Immunopathogenic mechanisms in tourette syndrome: A critical review
Martino D, Dale RC, Gilbert DL, Giovannoni G, Leckman JF. Immunopathogenic mechanisms in tourette syndrome: A critical review. Movement Disorders 2009, 24: 1267-1279. PMID: 19353683, PMCID: PMC3972005, DOI: 10.1002/mds.22504.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAutoantibodiesEnvironmentGene Expression RegulationHumansImmune SystemModels, ImmunologicalStress, PsychologicalTourette SyndromeConceptsTourette syndromeT cellsTS patientsBeta-haemolytic streptococcal infectionPathogenesis of TSPeripheral immune cellsRegulatory T cellsCell-mediated mechanismsPro-inflammatory cytokinesCourse of diseaseGeneration of ticsAdaptive immune systemImmune effector moleculesAntineuronal antibodiesImmunopathogenic mechanismsLymphocyte subpopulationsNatural killerStreptococcal infectionAutoimmune responseImmune activationPlasma levelsDisease onsetImmune cellsPathogenic roleImmune response