Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: I. preclinical studies
Bremner J, Krystal J, Southwick S, Charney D. Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: I. preclinical studies. Synapse 1996, 23: 28-38. PMID: 8723133, DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199605)23:1<28::aid-syn4>3.0.co;2-j.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPost-traumatic stress disorderBrain regionsNoradrenergic brain systemsMultiple subcortical areasConsiderable preclinical evidenceLocus coeruleusBrain systemsNeural mechanismsStress disorderTarget brain regionsBehavioral manifestationsBrain functionPanic disorderStress exposureChronic stress resultsTurnover of norepinephrineSubcortical areasAnxietyPsychiatric disordersNoradrenergic systemLong-term alterationsNoradrenergic mechanismsNoradrenergic neuronsNorepinephrine releasePreclinical evidenceNoradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: II. Clinical studies
Bremner J, Krystal J, Southwick S, Charney D. Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: II. Clinical studies. Synapse 1996, 23: 39-51. PMID: 8723134, DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199605)23:1<39::aid-syn5>3.0.co;2-i.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPosttraumatic stress disorderBlood pressureNoradrenergic functionHeart rateNoradrenergic systemClinical studiesAdrenergic receptorsPanic disorderAnxiety disordersGrowth hormone responseMeasurement of norepinephrineNorepinephrine responseNoradrenergic mechanismsBaseline norepinephrineNoradrenergic responsivenessPharmacological challengeCatecholaminergic functionHormone responseTraumatic remindersPatientsAcute stressorStress disorderNorepinephrineBaseline measuresConsistent finding