomatic Hypermutation, ImmunoglobulinTranscription, GeneticConceptsActivation-induced deaminaseDNA elementsSomatic hypermutationChicken DT40 B cellsIg lociChromatin immunoprecipitation experimentsDT40 B cellsRNA polymerase IISystematic deletion analysisL chain lociNon-Ig genesCore DNA elementSerine 5Epigenetic marksPolymerase IITranscriptional elongationMutational machineryDeletion analysisReporter cassetteImmunoprecipitation experimentsDeoxycytosine residuesIg genesDNA damageChain locusLociDendritic cell–mediated activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)–dependent induction of genomic instability in human myeloma
Koduru S, Wong E, Strowig T, Sundaram R, Zhang L, Strout MP, Flavell RA, Schatz DG, Dhodapkar KM, Dhodapkar MV. Dendritic cell–mediated activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)–dependent induction of genomic instability in human myeloma. Blood 2012, 119: 2302-2309. PMID: 22234692, PMCID: PMC3311257, DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-08-376236.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBlotting, WesternCell Line, TumorCell SurvivalCells, CulturedCoculture TechniquesCytidine DeaminaseDendritic CellsDNA Breaks, Double-StrandedFemaleGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticGenomic InstabilityHumansInterleukin Receptor Common gamma SubunitMiceMice, Inbred NODMice, KnockoutMice, SCIDMultiple MyelomaNF-kappa BRANK LigandReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionTransplantation, HeterologousTumor Cells, CulturedConceptsInduction of AIDMultiple myelomaTumor microenvironmentTumor cellsReceptor activatorActivation-induced cytidine deaminaseDendritic cell infiltrationCapacity of DCPrimary MM cellsNF-κB/receptor activatorGenetics of tumorsGrowth of tumorsGenomic damageMyeloma cell linesRANKL inhibitionPlasmacytoid DCsIndolent behaviorCell infiltrationMM cellsHuman myelomaCytidine deaminaseMyelomaDNA double-strand breaksGenomic instabilityCell lines
2010
Uracil residues dependent on the deaminase AID in immunoglobulin gene variable and switch regions
Maul RW, Saribasak H, Martomo SA, McClure RL, Yang W, Vaisman A, Gramlich HS, Schatz DG, Woodgate R, Wilson DM, Gearhart PJ. Uracil residues dependent on the deaminase AID in immunoglobulin gene variable and switch regions. Nature Immunology 2010, 12: 70-76. PMID: 21151102, PMCID: PMC3653439, DOI: 10.1038/ni.1970.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAntigenic VariationB-LymphocytesCells, CulturedCytidine DeaminaseDNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) LyaseImmunoglobulin Class SwitchingImmunoglobulin Variable RegionInterleukin-4LipopolysaccharidesLymphocyte ActivationMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutModels, ChemicalSpleenUracilUracil-DNA Glycosidase
2009
RAG-1 and ATM coordinate monoallelic recombination and nuclear positioning of immunoglobulin loci
Hewitt SL, Yin B, Ji Y, Chaumeil J, Marszalek K, Tenthorey J, Salvagiotto G, Steinel N, Ramsey LB, Ghysdael J, Farrar MA, Sleckman BP, Schatz DG, Busslinger M, Bassing CH, Skok JA. RAG-1 and ATM coordinate monoallelic recombination and nuclear positioning of immunoglobulin loci. Nature Immunology 2009, 10: 655-664. PMID: 19448632, PMCID: PMC2693356, DOI: 10.1038/ni.1735.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAllelesAnimalsAtaxia Telangiectasia Mutated ProteinsB-LymphocytesCell Cycle ProteinsCells, CulturedDNA BreaksDNA-Binding ProteinsGene RearrangementHomeodomain ProteinsImmunoglobulinsMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutProtein Serine-Threonine KinasesRecombination, GeneticTumor Suppressor ProteinsVDJ Recombinases
2006
Roles of the Ig κ Light Chain Intronic and 3′ Enhancers in Igk Somatic Hypermutation
Inlay MA, Gao HH, Odegard VH, Lin T, Schatz DG, Xu Y. Roles of the Ig κ Light Chain Intronic and 3′ Enhancers in Igk Somatic Hypermutation. The Journal Of Immunology 2006, 177: 1146-1151. PMID: 16818772, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.1146.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords3' Untranslated RegionsAnimalsB-LymphocytesCells, CulturedDown-RegulationEnhancer Elements, GeneticGene DeletionGene Expression RegulationGerminal CenterImmunoglobulin kappa-ChainsIntronsLymphocyte ActivationMiceMice, KnockoutMice, TransgenicRNA, MessengerSomatic Hypermutation, ImmunoglobulinSpleen
2005
Expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase is regulated by cell division, providing a mechanistic basis for division-linked class switch recombination
Rush JS, Liu M, Odegard VH, Unniraman S, Schatz DG. Expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase is regulated by cell division, providing a mechanistic basis for division-linked class switch recombination. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2005, 102: 13242-13247. PMID: 16141332, PMCID: PMC1201576, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502779102.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsClass switch recombinationCell divisionAID expressionSwitch recombinationFrequency of CSRSingle cell divisionSubsequent cell divisionSuccessive cell divisionsActivation-induced cytidine deaminaseConstitutive AID expressionIg heavy chain constant regionsEffector function propertiesHeavy chain constant regionActivation-induced cytidine deaminase mRNAMolecular explanationMechanistic basisDifferent molecular featuresSuccessive divisionsChain constant regionCytidine deaminaseB cell activationCytokine exposureExpressionConstant regionCell activation
2004
B cell–specific loss of histone 3 lysine 9 methylation in the VH locus depends on Pax5
Johnson K, Pflugh DL, Yu D, Hesslein DG, Lin KI, Bothwell AL, Thomas-Tikhonenko A, Schatz DG, Calame K. B cell–specific loss of histone 3 lysine 9 methylation in the VH locus depends on Pax5. Nature Immunology 2004, 5: 853-861. PMID: 15258579, PMCID: PMC1635547, DOI: 10.1038/ni1099.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBase SequenceB-LymphocytesCell LineageCells, CulturedDNA-Binding ProteinsFlow CytometryGene Rearrangement, B-LymphocyteHematopoietic Stem CellsHistonesImmunoglobulin Heavy ChainsImmunoglobulin Variable RegionLysineMethylationMiceModels, ImmunologicalMolecular Sequence DataPAX5 Transcription FactorPrecipitin TestsReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionTranscription FactorsConceptsH3-K9 methylationDJH recombinationVH locusHistone 3 lysine 9 methylationLysine 9 methylationFunction of Pax5Non-B lineage cellsB cell-specific lossB cell commitmentHistone exchangeInactive chromatinLysine 9Histone H3Transcription factorsCell commitmentCell-specific lossInhibitory modificationMethylationLineage cellsLociPAX5B cellsHeavy chain rearrangementRecombinationChain rearrangementNon‐redundancy of cytidine deaminases in class switch recombination
Fugmann SD, Rush JS, Schatz DG. Non‐redundancy of cytidine deaminases in class switch recombination. European Journal Of Immunology 2004, 34: 844-849. PMID: 14991614, DOI: 10.1002/eji.200324418.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsActivation-induced cytidine deaminaseClass switch recombinationAPOBEC-1Human activation-induced cytidine deaminaseSwitch recombinationCognate substratesCatalytic mutantGene conversionClose homologueProkaryotic cellsInactive mutantMurine B cellsDistinct mRNAsCytidine deaminase activityCytidine deaminasesImmunoglobulin genesDiversification mechanismsCytidine deaminaseSomatic hypermutationUnknown mechanismDeaminase activityMutantsPrecise roleActivated B cellsB cellsUp-Regulation of Hlx in Immature Th Cells Induces IFN-γ Expression
Zheng WP, Zhao Q, Zhao X, Li B, Hubank M, Schatz DG, Flavell RA. Up-Regulation of Hlx in Immature Th Cells Induces IFN-γ Expression. The Journal Of Immunology 2004, 172: 114-122. PMID: 14688316, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.114.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdjuvants, ImmunologicAdoptive TransferAnimalsCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCell DifferentiationCells, CulturedHemocyaninsHomeodomain ProteinsInjections, IntravenousInjections, SubcutaneousInterferon-gammaInterphaseMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutMice, TransgenicT-Lymphocytes, Helper-InducerTh1 CellsTranscription FactorsUp-RegulationConceptsCD4 T cellsTransgenic CD4 T cellsTh2-polarizing conditionsTh1 cell differentiationTh cellsT cellsTh1 cellsIFN-gammaKeyhole limpet hemocyanin immunizationNormal CD4 T cellsTime pointsIntracellular cytokine stainingIFN-γ expressionIFN-gamma expressionEarly time pointsCytokine stainingTh2 cellsNaive precursorsCell differentiationSpecific time pointsThymocyte populationTransgenic miceMarked reductionAberrant expressionRetroviral infection
1995
A modified tetracycline-regulated system provides autoregulatory, inducible gene expression in cultured cells and transgenic mice.
Shockett P, Difilippantonio M, Hellman N, Schatz DG. A modified tetracycline-regulated system provides autoregulatory, inducible gene expression in cultured cells and transgenic mice. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 1995, 92: 6522-6526. PMID: 7604026, PMCID: PMC41550, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.14.6522.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords3T3 CellsAnimalsBlotting, WesternCells, CulturedDNA NucleotidyltransferasesGene Expression RegulationHerpes Simplex Virus Protein Vmw65MiceMice, TransgenicOpen Reading FramesPlasmidsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsRepressor ProteinsRestriction MappingRNA, MessengerSequence DeletionTetracyclineTrans-ActivatorsTransfectionVDJ RecombinasesConceptsInducible gene expressionGene expressionTetracycline-regulated gene expressionTranscriptional activation domainCultured cellsTetracycline-regulated systemTransgenic miceExpression of tTAAutoregulatory systemActivation domainTTA geneInducible promoterTetracycline repressorInducible expressionFusion proteinTransactivator proteinConstitutive expressionTransgenic animalsGene 1Induced levelsRecombination activityMost tissuesConstitutive systemProteinCell lines
1993
Multiple rearrangements in T cell receptor alpha chain genes maximize the production of useful thymocytes.
Petrie HT, Livak F, Schatz DG, Strasser A, Crispe IN, Shortman K. Multiple rearrangements in T cell receptor alpha chain genes maximize the production of useful thymocytes. Journal Of Experimental Medicine 1993, 178: 615-622. PMID: 8393478, PMCID: PMC2191132, DOI: 10.1084/jem.178.2.615.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAlpha/beta heterodimerMultiple rearrangementsTCR alpha/beta heterodimerBeta heterodimerBeta chainT-cell receptor alpha-chain geneChain geneTCR alpha geneTCR alphaSurface expressionReceptor alpha-chain geneTransgenic TCR beta chainTCR alpha locusAlpha chain geneT cell receptor alphaAlpha gene rearrangementsMajority of TCREndogenous TCR alpha chainsHeavy chain genePositive selectionSomatic rearrangementsAllelic exclusionAlpha geneAlpha locusTCR alpha chain
1988
Stable expression of immunoglobulin gene V(D)J recombinase activity by gene transfer into 3T3 fibroblasts
Schatz D, Baltimore D. Stable expression of immunoglobulin gene V(D)J recombinase activity by gene transfer into 3T3 fibroblasts. Cell 1988, 53: 107-115. PMID: 3349523, DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90492-8.Peer-Reviewed Original Research