2022
Course of Tic Severity in Tourette Syndrome: The First Two Decades
Leckman J, Zhang H, Vitale A, Lahnin F, Lynch K, Bondi C, Kim Y, Peterson B. Course of Tic Severity in Tourette Syndrome: The First Two Decades. 2022, 80-85. DOI: 10.4324/9780203822937-8.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchYears of ageDecades of lifeTic severityTourette syndromeTS patientsTic onsetClinical evaluationPrevalence studySeverity of ticsInitial clinical evaluationConsistent time courseTime courseHigh rateOnset of pubertyInitial followPatient's coursePrognostic valueYale Child Study CenterBirth-year cohortsPatientsNatural historySyndromeCurve analysisSeverityStudy centers
2011
Biofeedback of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data from the Supplementary Motor Area Reduces Functional Connectivity to Subcortical Regions
Hampson M, Scheinost D, Qiu M, Bhawnani J, Lacadie CM, Leckman JF, Constable RT, Papademetris X. Biofeedback of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data from the Supplementary Motor Area Reduces Functional Connectivity to Subcortical Regions. Brain Connectivity 2011, 1: 91-98. PMID: 22432958, PMCID: PMC3621512, DOI: 10.1089/brain.2011.0002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSupplementary motor areaReal-time functional magnetic resonanceFunctional connectivityTourette syndromeFunctional magnetic resonanceMotor areaSubcortical regionsBiofeedback sessionsState functional connectivityTic symptomsMagnetic resonance imaging dataHealthy subjectsTS patientsMagnetic resonanceBrain areasBiofeedbackFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) dataFurther studiesSignificant increaseAberrant dynamicsSubjectsRecent studiesImaging dataSessionsPatients
2010
Elevated expression of MCP-1, IL-2 and PTPR-N in basal ganglia of Tourette syndrome cases
Morer A, Chae W, Henegariu O, Bothwell AL, Leckman JF, Kawikova I. Elevated expression of MCP-1, IL-2 and PTPR-N in basal ganglia of Tourette syndrome cases. Brain Behavior And Immunity 2010, 24: 1069-1073. PMID: 20193755, DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.02.007.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAutopsyBasal GangliaChemokine CCL2FemaleHumansInterferon-gammaInterleukin-1betaInterleukin-2Leukocyte Common AntigensMaleMiddle AgedPolymerase Chain ReactionReceptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 2Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8RecoverinRNATourette SyndromeConceptsMCP-1IL-2Tourette syndromePost-mortem specimenBasal gangliaElevated expressionPost-infectious autoimmunityAdult TS patientsChronic inflammatory processEvidence of inflammationBasal ganglia areaInterleukin-1 βCentral nervous systemChemotactic factor-1TS casesReverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysisTranscription-polymerase chain reaction analysisReal-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysisBrain tissue sectionsInflammatory factorsControl subjectsGanglia areaInflammatory processInterleukin-2TS patients
2009
Decreased number of parvalbumin and cholinergic interneurons in the striatum of individuals with Tourette syndrome
Kataoka Y, Kalanithi PS, Grantz H, Schwartz ML, Saper C, Leckman JF, Vaccarino FM. Decreased number of parvalbumin and cholinergic interneurons in the striatum of individuals with Tourette syndrome. The Journal Of Comparative Neurology 2009, 518: 277-291. PMID: 19941350, PMCID: PMC2846837, DOI: 10.1002/cne.22206.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMedium spiny neuronsCholinergic interneuronsTourette syndromeNormal controlsCholinergic striatal interneuronsNumber of parvalbuminBrains of patientsCaudate nucleus volumeUnbiased stereological analysisStriatal interneuronsOngoing motor behaviorCholinergic cellsTotal neuronsCholine acetyltransferaseSpiny neuronsLimbic regionsStriatum of individualsTS patientsPostmortem brainsThalamic controlSensorimotor regionsInterneuronsCellular abnormalitiesNeuron firingTS subjectsImmunopathogenic mechanisms in tourette syndrome: A critical review
Martino D, Dale RC, Gilbert DL, Giovannoni G, Leckman JF. Immunopathogenic mechanisms in tourette syndrome: A critical review. Movement Disorders 2009, 24: 1267-1279. PMID: 19353683, PMCID: PMC3972005, DOI: 10.1002/mds.22504.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTourette syndromeT cellsTS patientsBeta-haemolytic streptococcal infectionPathogenesis of TSPeripheral immune cellsRegulatory T cellsCell-mediated mechanismsPro-inflammatory cytokinesCourse of diseaseGeneration of ticsAdaptive immune systemImmune effector moleculesAntineuronal antibodiesImmunopathogenic mechanismsLymphocyte subpopulationsNatural killerStreptococcal infectionAutoimmune responseImmune activationPlasma levelsDisease onsetImmune cellsPathogenic roleImmune response
2007
Frontal dopaminergic abnormality in Tourette syndrome: A postmortem analysis
Yoon DY, Gause CD, Leckman JF, Singer HS. Frontal dopaminergic abnormality in Tourette syndrome: A postmortem analysis. Journal Of The Neurological Sciences 2007, 255: 50-56. PMID: 17337006, DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.069.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTourette syndromeDopamine transporterReceptor densityPathophysiology of TSAlpha-adrenergic receptorsSex-matched controlsD2 receptor densityPostmortem brain tissueFrontal regionsDopaminergic dysfunctionNeurochemical abnormalitiesDopaminergic abnormalitiesNeurochemical markersTS patientsFrontal cortexSemiquantitative immunoblottingFrontal lobeBrain tissueTS subjectsTerminal markersOccipital regionAbnormalitiesVesicular dockingPathophysiologySyndrome
2006
Decreased Numbers of Regulatory T Cells Suggest Impaired Immune Tolerance in Children with Tourette Syndrome: A Preliminary Study
Kawikova I, Leckman JF, Kronig H, Katsovich L, Bessen DE, Ghebremichael M, Bothwell AL. Decreased Numbers of Regulatory T Cells Suggest Impaired Immune Tolerance in Children with Tourette Syndrome: A Preliminary Study. Biological Psychiatry 2006, 61: 273-278. PMID: 16996487, DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.012.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAge of OnsetAntigens, CDAntigens, Differentiation, T-LymphocyteAutoantigensBlood Cell CountCD4 Lymphocyte CountCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesChildData Interpretation, StatisticalFemaleFlow CytometryHumansImmune ToleranceInterleukin-2 Receptor alpha SubunitLectins, C-TypeLymphocyte CountMaleStreptococcal InfectionsT-LymphocytesTic DisordersTourette SyndromeConceptsT reg cellsRegulatory T cellsReg cellsTourette syndromeT cellsTS patientsFluorescence-activated cell sortingHealthy age-matched control childrenHealthy age-matched control subjectsT reg cell numbersBeta-hemolytic streptococcal infectionAge-matched control subjectsHost T-cell immunityPathogenesis of TSHemolytic streptococcal infectionT cell immunitySignificant decreaseAge-matched control childrenAutoimmune inflammationCell immunityStreptococcal infectionAutoreactive lymphocytesImmune toleranceAutoimmune responsePeripheral bloodFine‐motor skill deficits in childhood predict adulthood tic severity and global psychosocial functioning in Tourette's syndrome
Bloch MH, Sukhodolsky DG, Leckman JF, Schultz RT. Fine‐motor skill deficits in childhood predict adulthood tic severity and global psychosocial functioning in Tourette's syndrome. Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry 2006, 47: 551-559. PMID: 16712631, DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01561.x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultBasal GangliaChildFemaleFunctional LateralityHand StrengthHumansMaleMotor Skills DisordersNeuropsychological TestsObsessive-Compulsive DisorderPredictive Value of TestsPsychologyPsychomotor PerformanceSeverity of Illness IndexSocial BehaviorSurveys and QuestionnairesTourette SyndromeConceptsGlobal psychosocial functioningPurdue Pegboard TestFine motor skill deficitsTourette syndromeTic severityPegboard TestPsychosocial functioningTic symptomsTS patientsNeuropsychological testsStudy of TSBasal ganglia dysfunctionVisual-Motor Integration TestBeery Visual-Motor Integration TestLogistic regression analysisOrdinal logistic regression analysisFine motor coordinationMotor skill deficitsNeuropsychological testing batteryGanglia dysfunctionVisual-motor integrationClinical evaluationClinical assessmentClinical measuresNeuropsychological testing
2005
Antineural antibody in patients with Tourette’s syndrome and their family members
Yeh CB, Wu CH, Tsung HC, Chen CW, Shyu JF, Leckman JF. Antineural antibody in patients with Tourette’s syndrome and their family members. Journal Of Biomedical Science 2005, 13: 101-112. PMID: 16215701, DOI: 10.1007/s11373-005-9033-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAntineural antibodiesTourette syndromeTS patientsTic disordersControl groupFirst-degree family membersAge-matched control groupFamily membersSera of controlsImmunological pathophysiologyStreptococcal infectionPrimary cell culturesPatientsInfectious agentsSyndromeNeuropsychiatric disordersWestern blottingAntibodiesRat tissuesInteraction of geneticsGenetic vulnerabilitySerumDisordersFuture studiesCell cultures
1995
Sensory phenomena in Tourette's syndrome.
Scahill LD, Leckman JF, Marek KL. Sensory phenomena in Tourette's syndrome. Advances In Neurology 1995, 65: 273-80. PMID: 7872145.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
1990
Gilles de La Tourette's syndrome and some forms of obsessive-compulsive disorder may share a common genetic diathesis.
Leckman JF, Chittenden EH. Gilles de La Tourette's syndrome and some forms of obsessive-compulsive disorder may share a common genetic diathesis. L Encéphale 1990, 16 Spec No: 321-3. PMID: 2209489.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPathophysiology of TSGilles de la Tourette's syndromeObsessive-compulsive disorderLa Tourette's syndromeTourette syndromeOCD patientsCerebrospinal fluid studiesRecent neuropathological studiesEndogenous opioid peptidesMesocortical dopaminergic systemCases of OCDCSF dynorphinNeuropathological studiesCommon genetic diathesisRaphe nucleusBasal gangliaSerotoninergic systemSerotonergic systemClinical studiesDopaminergic systemCommon neural substrateTS patientsNeuropharmacological studiesOpioid peptidesNormal controls
1983
Recent advances in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: implications for clinical practice and future research.
Leckman JF, Cohen DJ. Recent advances in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: implications for clinical practice and future research. Psychiatric Developments 1983, 1: 301-16. PMID: 6324164.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAge FactorsAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityChildClonidineCompulsive BehaviorDopamineFemaleHaloperidolHomovanillic AcidHumansMaleObsessive BehaviorObsessive-Compulsive DisorderParasympathomimeticsPhysostigmineReceptors, AdrenergicSerotoninSex FactorsTic DisordersTourette SyndromeConceptsTourette syndromeGilles de la Tourette's syndromeDopamine receptor hypersensitivityLa Tourette's syndromeChronic multiple ticsWaning of symptomsComplex stereotypiesReceptor hypersensitivityNeurochemical disturbancesClinical presentationMetabolic findingsCSF HVAMotor involvementDopamine blockersTS patientsObsessive-compulsive behaviorClinical practiceMultiple ticsGilles deNatural historyRostrocaudal progressionFamilial aggregationSyndromeSymptomsDisorders
1982
Clonidine in the treatment of Tourette syndrome: a review of data.
Leckman JF, Cohen DJ, Detlor J, Young JG, Harcherik D, Shaywitz BA. Clonidine in the treatment of Tourette syndrome: a review of data. Advances In Neurology 1982, 35: 391-401. PMID: 6756089.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTS patientsLong-term symptomatic improvementPathophysiology of TSDouble-blind trialEfficacy of clonidineMinority of patientsGrowth hormone releasePrimary pathogenic importanceMinimal side effectsSymptomatic improvementBlood pressureProfile of responseNoradrenergic mechanismsMHPG levelsTherapeutic responseHormone releaseClonidinePathogenic importanceAcute dosesSide effectsTourette syndromeBehavioral symptomsPharmacologic investigationsNeurochemical systemsPatients