1995
Hepatic spiral CT: reduction of dose of intravenous contrast material.
Brink J, Heiken J, Forman H, Sagel S, Molina P, Brown P. Hepatic spiral CT: reduction of dose of intravenous contrast material. Radiology 1995, 197: 83-8. PMID: 7568859, DOI: 10.1148/radiology.197.1.7568859.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMaximum hepatic enhancementContrast material doseSpiral computed tomographyContrast enhancement indexUniphasic injectionComputed tomographyThin patientsContrast materialGrams of iodineIntravenous contrast materialMaterial doseReduction of doseHeavier patientsHepatic enhancementBiphasic injectionPatientsInjection protocolAdequate enhancementSubstantial cost savingsDoseSignificant differencesInjectionContrast enhancementEnhancement indexOutpatients
1993
Dynamic contrast-enhanced CT of the liver: comparison of contrast medium injection rates and uniphasic and biphasic injection protocols.
Heiken J, Brink J, McClennan B, Sagel S, Forman H, DiCroce J. Dynamic contrast-enhanced CT of the liver: comparison of contrast medium injection rates and uniphasic and biphasic injection protocols. Radiology 1993, 187: 327-31. PMID: 8475268, DOI: 10.1148/radiology.187.2.8475268.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsContrast medium injection rateOptimal scanning intervalComputed tomographyHepatic enhancementDynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomographyContrast-enhanced computed tomographyBiphasic injection protocolHepatic parenchymal enhancementPeak contrast enhancementBiphasic injectionParenchymal enhancementBiphasic protocolInjection protocolHigher initial flow ratesEnhancement curvesContrast enhancementMost thresholdsEnhancement indexIntervalPatientsPrimary determinantBolusProtocolLiver