Polygenic scores for smoking and educational attainment have independent influences on academic success and adjustment in adolescence and educational attainment in adulthood
Hicks B, Clark D, Deak J, Schaefer J, Liu M, Jang S, Durbin C, Johnson W, Wilson S, Iacono W, McGue M, Vrieze S. Polygenic scores for smoking and educational attainment have independent influences on academic success and adjustment in adolescence and educational attainment in adulthood. PLOS ONE 2021, 16: e0255348. PMID: 34403414, PMCID: PMC8370636, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255348.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEducational attainment polygenic scoreSmoking PGSAcademic adjustmentPolygenic scoresAcademic variablesSignificant incremental associationsAge 14Minnesota Twin Family StudyGenetic influencesGeneral behavioral disinhibitionNon-cognitive traitsEducation polygenic scoreEducational attainmentTwin Family StudyAcademic motivationBehavioral disinhibitionDifferent genetic influencesDistinct genetic influencesPredictors of gradeIncremental associationAcademic successAdolescenceAge 11Educational successAdulthood