2023
Development of neural repair therapy for chronic spinal cord trauma: soluble Nogo receptor decoy from discovery to clinical trial
Howard E, Strittmatter S. Development of neural repair therapy for chronic spinal cord trauma: soluble Nogo receptor decoy from discovery to clinical trial. Current Opinion In Neurology 2023, 36: 516-522. PMID: 37865850, PMCID: PMC10841037, DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001205.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cord injuryChronic cervical spinal cord injuryCervical spinal cord injuryRecent clinical trialsCentral nervous systemClinical trialsAnimal studiesNeural repairChronic spinal cord injuryIncomplete spinal cord injuryTraumatic spinal cord injuryAdult mammalian central nervous systemContusion spinal cord injuryTreatment-naïve patientsSpinal cord traumaMammalian central nervous systemNeural repair therapiesUpper extremity strengthNonhuman primate studiesReceptor 1 pathwayNeurological recoveryNeurological deficitsCord traumaMedical therapyChronic stageTMEM106B Puncta Is Increased in Multiple Sclerosis Plaques, and Reduced Protein in Mice Results in Delayed Lipid Clearance Following CNS Injury
Shafit-Zagardo B, Sidoli S, Goldman J, DuBois J, Corboy J, Strittmatter S, Guzik H, Edema U, Arackal A, Botbol Y, Merheb E, Nagra R, Graff S. TMEM106B Puncta Is Increased in Multiple Sclerosis Plaques, and Reduced Protein in Mice Results in Delayed Lipid Clearance Following CNS Injury. Cells 2023, 12: 1734. PMID: 37443768, PMCID: PMC10340176, DOI: 10.3390/cells12131734.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAxonal damageMultiple sclerosisRelapsing-remitting multiple sclerosisHypomorphic miceExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitisRelapsing-remitting MSNormal-appearing white matterMultiple sclerosis plaquesWhite matter plaquesNon-neurologic controlsWild-type miceBrains of individualsLipid droplet accumulationAutoimmune encephalomyelitisMyelin oligodendrocyteCNS injuryLipid clearanceSpinal cordNeuronal integrityTransmembrane protein 106BWhite matterAlzheimer's diseaseMice resultsDroplet accumulationPlaques
2022
Translational PET Imaging of Spinal Cord Injury with the Serotonin Transporter Tracer [11C]AFM
Fang H, Rossano S, Wang X, Nabulsi N, Kelley B, Fowles K, Ropchan J, Strittmatter SM, Carson RE, Huang Y. Translational PET Imaging of Spinal Cord Injury with the Serotonin Transporter Tracer [11C]AFM. Molecular Imaging And Biology 2022, 24: 560-569. PMID: 35020138, PMCID: PMC9550197, DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01698-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cord injurySpinal cordHealthy ratsHuman spinal cordCord injurySerotonin transporterRat modelRodent modelsPET imagingTranslational PET imagingSCI rat modelIntact spinal cordSpinal cord caudalRodent spinal cordSerotonin transporter tracerUse of PETCervical uptakeSERT changesSCI animalsSCI patientsPresynaptic serotonin transporterCord caudalAxon damageSerotonin systemSERT radioligand
2020
Nogo receptor decoy promotes recovery and corticospinal growth in non-human primate spinal cord injury
Wang X, Zhou T, Maynard GD, Terse PS, Cafferty WB, Kocsis JD, Strittmatter SM. Nogo receptor decoy promotes recovery and corticospinal growth in non-human primate spinal cord injury. Brain 2020, 143: 1697-1713. PMID: 32375169, PMCID: PMC7850069, DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa116.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPrimate spinal cord injurySpinal cord injuryCord injuryFemale African green monkeysTreatment-related adverse eventsChronic neurological deficitsNogo receptor 1Left motor cortexRecovery of functionPreclinical rodent modelsSpinal cord injury animalsAfrican green monkeysRaphespinal fibersAdverse eventsCervical cordNeurological deficitsSurgical complicationsCNS traumaTreatment cessationCorticospinal axonsLumbar catheterInjury animalsNeural recoverySpontaneous feedingLateral hemisection
2018
Human neuroepithelial stem cell regional specificity enables spinal cord repair through a relay circuit
Dell’Anno M, Wang X, Onorati M, Li M, Talpo F, Sekine Y, Ma S, Liu F, Cafferty WBJ, Sestan N, Strittmatter SM. Human neuroepithelial stem cell regional specificity enables spinal cord repair through a relay circuit. Nature Communications 2018, 9: 3419. PMID: 30143638, PMCID: PMC6109094, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05844-8.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman neuroepithelial stem cellsNeuroepithelial stem cellsSpinal cord injury recoverySpinal cord injury resultsNeural stem cell transplantationStem cell transplantationSpinal cord repairOptimal cell typeStem cellsGrafted neuronsPersistent disabilityFunctional recoveryTherapeutic optionsCell transplantationHost axonsInjury resultsSpinal cordRobust engraftmentImmunodeficient miceInjury recoveryAnatomical sitesNeural elementsSpecific marker proteinsTransplantationAdherent conditions
2017
Identification of Intrinsic Axon Growth Modulators for Intact CNS Neurons after Injury
Fink KL, López-Giráldez F, Kim IJ, Strittmatter SM, Cafferty WB. Identification of Intrinsic Axon Growth Modulators for Intact CNS Neurons after Injury. Cell Reports 2017, 18: 2687-2701. PMID: 28297672, PMCID: PMC5389739, DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.058.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cord injuryCentral nervous systemFunctional recoveryIntact neuronsAdult mammalian central nervous systemPartial spinal cord injuryInjury-induced sproutingUnilateral brainstem lesionsGreater functional recoverySpontaneous functional recoveryCorticospinal motor neuronsCorticospinal tract axonsMammalian central nervous systemWild-type miceNew synapse formationGrowth modulatorsAdjacent injuryBrainstem lesionsCord injuryFunctional deficitsIntact circuitryCNS neuronsMotor neuronsCircuit plasticityNervous system
2016
Rewiring the spinal cord: Direct and indirect strategies
Dell’Anno M, Strittmatter SM. Rewiring the spinal cord: Direct and indirect strategies. Neuroscience Letters 2016, 652: 25-34. PMID: 28007647, PMCID: PMC5466898, DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cordNeural stem cellsNeural stem cell-derived neuronsTransplanted neural stem cellsNeural stem cell transplantationAdult central nervous systemLong-distance axonsNeutralization of myelinRecipient spinal cordStem cell transplantationSpinal cord injuryStem cell-derived neuronsCentral nervous systemCell-derived neuronsIntrinsic regenerative capacityPoor intrinsic regenerative capacityStem cellsNeurologic recoveryAxonal sproutingSecondary complicationsCell transplantationCord injuryAxonal regenerationGlial cellsAdult brainZika Virus Disrupts Phospho-TBK1 Localization and Mitosis in Human Neuroepithelial Stem Cells and Radial Glia
Onorati M, Li Z, Liu F, Sousa AMM, Nakagawa N, Li M, Dell’Anno M, Gulden FO, Pochareddy S, Tebbenkamp AT, Han W, Pletikos M, Gao T, Zhu Y, Bichsel C, Varela L, Szigeti-Buck K, Lisgo S, Zhang Y, Testen A, Gao XB, Mlakar J, Popovic M, Flamand M, Strittmatter SM, Kaczmarek LK, Anton ES, Horvath TL, Lindenbach BD, Sestan N. Zika Virus Disrupts Phospho-TBK1 Localization and Mitosis in Human Neuroepithelial Stem Cells and Radial Glia. Cell Reports 2016, 16: 2576-2592. PMID: 27568284, PMCID: PMC5135012, DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.038.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAxl Receptor Tyrosine KinaseBrainCell DeathCentrosomeFetusGene Expression ProfilingHumansImmunity, InnateMicrocephalyMitochondriaMitosisNeocortexNeural Stem CellsNeuroepithelial CellsNeurogliaNeuronsNeuroprotective AgentsNucleosidesPhosphorylationProtein Kinase InhibitorsProtein Serine-Threonine KinasesProto-Oncogene ProteinsReceptor Protein-Tyrosine KinasesSpinal CordTranscription, GeneticVirus ReplicationZika VirusZika Virus InfectionConceptsRadial glial cellsNES cellsNeuroepithelial stem cellsZIKV infectionFetal brain slicesStem cellsEarly human neurodevelopmentHuman neuroepithelial stem cellsHuman neural stem cellsCell deathSingle-cell RNA-seqNeural stem cellsNeurodevelopment defectsZIKV replicationGlial cellsBrain slicesPotential treatmentRadial gliaZika virusPhospho-TBK1Neurodevelopmental defectsRNA-seqSupernumerary centrosomesNucleoside analoguesHuman neurodevelopment
2013
The current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: Applications
Wheeler-Kingshott CA, Stroman PW, Schwab JM, Bacon M, Bosma R, Brooks J, Cadotte DW, Carlstedt T, Ciccarelli O, Cohen-Adad J, Curt A, Evangelou N, Fehlings MG, Filippi M, Kelley BJ, Kollias S, Mackay A, Porro CA, Smith S, Strittmatter SM, Summers P, Thompson AJ, Tracey I. The current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: Applications. NeuroImage 2013, 84: 1082-1093. PMID: 23859923, PMCID: PMC4371134, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.014.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchThe current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: Methods
Stroman PW, Wheeler-Kingshott C, Bacon M, Schwab JM, Bosma R, Brooks J, Cadotte D, Carlstedt T, Ciccarelli O, Cohen-Adad J, Curt A, Evangelou N, Fehlings MG, Filippi M, Kelley BJ, Kollias S, Mackay A, Porro CA, Smith S, Strittmatter SM, Summers P, Tracey I. The current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: Methods. NeuroImage 2013, 84: 1070-1081. PMID: 23685159, PMCID: PMC4371133, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.124.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2012
Limiting multiple sclerosis related axonopathy by blocking Nogo receptor and CRMP-2 phosphorylation
Petratos S, Ozturk E, Azari MF, Kenny R, Lee JY, Magee KA, Harvey AR, McDonald C, Taghian K, Moussa L, Aui P, Siatskas C, Litwak S, Fehlings MG, Strittmatter SM, Bernard CC. Limiting multiple sclerosis related axonopathy by blocking Nogo receptor and CRMP-2 phosphorylation. Brain 2012, 135: 1794-1818. PMID: 22544872, PMCID: PMC3589918, DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws100.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAnalysis of VarianceAnimalsAntibodiesAxonsCD3 ComplexCell Line, TumorDemyelinating DiseasesDisease Models, AnimalEncephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, ExperimentalFemaleGene Expression RegulationGlycoproteinsGPI-Linked ProteinsGreen Fluorescent ProteinsHumansImmunoprecipitationIntercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutMiddle AgedMultiple SclerosisMutationMyelin ProteinsMyelin-Oligodendrocyte GlycoproteinNerve DegenerationNerve Tissue ProteinsNeuroblastomaNeurofilament ProteinsNogo Receptor 1Optic NervePeptide FragmentsPhosphorylationReceptors, Cell SurfaceRetinal Ganglion CellsSeverity of Illness IndexSilver StainingSpinal CordTau ProteinsTime FactorsTransduction, GeneticTubulinConceptsExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitisAutoimmune encephalomyelitisMyelin oligodendrocyte glycoproteinMultiple sclerosisAxonal degenerationSpinal cordChronic active multiple sclerosis lesionsOptic nerve axonal degenerationNogo-66 receptor 1CRMP-2Axonal growth inhibitorsCollapsin response mediator protein 2Improved clinical outcomesSpinal cord neuronsRetinal ganglion cellsResponse mediator protein 2Central nervous systemViable therapeutic targetAdeno-associated viral vectorMultiple sclerosis lesionsClinical outcomesOptic nerveCord neuronsOligodendrocyte glycoproteinGanglion cells
2011
Inosine Augments the Effects of a Nogo Receptor Blocker and of Environmental Enrichment to Restore Skilled Forelimb Use after Stroke
Zai L, Ferrari C, Dice C, Subbaiah S, Havton LA, Coppola G, Geschwind D, Irwin N, Huebner E, Strittmatter SM, Benowitz LI. Inosine Augments the Effects of a Nogo Receptor Blocker and of Environmental Enrichment to Restore Skilled Forelimb Use after Stroke. Journal Of Neuroscience 2011, 31: 5977-5988. PMID: 21508223, PMCID: PMC3101108, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4498-10.2011.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntrinsic growth potentialUnilateral strokeSpinal cordLayer 5 pyramidal neuronsForelimb motor areaSimilar functional improvementEnvironmental enrichmentCause of disabilitySkilled forelimb useEffect of treatmentUndamaged cortexReceptor blockersDenervated sidePreoperative levelsNEP1-40Stroke patientsPyramidal neuronsUndamaged hemisphereSkilled reachingTreatment optionsDenervated areaIntact hemisphereReceptor antagonistClinical trialsFunctional improvement
2010
Nogo Receptor Deletion and Multimodal Exercise Improve Distinct Aspects of Recovery in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
Harel NY, Song KH, Tang X, Strittmatter SM. Nogo Receptor Deletion and Multimodal Exercise Improve Distinct Aspects of Recovery in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Journal Of Neurotrauma 2010, 27: 2055-2066. PMID: 20809785, PMCID: PMC2978056, DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1491.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBehavior, AnimalExercise TherapyFemaleGene DeletionGenotypeGPI-Linked ProteinsHand StrengthImmunohistochemistryMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMyelin ProteinsNeuronal PlasticityNogo Receptor 1Physical Conditioning, AnimalPostural BalanceReceptors, Cell SurfaceReproducibility of ResultsSerotoninSpinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesWalkingConceptsSpinal cord injuryCord injuryCervical spinal cord injuryIncomplete spinal cord injuryCervical spinal injurySignificant histological differencesMultimodal exerciseExercise trainingLateral hemisectionReceptor deletionSpinal injuryLesion modelMouse modelAdult miceLesion sizeGene deletionHistological differencesNeural plasticityMild deficitsHistological analysisTraining regimenInjuryPhysical interventionsC3-C4Mice
2009
Ibuprofen Enhances Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury by Limiting Tissue Loss and Stimulating Axonal Growth
Wang X, Budel S, Baughman K, Gould G, Song KH, Strittmatter SM. Ibuprofen Enhances Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury by Limiting Tissue Loss and Stimulating Axonal Growth. Journal Of Neurotrauma 2009, 26: 81-95. PMID: 19125588, PMCID: PMC2913782, DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0464.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalAxotomyChick EmbryoDisease Models, AnimalEfferent PathwaysFemaleGrowth ConesGrowth InhibitorsIbuprofenMiceNerve RegenerationNIH 3T3 CellsPyramidal TractsRaphe NucleiRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyRhoA GTP-Binding ProteinSpinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesConceptsSpinal cord injuryAxonal sproutingCord injuryAxonal regenerationAxon regenerationNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsComplete spinal cord transectionWeight-bearing statusSpinal cord contusionRecovery of ratsSpinal cord traumaTreatment of miceAdministration of ibuprofenSpinal cord transectionAnti-inflammatory drugsCorticospinal axon regenerationAction of ibuprofenRaphespinal axonsSpinal contusionCord contusionCord traumaMicroglial reactionChondroitin sulfate proteoglycanCord transectionCorticospinal fibers
2008
Functional MRI and other non-invasive imaging technologies: Providing visual biomarkers for spinal cord structure and function after injury
Harel NY, Strittmatter SM. Functional MRI and other non-invasive imaging technologies: Providing visual biomarkers for spinal cord structure and function after injury. Experimental Neurology 2008, 211: 324-328. PMID: 18396280, PMCID: PMC2442770, DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.02.017.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsDisease Models, AnimalHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingSpinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesConceptsAxonal growthSpinal cord traumaSpinal cord injurySpinal cord structuresFunctional magnetic resonance imagingMagnetic resonance imagingNon-invasive imaging techniqueCord traumaCord injuryNon-invasive imaging technologyNeurological damageCNS repairFunctional reorganizationTherapeutic interventionsResonance imagingFunctional MRICord structuresInjuryInterventionImaging techniquesVisual biomarkersPotential benefitsCNS structureMolecular basisTrauma
2004
Blockade of Nogo-66, Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein, and Oligodendrocyte Myelin Glycoprotein by Soluble Nogo-66 Receptor Promotes Axonal Sprouting and Recovery after Spinal Injury
Li S, Liu BP, Budel S, Li M, Ji B, Walus L, Li W, Jirik A, Rabacchi S, Choi E, Worley D, Sah DW, Pepinsky B, Lee D, Relton J, Strittmatter SM. Blockade of Nogo-66, Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein, and Oligodendrocyte Myelin Glycoprotein by Soluble Nogo-66 Receptor Promotes Axonal Sprouting and Recovery after Spinal Injury. Journal Of Neuroscience 2004, 24: 10511-10520. PMID: 15548666, PMCID: PMC6730300, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2828-04.2004.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAxonsEvoked Potentials, MotorFemaleGPI-Linked ProteinsInjections, SpinalMotor ActivityMyelin ProteinsMyelin-Associated GlycoproteinMyelin-Oligodendrocyte GlycoproteinNogo ProteinsNogo Receptor 1OligodendrogliaPeptide FragmentsRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyReceptors, Cell SurfaceReceptors, PeptideRecombinant Fusion ProteinsSerotoninSolubilitySpinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesConceptsAxonal sproutingTraumatic spinal cord injurySpinal-injured ratsSpinal cord injuryAdult mammalian CNSNogo-66 receptorOligodendrocyte myelin glycoproteinMyelin associated glycoproteinRaphespinal fibersLocomotor recoveryCord injurySpinal injuryMammalian CNSNgR functionTherapeutic potentialAxonal growthNogo-66Myelin glycoproteinInjuryMyelin proteinsImproved locomotionViral blockadeBlockadeFc proteinSproutingNogo-66 Receptor Prevents Raphespinal and Rubrospinal Axon Regeneration and Limits Functional Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury
Kim JE, Liu BP, Park JH, Strittmatter SM. Nogo-66 Receptor Prevents Raphespinal and Rubrospinal Axon Regeneration and Limits Functional Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury. Neuron 2004, 44: 439-451. PMID: 15504325, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.015.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords5,7-DihydroxytryptamineAnimalsAxonsBehavior, AnimalBlotting, NorthernBlotting, SouthernBrainCell CountCells, CulturedCloning, MolecularCornified Envelope Proline-Rich ProteinsDesipramineDisease Models, AnimalEvoked Potentials, MotorFemaleGanglia, SpinalGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinGlucoseGPI-Linked ProteinsGrowth ConesImmunohistochemistryMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutMotor ActivityMyelin ProteinsMyelin SheathMyelin-Associated GlycoproteinNerve RegenerationNeuronsNogo ProteinsNogo Receptor 1Phospholipid EthersProteinsPyramidal TractsReceptors, Cell SurfaceRecovery of FunctionSerotoninSerotonin AgentsSpinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesTime FactorsConceptsAdult CNSNogo-66Spinal cord injuryAdult mammalian CNSNogo-66 receptorDorsal hemisectionDRG neuronsFunctional recoveryRubrospinal fibersCord injuryMyelin inhibitorsComplete transectionCorticospinal fibersMotor functionSpinal cordMotor impairmentAxon regenerationMammalian CNSAxonal growthAxonal outgrowthCNS myelinMiceInhibitory proteinInjuryGrowth cones
2003
Delayed Systemic Nogo-66 Receptor Antagonist Promotes Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury
Li S, Strittmatter SM. Delayed Systemic Nogo-66 Receptor Antagonist Promotes Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury. Journal Of Neuroscience 2003, 23: 4219-4227. PMID: 12764110, PMCID: PMC6741116, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-10-04219.2003.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnimalsAxonsAxotomyBehavior, AnimalCornified Envelope Proline-Rich ProteinsFemaleGanglia, SpinalGPI-Linked ProteinsInjections, SubcutaneousIntralaminar Thalamic NucleiMembrane ProteinsMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMolecular Sequence DataMolecular WeightMotor ActivityMyelin ProteinsNerve FibersNerve RegenerationNogo Receptor 1Peptide FragmentsProtein BiosynthesisProteinsPyramidal TractsReceptors, Cell SurfaceSerotoninSpinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesConceptsSpinal cord injuryCord injuryCorticospinal axonsThoracic spinal cord injuryTherapeutic time windowSpinal cord hemisectionSpinal cord traumaCorticospinal tract axonsAdult mammalian CNSNogo-66 receptorOligodendrocyte myelin glycoproteinCNS axonal injuryCord lesionsSubcutaneous treatmentSystemic therapyCord hemisectionCord traumaIntrathecal applicationLocal therapyLocomotor recoveryFunctional recoverySerotonergic fibersAxonal injuryReceptor antagonistAxon sprouting
2002
Localization of Nogo-A and Nogo-66 Receptor Proteins at Sites of Axon–Myelin and Synaptic Contact
Wang X, Chun SJ, Treloar H, Vartanian T, Greer CA, Strittmatter SM. Localization of Nogo-A and Nogo-66 Receptor Proteins at Sites of Axon–Myelin and Synaptic Contact. Journal Of Neuroscience 2002, 22: 5505-5515. PMID: 12097502, PMCID: PMC6758202, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-13-05505.2002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAdult CNSLimited axonal regenerationSpinal cord injuryNogo-66 receptorInteraction of NogoAxonal plasticityCord injurySynaptic contactsAxonal regenerationNgR proteinMyelinated fibersPostnatal neuronsLocalization of NogoMyelinated axonsAxonal growthOligodendrocyte surfacePhysiologic roleAxonsNogoProtein expressionNeuronsReceptorsInhibitory proteinInjuryCNS
2000
Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor Induces Excitotoxic Sensitivity in Cultured Embryonic Rat Spinal Motor Neurons Through Activation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase Pathway
Fryer H, Wolf D, Knox R, Strittmatter S, Pennica D, O'Leary R, Russell D, Kalb R. Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor Induces Excitotoxic Sensitivity in Cultured Embryonic Rat Spinal Motor Neurons Through Activation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase Pathway. Journal Of Neurochemistry 2000, 74: 582-595. PMID: 10646509, DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.740582.x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHerpes simplex virusBrain-derived neurotrophic factorNeurotrophic factorMotor neuronsGlial-derived neurotrophic factorRat spinal motor neuronsEffects of BDNFRat motor neuronsSpinal motor neuronsActivation of TrkBPI3K pathwayExcitotoxic deathNeurotrophin-3Receptor p75NTRBDNFSimplex virusIntracellular Ca2Cardiotrophin-1NeuronsReceptor-mediated cell deathK pathwayPI3KDominant negative p85 subunitTrkBCell death