2023
2288. Short and Longer-Term All-Cause Mortality among SARS CoV-2-Infected Persons and the Pull-Forward Phenomenon in Qatar
Chemaitelly H, Faust J, Krumholz H, Ayoub H, Abu-Raddad L. 2288. Short and Longer-Term All-Cause Mortality among SARS CoV-2-Infected Persons and the Pull-Forward Phenomenon in Qatar. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2023, 10: ofad500.1910. PMCID: PMC10676887, DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad500.1910.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchSevere COVID-19Incidence of deathCause mortalityPrimary infectionCOVID-19Primary SARS-CoV-2 infectionSARS-CoV-2-infected personsCox proportional hazards regression modelSARS-CoV-2 infectionProportional hazards regression modelsPrimary infection cohortRetrospective cohort studyCOVID-19 mortalitySARS-CoV-2Short life expectancyCohort studyHazard ratioUnvaccinated personsMonth 3Uninfected personsVaccinated personsControl cohortNational cohortEarly deathCohortShort- and longer-term all-cause mortality among SARS-CoV-2- infected individuals and the pull-forward phenomenon in Qatar: a national cohort study
Chemaitelly H, Faust J, Krumholz H, Ayoub H, Tang P, Coyle P, Yassine H, Al Thani A, Al-Khatib H, Hasan M, Al-Kanaani Z, Al-Kuwari E, Jeremijenko A, Kaleeckal A, Latif A, Shaik R, Abdul-Rahim H, Nasrallah G, Al-Kuwari M, Butt A, Al-Romaihi H, Al-Thani M, Al-Khal A, Bertollini R, Abu-Raddad L. Short- and longer-term all-cause mortality among SARS-CoV-2- infected individuals and the pull-forward phenomenon in Qatar: a national cohort study. International Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2023, 136: 81-90. PMID: 37717648, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.09.005.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAdjusted hazard ratioPrimary infection cohortCause mortalityCohort studyPrimary infectionMortality incidencePrimary SARS-CoV-2 infectionSARS-CoV-2-infected individualsCox proportional hazards regression modelSARS-CoV-2 infectionProportional hazards regression modelsRetrospective cohort studySevere COVID-19Cause mortality riskNational cohort studyCOVID-19 mortalityInfection cohortHazard ratioUnvaccinated personsVaccination statusVaccinated personsMortality riskVulnerable personsAccelerated onsetCohort
2022
Trends in 10-Year Outcomes Among Medicare Beneficiaries Who Survived an Acute Myocardial Infarction
Wang Y, Leifheit EC, Krumholz HM. Trends in 10-Year Outcomes Among Medicare Beneficiaries Who Survived an Acute Myocardial Infarction. JAMA Cardiology 2022, 7: 613-622. PMID: 35507330, PMCID: PMC9069341, DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2022.0662.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRecurrent acute myocardial infarctionAcute myocardial infarctionHealth priority areasLong-term outcomesCause mortalityHazard ratioWhite patientsMyocardial infarctionMedicare feeMedicare-MedicaidService beneficiariesInitial acute myocardial infarctionTen-year mortalityShort-term outcomesDemographic subgroupsEligible patientsPatient characteristicsAMI survivorsAcute periodMean ageRecurrence rateSubgroup analysisMAIN OUTCOMEMortality riskAMI admissions
2020
Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Incident Cardiovascular Diseases
Harshfield EL, Pennells L, Schwartz JE, Willeit P, Kaptoge S, Bell S, Shaffer JA, Bolton T, Spackman S, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kee F, Amouyel P, Shea SJ, Kuller LH, Kauhanen J, van Zutphen EM, Blazer DG, Krumholz H, Nietert PJ, Kromhout D, Laughlin G, Berkman L, Wallace RB, Simons LA, Dennison EM, Barr ELM, Meyer HE, Wood AM, Danesh J, Di Angelantonio E, Davidson KW. Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Incident Cardiovascular Diseases. JAMA 2020, 324: 2396-2405. PMID: 33320224, PMCID: PMC7739139, DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.23068.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCoronary heart diseaseHazard ratioStroke eventsCardiovascular diseaseCorresponding incidence ratesDepressive symptomsHigher depression scoresCHD eventsCVD eventsCVD incidencePooled analysisIncidence rateDepression scoresNonfatal coronary heart diseasePatient Health Questionnaire-2Epidemiological Studies Depression ScaleIncident cardiovascular diseasePHQ-2 scoreAdditional risk factorsBaseline depressive symptomsSelf-reported depressive symptomsCES-D scoresEmerging Risk Factors CollaborationIndividual participant dataUK BiobankAssociation of Ticagrelor vs Clopidogrel With Net Adverse Clinical Events in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
You SC, Rho Y, Bikdeli B, Kim J, Siapos A, Weaver J, Londhe A, Cho J, Park J, Schuemie M, Suchard MA, Madigan D, Hripcsak G, Gupta A, Reich CG, Ryan PB, Park RW, Krumholz HM. Association of Ticagrelor vs Clopidogrel With Net Adverse Clinical Events in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. JAMA 2020, 324: 1640-1650. PMID: 33107944, PMCID: PMC7592033, DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.16167.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAcute Coronary SyndromeAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAlgorithmsAspirinCase-Control StudiesCause of DeathClopidogrelDatabases, FactualDyspneaFemaleHemorrhageHumansIschemiaMaleMiddle AgedMyocardial InfarctionNetwork Meta-AnalysisPercutaneous Coronary InterventionPropensity ScorePurinergic P2Y Receptor AntagonistsRecurrenceRepublic of KoreaRetrospective StudiesStrokeTicagrelorUnited StatesConceptsNet adverse clinical eventsAcute coronary syndromePercutaneous coronary interventionAdverse clinical eventsHemorrhagic eventsIschemic eventsHazard ratioCause mortalityCoronary syndromeCoronary interventionClinical eventsRisk of NACEClinical practiceLarge randomized clinical trialsPrimary end pointRetrospective cohort studyPropensity-matched pairsSummary hazard ratioRandomized clinical trialsRoutine clinical practiceSignificant differencesP2Y12 platelet inhibitorsTicagrelor groupCohort studySecondary outcomesAssociation Between Subsequent Hospitalizations and Recurrent Acute Myocardial Infarction Within 1 Year After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Wang Y, Leifheit E, Normand S, Krumholz HM. Association Between Subsequent Hospitalizations and Recurrent Acute Myocardial Infarction Within 1 Year After Acute Myocardial Infarction. Journal Of The American Heart Association 2020, 9: e014907. PMID: 32172654, PMCID: PMC7335517, DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014907.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRecurrent acute myocardial infarctionAcute myocardial infarctionIndex acute myocardial infarctionClinical Classification SoftwareMyocardial infarctionDisease categoriesRisk of deathCox regression modelPost-acute careAcute care hospitalsOccurrence of hospitalizationLow recurrence riskUnplanned rehospitalizationSubsequent hospitalizationBackground PatientsHazard ratioPatient characteristicsSecondary preventionMedian timeService patientsChronic diseasesPatient riskOutcome measuresRehospitalizationHigh risk
2019
Comprehensive comparative effectiveness and safety of first-line antihypertensive drug classes: a systematic, multinational, large-scale analysis
Suchard MA, Schuemie MJ, Krumholz HM, You SC, Chen R, Pratt N, Reich CG, Duke J, Madigan D, Hripcsak G, Ryan PB. Comprehensive comparative effectiveness and safety of first-line antihypertensive drug classes: a systematic, multinational, large-scale analysis. The Lancet 2019, 394: 1816-1826. PMID: 31668726, PMCID: PMC6924620, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32317-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAgedAngiotensin Receptor AntagonistsAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsAntihypertensive AgentsCalcium Channel BlockersChildCohort StudiesComparative Effectiveness ResearchDatabases, FactualDiureticsEvidence-Based MedicineFemaleHeart FailureHumansHypertensionMaleMiddle AgedMyocardial InfarctionStrokeYoung AdultConceptsNon-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockersCalcium channel blockersThiazide-like diureticsChannel blockersEnzyme inhibitorsDrug classesHazard ratioCurrent guidelinesFirst-line antihypertensive drug classesComparative effectivenessFirst-line drug classesNew-user cohort designDihydropyridine calcium channel blockerElectronic health record databaseFirst-line classesAngiotensin receptor blockersAntihypertensive drug classesAcute myocardial infarctionHealth record databaseReal-world evidenceMedical Research CouncilMillions of patientsAustralian National HealthOptimal monotherapyReceptor blockersNoninferiority Designed Cardiovascular Trials in Highest-Impact Journals
Bikdeli B, Welsh JW, Akram Y, Punnanithinont N, Lee I, Desai NR, Kaul S, Stone G, Ross JS, Krumholz HM. Noninferiority Designed Cardiovascular Trials in Highest-Impact Journals. Circulation 2019, 140: 379-389. PMID: 31177811, PMCID: PMC8416048, DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.040214.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNoninferiority marginNoninferiority trialCardiovascular trialsAllocation concealmentLower riskOpen labelHazard ratioRelative riskMethodological qualityProportion of trialsIndependent reviewersRisk differenceNew England JournalNoninferiorityHigh-impact journalsNew interventionsTrialsCohortDiscrepant resultsProtocol analysisTime trendsRiskTreatInterventionFactors
2018
Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies
Wood AM, Kaptoge S, Butterworth AS, Willeit P, Warnakula S, Bolton T, Paige E, Paul DS, Sweeting M, Burgess S, Bell S, Astle W, Stevens D, Koulman A, Selmer RM, Verschuren WMM, Sato S, Njølstad I, Woodward M, Salomaa V, Nordestgaard BG, Yeap BB, Fletcher A, Melander O, Kuller LH, Balkau B, Marmot M, Koenig W, Casiglia E, Cooper C, Arndt V, Franco OH, Wennberg P, Gallacher J, de la Cámara AG, Völzke H, Dahm CC, Dale CE, Bergmann MM, Crespo CJ, van der Schouw YT, Kaaks R, Simons LA, Lagiou P, Schoufour JD, Boer JMA, Key TJ, Rodriguez B, Moreno-Iribas C, Davidson KW, Taylor JO, Sacerdote C, Wallace RB, Quiros JR, Tumino R, Blazer DG, Linneberg A, Daimon M, Panico S, Howard B, Skeie G, Strandberg T, Weiderpass E, Nietert PJ, Psaty BM, Kromhout D, Salamanca-Fernandez E, Kiechl S, Krumholz HM, Grioni S, Palli D, Huerta JM, Price J, Sundström J, Arriola L, Arima H, Travis RC, Panagiotakos DB, Karakatsani A, Trichopoulou A, Kühn T, Grobbee DE, Barrett-Connor E, van Schoor N, Boeing H, Overvad K, Kauhanen J, Wareham N, Langenberg C, Forouhi N, Wennberg M, Després JP, Cushman M, Cooper JA, Rodriguez CJ, Sakurai M, Shaw JE, Knuiman M, Voortman T, Meisinger C, Tjønneland A, Brenner H, Palmieri L, Dallongeville J, Brunner EJ, Assmann G, Trevisan M, Gillum RF, Ford I, Sattar N, Lazo M, Thompson SG, Ferrari P, Leon DA, Smith GD, Peto R, Jackson R, Banks E, Di Angelantonio E, Danesh J, Group E, Wood A, Kaptoge S, Butterworth A, Willeit P, Warnakula S, Bolton T, Paige E, Paul D, Sweeting M, Burgess S, Bell S, Astle W, Stevens D, Koulman A, Selmer R, Verschuren M, Sato S, Njølstad I, Woodward M, Veikko S, Nordestgaard B, Yeap B, Flecther A, Melander O, Kuller L, Balkau B, Marmot M, Koenig W, Casiglia E, Cooper C, Arndt V, Franco O, Wennberg P, Gallacher J, de la Cámara A, Völzke H, Dahm C, Dale C, Bergmann M, Crespo C, van der Schouw Y, Kaaks R, Simons L, Lagiou P, Schoufour J, Boer J, Key T, Rodriguez B, Moreno-Iribas C, Davidson K, Taylor J, Sacerdote C, Wallace R, Quiros J, Rimm E, Tumino R, Blazer D, Linneberg A, Daimon M, Panico S, Howard B, Skeie G, Salomaa V, Strandberg T, Weiderpass E, Nietert P, Psaty B, Kromhout D, Salamanca-Fernandez E, Kiechl S, Krumholz H, Grioni S, Palli D, Huerta J, Price J, Sundström J, Arriola L, Arima H, Travis R, Panagiotakos D, Karakatsani A, Trichopoulou A, Kühn T, Grobbee D, Barrett-Connor E, van Schoor N, Boeing H, Overvad K, Kauhanen J, Wareham N, Langenberg C, Forouhi N, Wennberg M, Després J, Cushman M, Cooper J, Rodriguez C, Sakurai M, Shaw J, Knuiman M, Voortman T, Meisinger C, Tjønneland A, Brenner H, Palmieri L, Dallongeville J, Brunner E, Assmann G, Trevisan M, Gillumn R, Ford I, Sattar N, Lazo M, Thompson S, Ferrari P, Leon D, Smith G, Peto R, Jackson R, Banks E, Di Angelantonio E, Danesh J. Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies. The Lancet 2018, 391: 1513-1523. PMID: 29676281, PMCID: PMC5899998, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30134-x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIndividual participant dataCardiovascular disease subtypesCause mortalityCurrent drinkersCardiovascular diseaseHazard ratioAlcohol consumptionMyocardial infarctionLower riskProspective studyHigh-income countriesDisease subtypesIncident cardiovascular disease eventsFatal aortic aneurysmsMinimum mortality riskTotal cardiovascular diseasePrevious cardiovascular diseaseCardiovascular disease eventsHistory of diabetesDose-response associationUK Medical Research CouncilAge 40 yearsAlcohol consumption amountBritish Heart FoundationWeeks of alcohol
2017
Heterogeneity in Early Responses in ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial)
Dhruva SS, Huang C, Spatz ES, Coppi AC, Warner F, Li SX, Lin H, Xu X, Furberg CD, Davis BR, Pressel SL, Coifman RR, Krumholz HM. Heterogeneity in Early Responses in ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial). Hypertension 2017, 70: 94-102. PMID: 28559399, DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09221.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAntihypertensive therapySystolic blood pressure responseAdverse cardiovascular eventsFavorable initial responseBlood pressure responseHigher hazard ratioCardiovascular eventsCardiovascular outcomesHazard ratioMultivariable adjustmentHeart failureAverage SBPRandomized trialsOdds ratioCardiovascular diseaseSBPStudy participantsRespondersMonthsPressure responseImmediate respondersALLHATEarly responseInitial responseSuperior discrimination
2009
Increased Mortality among Survivors of Myocardial Infarction with Kidney Dysfunction: the Contribution of Gaps in the use of Guideline-Based Therapies
Peterson PN, Ambardekar AV, Jones PG, Krumholz HM, Schelbert E, Spertus JA, Rumsfeld JS, Masoudi FA. Increased Mortality among Survivors of Myocardial Infarction with Kidney Dysfunction: the Contribution of Gaps in the use of Guideline-Based Therapies. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2009, 9: 29. PMID: 19586550, PMCID: PMC2716301, DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-9-29.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKaplan-Meier EstimateKidney DiseasesMaleMiddle AgedMyocardial InfarctionPractice Guidelines as TopicProportional Hazards ModelsProspective StudiesRegistriesRisk AssessmentSeverity of Illness IndexSurvivorsTime FactorsTreatment OutcomeUnited StatesConceptsGlomerular filtration rateAcute myocardial infarctionGuideline-based medical therapyGuideline-based therapyMedical therapyKidney dysfunctionMyocardial infarctionUse of guidelinesEligible patientsRenal dysfunctionHazard ratioCox regressionPathophysiological abnormalitiesClinical variablesKidney diseaseFiltration rateNovel therapiesUS CentersHigh mortalityPatientsTherapyFurther adjustmentMortalityDysfunctionTreatment factors
2008
Long-term Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Parikh CR, Coca SG, Wang Y, Masoudi FA, Krumholz HM. Long-term Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury After Acute Myocardial Infarction. JAMA Internal Medicine 2008, 168: 987-995. PMID: 18474763, DOI: 10.1001/archinte.168.9.987.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSevere acute kidney injuryAcute kidney injuryAcute myocardial infarctionMild acute kidney injuryModerate acute kidney injuryKidney injuryLong-term riskMyocardial infarctionSeverity of AKIAdjusted hazard ratioLong-term mortalitySerum creatinine levelsLong-term prognosisCooperative Cardiovascular ProjectElderly Medicare patientsHigh-risk groupAssociation of severityHospital mortalityHospital survivorsCause mortalityCardiovascular mortalityCreatinine levelsHazard ratioInpatient mortalityCommon complication
2007
Socioeconomic disparities in outcomes after acute myocardial infarction
Bernheim SM, Spertus JA, Reid KJ, Bradley EH, Desai RA, Peterson ED, Rathore SS, Normand SL, Jones PG, Rahimi A, Krumholz HM. Socioeconomic disparities in outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal 2007, 153: 313-319. PMID: 17239695, DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2006.10.037.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute myocardial infarctionBaseline clinical statusClinical factorsQuality of careLow socioeconomic statusSocioeconomic statusClinical statusMyocardial infarctionMultivariable modelingWorse clinical statusEducation levelSelf-reported household incomeCause mortalityCause rehospitalizationHazard ratioCare measuresObservational studyHousehold incomeRehospitalizationHigh riskUS hospitalsHigh mortalityPatientsMortalitySocioeconomic disparities
2006
Time Course of Depression and Outcome of Myocardial Infarction
Parashar S, Rumsfeld JS, Spertus JA, Reid KJ, Wenger NK, Krumholz HM, Amin A, Weintraub WS, Lichtman J, Dawood N, Vaccarino V. Time Course of Depression and Outcome of Myocardial Infarction. JAMA Internal Medicine 2006, 166: 2035-2043. PMID: 17030839, DOI: 10.1001/archinte.166.18.2035.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsActivities of Daily LivingAngina, UnstableAntidepressive AgentsDepressionFemaleHealth StatusHumansMaleMiddle AgedMultivariate AnalysisMyocardial InfarctionOutcome Assessment, Health CarePatient ReadmissionPrognosisProspective StudiesQuality of LifeRegistriesSeverity of Illness IndexSurveys and QuestionnairesTime FactorsUnited StatesConceptsPatient Health QuestionnaireMyocardial infarctionDepressive symptomsPrognostic importanceWorse outcomesPersistent depressionHealth statusAdjusted hazard ratioAcute myocardial infarctionCorresponding odds ratiosCategories of depressionMore physical limitationsTime courseFrequent anginaHigher rehospitalizationCause rehospitalizationNondepressed patientsProspective registryHazard ratioOdds ratioHealth QuestionnaireMortality rateDisease severityRehospitalizationFirst month
2005
Relation of Anemia at Discharge to Survival After Acute Coronary Syndromes
Vaglio J, Safley DM, Rahman M, Kosiborod M, Jones P, Thompson R, Krumholz HM, Spertus JA. Relation of Anemia at Discharge to Survival After Acute Coronary Syndromes. The American Journal Of Cardiology 2005, 96: 496-499. PMID: 16098299, DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.04.008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAnemiaAngina, UnstableBiomarkersCause of DeathCoronary AngiographyDisease ProgressionElectrocardiographyFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHematocritHumansMaleMiddle AgedMissouriMyocardial InfarctionPatient DischargePrognosisProspective StudiesSeverity of Illness IndexSurvival RateTime FactorsTroponin
2003
Long‐Term Prognostic Importance of Total Cholesterol in Elderly Survivors of an Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Cooperative Cardiovascular Pilot Project
Foody JM, Wang Y, Kiefe CI, Ellerbeck EF, Gold J, Radford MJ, Krumholz HM. Long‐Term Prognostic Importance of Total Cholesterol in Elderly Survivors of an Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Cooperative Cardiovascular Pilot Project. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society 2003, 51: 930-936. PMID: 12834512, DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.51305.x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute myocardial infarctionTotal serum cholesterolElevated total serum cholesterolCoronary artery diseaseCause mortalityTotal cholesterolSerum cholesterolElderly survivorsPrognostic importanceMyocardial infarctionCholesterol levelsLong-term prognostic importanceRetrospective medical record reviewAdjusted hazard ratioMedical record reviewLower total cholesterolStudy inclusion criteriaYear of dischargePrimary endpointOlder patientsArtery diseaseHazard ratioRecord reviewAcute careLipid subfractions
2002
Mortality associated with the quality of care of patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure
Luthi J, Mcclellan WM, Fitzgerald D, Krumholz HM, Delaney RJ, Bratzler DW, Elward K, Cangialose C, Ballard D. Mortality associated with the quality of care of patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure. International Journal For Quality In Health Care 2002, 14: 15-24. PMID: 11871625, DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/14.1.15.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAged, 80 and overAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsCohort StudiesGuideline AdherenceHeart FailureHospital MortalityHospitalizationHumansMedicareOutcome and Process Assessment, Health CarePatient DischargeProportional Hazards ModelsQuality of Health CareRetrospective StudiesRisk AssessmentSurvival AnalysisUnited StatesVentricular Dysfunction, LeftConceptsLeft ventricular systolic dysfunctionCongestive heart failureRisk of deathElderly patientsHazard ratioHeart failurePresence of LVSDAdjusted hazard ratioRetrospective cohort studyUse of angiotensinVentricular systolic dysfunctionClinical practice guidelinesQuality of careACEI doseACEI treatmentSystolic dysfunctionCohort studyDischarge medicationsEjection fractionVentricular functionMean agePractice guidelinesACEIMedicare beneficiariesPatients
2000
Long-term Outcome of Myocardial Infarction in Women and Men: A Population Perspective
Vaccarino V, Berkman LF, Krumholz HM. Long-term Outcome of Myocardial Infarction in Women and Men: A Population Perspective. American Journal Of Epidemiology 2000, 152: 965-973. PMID: 11092438, DOI: 10.1093/aje/152.10.965.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMyocardial infarctionSurvival advantageImpact of MIMultivariable-adjusted hazard ratiosWomen's survival advantageLong-term mortalityLong-term outcomesPresence of MIAbsence of MISurvival of personsProportional hazards modelPopulation perspectiveTime-dependent covariablesFatal infarctionHazard ratioSame followElderly cohortMI hospitalizationMI casesHazards modelGreater riskInfarctionWomenMenSurvival