2020
An examination of the relationship between regulatory T cells and symptom flare-ups in children and adolescents diagnosed with chronic tic disorder and Tourette syndrome
Yildirim Z, Karabekiroglu K, Yildiran A, Celiksoy MH, Artukoglu B, Baykal S, Babadağı Z, Leckman J. An examination of the relationship between regulatory T cells and symptom flare-ups in children and adolescents diagnosed with chronic tic disorder and Tourette syndrome. Nordic Journal Of Psychiatry 2020, 75: 18-24. PMID: 32580599, DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2020.1779808.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTS/chronic tic disorderChronic tic disorderSex-matched healthy controlsModerate-severe groupHealthy controlsLymphocyte countTourette syndromeLymphocyte percentagePatient groupTic disordersHC groupControl groupT-helper lymphocyte countYale Global Tic Severity ScaleT helper (TH) (CD4) numberT-lymphocyte countsT lymphocyte numbersT-lymphocyte percentageRegulatory T cellsT cell valuesTic Severity ScaleTreg percentageChildhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorderLymphocyte numbersPhonic tics
2009
Immunopathogenic mechanisms in tourette syndrome: A critical review
Martino D, Dale RC, Gilbert DL, Giovannoni G, Leckman JF. Immunopathogenic mechanisms in tourette syndrome: A critical review. Movement Disorders 2009, 24: 1267-1279. PMID: 19353683, PMCID: PMC3972005, DOI: 10.1002/mds.22504.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTourette syndromeT cellsTS patientsBeta-haemolytic streptococcal infectionPathogenesis of TSPeripheral immune cellsRegulatory T cellsCell-mediated mechanismsPro-inflammatory cytokinesCourse of diseaseGeneration of ticsAdaptive immune systemImmune effector moleculesAntineuronal antibodiesImmunopathogenic mechanismsLymphocyte subpopulationsNatural killerStreptococcal infectionAutoimmune responseImmune activationPlasma levelsDisease onsetImmune cellsPathogenic roleImmune response
2006
Decreased Numbers of Regulatory T Cells Suggest Impaired Immune Tolerance in Children with Tourette Syndrome: A Preliminary Study
Kawikova I, Leckman JF, Kronig H, Katsovich L, Bessen DE, Ghebremichael M, Bothwell AL. Decreased Numbers of Regulatory T Cells Suggest Impaired Immune Tolerance in Children with Tourette Syndrome: A Preliminary Study. Biological Psychiatry 2006, 61: 273-278. PMID: 16996487, DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.012.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAge of OnsetAntigens, CDAntigens, Differentiation, T-LymphocyteAutoantigensBlood Cell CountCD4 Lymphocyte CountCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesChildData Interpretation, StatisticalFemaleFlow CytometryHumansImmune ToleranceInterleukin-2 Receptor alpha SubunitLectins, C-TypeLymphocyte CountMaleStreptococcal InfectionsT-LymphocytesTic DisordersTourette SyndromeConceptsT reg cellsRegulatory T cellsReg cellsTourette syndromeT cellsTS patientsFluorescence-activated cell sortingHealthy age-matched control childrenHealthy age-matched control subjectsT reg cell numbersBeta-hemolytic streptococcal infectionAge-matched control subjectsHost T-cell immunityPathogenesis of TSHemolytic streptococcal infectionT cell immunitySignificant decreaseAge-matched control childrenAutoimmune inflammationCell immunityStreptococcal infectionAutoreactive lymphocytesImmune toleranceAutoimmune responsePeripheral blood