Heightened muscle tension and diurnal hyper-vigilance following exposure to a social defeat-conditioned odor cue in rats
Nelson A, DeMartini K, Heinrichs S. Heightened muscle tension and diurnal hyper-vigilance following exposure to a social defeat-conditioned odor cue in rats. Stress 2009, 13: 106-113. PMID: 19929310, DOI: 10.3109/10253890903067400.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMuscle tensionAnimal modelsStressor exposureSocial defeatNocturnal sleep disturbanceRats 4 weeksSocial defeat stressorSingle social defeatSignificant increaseOlfactory stimuliSleep disturbancesLocomotor activityOvert signsTrauma exposureBehavioral hallmarksRatsExposureWeeksOlfactory cuesDisordersPresent studyPTSDSecond seriesFirst seriesPatients