Mechanisms and Clinical Features of Co-Occurring Opioid and Nicotine Use
Lichenstein SD, Zakiniaeiz Y, Yip SW, Garrison KA. Mechanisms and Clinical Features of Co-Occurring Opioid and Nicotine Use. Current Addiction Reports 2019, 6: 114-125. PMID: 32864292, PMCID: PMC7451029, DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00245-3.Peer-Reviewed Reviews, Practice Guidelines, Standards, and Consensus StatementsNicotine useClinical featuresCholinergic systemUse disordersOpioid use disorderPurpose of ReviewToSubstance use disordersSex/gender considerationsRecent FindingsOpioidPathophysiological mechanismsSmoking cessationRisk factorsTreatment outcomesDrug rewardOpioidsFurther studiesHigh rateTreatmentDisordersHighlight areasPainReviewToEtiologyPharmacologicalCessation