2025
Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV in Adults: 2024 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society–USA Panel
Gandhi R, Landovitz R, Sax P, Smith D, Springer S, Günthard H, Thompson M, Bedimo R, Benson C, Buchbinder S, Crabtree-Ramirez B, del Rio C, Eaton E, Eron J, Hoy J, Lehmann C, Molina J, Jacobsen D, Saag M. Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV in Adults: 2024 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society–USA Panel. JAMA 2025, 333: 609-628. PMID: 39616604, DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.24543.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAntiretroviral drugsHIV preventionSubstance use disordersLong-acting injectable therapyManagement of HIV infectionIntegrase strand transfer inhibitorsNucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitorsStrand transfer inhibitorsSexually transmitted infectionsPeer-reviewed scientific conferencesDaily oral medicationReverse transcriptase inhibitorsLong-acting medicationsManagement of substance use disordersPrevention of HIVCardiovascular disease preventionTreating substance use disordersVirological failureAntiretroviral therapyHIV acquisitionHIV infectionHIV exposureInjection therapyDaily therapyLaboratory monitoringPredicting antiretroviral medication adherence among substance-using people with HIV: test and extension of the information-motivation-behavioral skills model
Krishnan A, Ranjit Y, Zhou X, Altice F. Predicting antiretroviral medication adherence among substance-using people with HIV: test and extension of the information-motivation-behavioral skills model. Journal Of Behavioral Medicine 2025, 48: 403-413. PMID: 39924604, DOI: 10.1007/s10865-025-00557-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCocaine use disorderSubstance use disordersBehavioral skillsInformation-motivation-behavioral (IMB) skills modelSkills modelInformation-motivation-behavioral skills modelAntiretroviral medication adherenceUse disorderAntiretroviral therapyART adherenceMedication adherenceDaily adherenceImprove ART adherenceMotivational barriersDisordersAntiretroviral therapy adherenceMotivational factorsPractical barriersReduce HIV transmissionEnhance ART adherenceSuboptimal adherenceVirological failureHIV transmissionCocaineAdherenceResistance Analyses in Heavily Treatment-Experienced People With HIV Treated With the Novel HIV Capsid Inhibitor Lenacapavir After 2 Years
Margot N, Jogiraju V, Pennetzdorfer N, Naik V, VanderVeen L, Ling J, Singh R, Dvory-Sobol H, Ogbuagu O, Segal-Maurer S, Molina J, Rhee M, Callebaut C. Resistance Analyses in Heavily Treatment-Experienced People With HIV Treated With the Novel HIV Capsid Inhibitor Lenacapavir After 2 Years. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2025, 231: 1239-1245. PMID: 39873394, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaf050.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchOptimized background regimenHIV-1HIV-1 RNA <HIV-1 RNA suppressionTreatment-experienced peopleTandem liquid chromatography/mass spectrometryFirst-in-class inhibitorResistant to 2HIV-1 capsidBackground regimenTreatment-experiencedVirological failureLenacapavirRNA suppressionDrug classesDrug measurementsResistance assaysMonotherapyPWHLiquid chromatography/mass spectrometryTreatmentDrugResistance analysisResuppressionYears
2024
Effectiveness of dolutegravir-based regimens compared to raltegravir-, elvitegravir-, bictegravir, and darunavir-based regimens among older adults with HIV in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS)
Yan L, Henegar C, Marconi V, Gordon K, Hicks C, Vannappagari V, Justice A, Aslan M. Effectiveness of dolutegravir-based regimens compared to raltegravir-, elvitegravir-, bictegravir, and darunavir-based regimens among older adults with HIV in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS). AIDS Research And Therapy 2024, 21: 96. PMID: 39709467, PMCID: PMC11662819, DOI: 10.1186/s12981-024-00681-w.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAmidesAnti-HIV AgentsCohort StudiesDarunavirDrug Therapy, CombinationFemaleHeterocyclic Compounds, 3-RingHeterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More RingsHIV InfectionsHIV Integrase InhibitorsHumansMaleMiddle AgedOxazinesPiperazinesPyridazinesPyridonesQuinolonesRaltegravir PotassiumTreatment OutcomeVeteransViral LoadConceptsVeterans Aging Cohort StudyRAL-based regimenAntiretroviral therapyAging Cohort StudyCohort studyOdds of virologic suppressionIntegrase strand transfer inhibitorsDarunavir-based regimensDolutegravir-based regimensDTG-based regimensAntiretroviral therapy experienceHuman immunodeficiency virusDTG-based regimenInverse probability of treatment weightingStrand transfer inhibitorsBackgroundReal-world dataProbability of treatment weightingMethodsThis cohort studyVirologic suppressionVirological failureVirological effectImmunodeficiency virusDarunavir/ritonavirClinical outcomesRegimen initiationEpistatic pathways can drive HIV-1 escape from integrase strand transfer inhibitors
Hikichi Y, Grover J, Schäfer A, Mothes W, Freed E. Epistatic pathways can drive HIV-1 escape from integrase strand transfer inhibitors. Science Advances 2024, 10: eadn0042. PMID: 38427738, PMCID: PMC10906922, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn0042.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntegrase strand transfer inhibitorsClasses of antiretroviralsHuman immunodeficiency virusStrand transfer inhibitorsHIV-1Env mutationsTransfer inhibitorsIntegrase strand transfer inhibitor dolutegravirHIV-1 escapeResistance to dolutegravirResistance to antiretroviralsAbsence of resistance mutationsClasses of drugsCell-cell transferVirological failureImmunodeficiency virusResistance mutationsGene mutationsEnvelope glycoproteinAntiretroviralsEnvResistance mechanismsDolutegravirMutationsIntegrase
2022
Associations of modern initial antiretroviral drug regimens with all-cause mortality in adults with HIV in Europe and North America: a cohort study
Trickey A, Zhang L, Gill MJ, Bonnet F, Burkholder G, Castagna A, Cavassini M, Cichon P, Crane H, Domingo P, Grabar S, Guest J, Obel N, Psichogiou M, Rava M, Reiss P, Rentsch CT, Riera M, Schuettfort G, Silverberg MJ, Smith C, Stecher M, Sterling TR, Ingle SM, Sabin CA, Sterne JAC. Associations of modern initial antiretroviral drug regimens with all-cause mortality in adults with HIV in Europe and North America: a cohort study. The Lancet HIV 2022, 9: e404-e413. PMID: 35659335, PMCID: PMC9647005, DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(22)00046-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntegrase strand inhibitorsCause mortalityCohort studyThird drugAntiretroviral drugsMortality rateAntiretroviral Therapy Cohort CollaborationFirst-line ART regimensUK Collaborative HIV CohortART-naive peopleCollaborative HIV CohortAntiretroviral therapy regimensUK Medical Research CouncilMedical Research CouncilCohort CollaborationEfavirenz regimensVirological benefitVirological failureVirological suppressionART regimensHIV cohortHazard ratioRoutine careTherapy regimensUS National Institutes
2018
All-cause mortality among people with HIV released from an integrated system of jails and prisons in Connecticut, USA, 2007–14: a retrospective observational cohort study
Loeliger KB, Altice FL, Ciarleglio MM, Rich KM, Chandra DK, Gallagher C, Desai MM, Meyer JP. All-cause mortality among people with HIV released from an integrated system of jails and prisons in Connecticut, USA, 2007–14: a retrospective observational cohort study. The Lancet HIV 2018, 5: e617-e628. PMID: 30197101, PMCID: PMC6279524, DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(18)30175-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIndex releaseCause mortalityMortality rateRetrospective observational cohort studyCox proportional hazards modelLow CD4 countObservational cohort studyHIV surveillance dataCrude mortality rateGeneral US populationProportional hazards modelStandardised mortality ratiosSubstance use disordersSystems of careHIV/AIDSSurvival of peopleVirological failureAntiretroviral therapyCD4 countMedical comorbiditiesCohort studyRetrospective cohortMedian ageLiver diseaseViral load
2017
Comparison of dynamic monitoring strategies based on CD4 cell counts in virally suppressed, HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a prospective, observational study
Caniglia EC, Cain LE, Sabin CA, Robins JM, Logan R, Abgrall S, Mugavero MJ, Hernández-Díaz S, Meyer L, Seng R, Drozd DR, Seage GR, Bonnet F, Dabis F, Moore RD, Reiss P, van Sighem A, Mathews WC, del Amo J, Moreno S, Deeks SG, Muga R, Boswell SL, Ferrer E, Eron JJ, Napravnik S, Jose S, Phillips A, Justice AC, Tate JP, Gill J, Pacheco A, Veloso VG, Bucher HC, Egger M, Furrer H, Porter K, Touloumi G, Crane H, Miro JM, Sterne JA, Costagliola D, Saag M, Hernán MA, Collaboration H, Systems C. Comparison of dynamic monitoring strategies based on CD4 cell counts in virally suppressed, HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a prospective, observational study. The Lancet HIV 2017, 4: e251-e259. PMID: 28411091, PMCID: PMC5492888, DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(17)30043-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCD4 cell countHIV-positive individualsVirological failureHazard ratioCell countViral loadRisk ratioObservational studyTime-varying CD4 cell countHIV RNA viral loadAntiretroviral therapy regimenCombination antiretroviral therapyRNA viral loadAIDS Research NetworkMortality hazard ratioIntegrated Clinical SystemsHIV-CAUSAL CollaborationLong-term safetyCell count differencesAntiretroviral therapyCD4 countTherapy regimenProspective studyImmunological outcomesClinical guidelines
2016
Characterizing Patients with Very-Low-Level HIV Viremia: A Community-Based Study
Helou E, Shenoi S, Kyriakides T, Landry ML, Kozal M, Barakat LA. Characterizing Patients with Very-Low-Level HIV Viremia: A Community-Based Study. Journal Of The International Association Of Providers Of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 2016, 16: 261-266. PMID: 27903948, PMCID: PMC5423832, DOI: 10.1177/2325957416680028.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsVirologic failureViral load levelsPill burdenAlcohol useHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) careLow-level HIV viremiaUndetectable viral load levelsAntiretroviral regimen changesAntiretroviral therapy changesExperienced virologic failureLow-level viremiaIntravenous drug useSubset of patientsFrequent clinic visitsPoor clinical outcomePossible risk factorsHepatitis C virusHIV viremiaMore comorbiditiesNonfailure groupVirologic suppressionVirological failureCD4 countConsecutive chartsClinic visits
2011
Prevalence of Low-Level HIV-1 Variants with Reverse Transcriptase Mutation K65R and the Effect of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure on Variant Levels
Kozal MJ, Chiarella J, St John EP, Moreno EA, Simen BB, Arnold TE, Lataillade M. Prevalence of Low-Level HIV-1 Variants with Reverse Transcriptase Mutation K65R and the Effect of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure on Variant Levels. Antiviral Therapy 2011, 16: 925-929. PMID: 21900725, DOI: 10.3851/imp1851.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTreatment-naive individualsDifferent HIV-1 subtypesARV-naive subjectsHIV-1 subtypesAntiretroviral exposureViral loadSubtype CUltra-deep sequencingReverse Transcriptase Mutation K65RRitonavir-boosted protease inhibitorHIV-1 subtype CResistant variantsAntiretroviral drug exposurePlasma viral loadTreatment-naive subjectsLow-level variantsPre-therapy levelsHIV-1 variantsDrug resistance mutationsMutation K65RVirological failureSubtype BDrug exposureMutational loadHigh mutation loadMedication persistence in the treatment of HIV infection: a review of the literature and implications for future clinical care and research
Bae JW, Guyer W, Grimm K, Altice FL. Medication persistence in the treatment of HIV infection: a review of the literature and implications for future clinical care and research. AIDS 2011, 25: 279-290. PMID: 21239892, DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328340feb0.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsClinical outcomesPrescribed therapyFuture clinical careSuboptimal persistenceVirological failureAntiretroviral resistanceMedication persistenceHIV infectionMedication treatmentHIV treatmentCertain regimensClinical consequencesClinical carePatient behaviorPatientsContinuous treatmentUnderrecognized aspectsTherapyAdherenceHIVTreatmentShort durationCurrent literatureDurationIntervention
2010
Antiretroviral medication adherence and class-specific resistance in a large prospective clinical trial
Gardner EM, Hullsiek KH, Telzak EE, Sharma S, Peng G, Burman WJ, MacArthur RD, Chesney M, Friedland G, Mannheimer SB. Antiretroviral medication adherence and class-specific resistance in a large prospective clinical trial. AIDS 2010, 24: 395-403. PMID: 20099399, PMCID: PMC2886717, DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328335cd8a.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInitial virological failureCumulative adherenceVirological failureMedian timeNucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistanceProspective clinical trial dataInhibitor strategiesLarge prospective clinical trialsReverse transcriptase inhibitor resistanceInhibitor resistanceAntiretroviral-naive participantsProspective clinical trialsCox regression analysisTranscriptase inhibitor resistanceAntiretroviral medication adherenceProtease inhibitor resistanceClinical trial dataProtease inhibitorsMedication resistanceAntiretroviral therapyHIV RNANNRTI resistanceMedication adherenceClinical trialsGenotypic resistance
2008
Differential adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy is associated with virological failure with resistance
Gardner EM, Sharma S, Peng G, Hullsiek KH, Burman WJ, MacArthur RD, Chesney M, Telzak EE, Friedland G, Mannheimer SB. Differential adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy is associated with virological failure with resistance. AIDS 2008, 22: 75-82. PMID: 18090394, PMCID: PMC2405889, DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3282f366ff.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNon-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorInitial virological failureCombination antiretroviral therapyVirological failureAntiretroviral resistanceAntiretroviral therapyTreatment-naive HIV-1-infected individualsDifferential adherenceProspective clinical trial dataHIV-1-infected individualsMultivariate Cox regression analysisProtease inhibitorsTime-updated variablesCox regression analysisDisease-specific factorsReverse transcriptase inhibitorClinical trial dataMedication resistanceAntiretroviral medicationsRandomized trialsMonths 1Transcriptase inhibitorSame timepointsTrial dataSecondary analysis
2004
Predictors of trend in CD4-positive T-cell count and mortality among HIV-1-infected individuals with virological failure to all three antiretroviral-drug classes
Ledergerber B, Lundgren JD, Walker AS, Sabin C, Justice A, Reiss P, Mussini C, Wit F, d'Arminio Monforte A, Weber R, Fusco G, Staszewski S, Law M, Hogg R, Lampe F, Gill MJ, Castelli F, Phillips AN. Predictors of trend in CD4-positive T-cell count and mortality among HIV-1-infected individuals with virological failure to all three antiretroviral-drug classes. The Lancet 2004, 364: 51-62. PMID: 15234856, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16589-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsProportional hazards modelVirological failureCD4 cell count slopesHIV-1 RNA concentrationsCox proportional hazards modelCD4 cell countPredictors of deathAntiretroviral therapyHIV cohortDual therapyClinical outcomesViral loadHIV replicationDrug classesTreatment strategiesTreatment informationPatientsDemographic characteristicsRNA concentrationRegression analysisTherapyFailureCohort
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