Critical Analysis of the Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Renal Tubular Sodium, Water and Chloride Homeostasis and Their Role in Influencing Heart Failure Outcomes
Packer M, Wilcox C, Testani J. Critical Analysis of the Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Renal Tubular Sodium, Water and Chloride Homeostasis and Their Role in Influencing Heart Failure Outcomes. Circulation 2023, 148: 354-372. PMID: 37486998, PMCID: PMC10358443, DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.064346.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsChloridesDiureticsGlucoseHeart FailureHomeostasisHumansSodiumSodium-Glucose Transporter 2Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 InhibitorsWaterConceptsSGLT2 inhibitorsProximal renal tubulesRenal tubulesProximal tubular effectHeart failure outcomesHeart failure eventsSodium-hydrogen exchanger 3Renal tubular sodiumProgressive volume lossLong-term treatmentReabsorption of glucoseTreatment-related changesChronic diuresisPharmacological toleranceTubular effectsClinical courseFractional excretionHeart failureTubular sodiumCardioprotective effectsRenal compensationDiuretic effectIndividual patientsDurable improvementDegree of upregulation