2024
Hospital COVID-19 Burden and Adverse Event Rates
Metersky M, Rodrick D, Ho S, Galusha D, Timashenka A, Grace E, Marshall D, Eckenrode S, Krumholz H. Hospital COVID-19 Burden and Adverse Event Rates. JAMA Network Open 2024, 7: e2442936. PMID: 39495512, DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.42936.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCOVID-19 burdenHospital admissionPatient safetyRelative riskCohort studyStudy of hospital admissionsAcute care hospitalsRisk-adjustment variablesRisk-adjusted ratesMedicare hospital admissionsCOVID-19 pandemicStaffing shortagesHospital characteristicsMain OutcomesHospital resilienceSurge capacityMedicare patientsCare hospitalHighest burdenPrevent declinesPatient admissionsStudy sampleElixhauser comorbiditiesCOVID-19Low burdenRacial and Ethnic Disparities in Age-Specific All-Cause Mortality During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Faust J, Renton B, Bongiovanni T, Chen A, Sheares K, Du C, Essien U, Fuentes-Afflick E, Haywood T, Khera R, King T, Li S, Lin Z, Lu Y, Marshall A, Ndumele C, Opara I, Loarte-Rodriguez T, Sawano M, Taparra K, Taylor H, Watson K, Yancy C, Krumholz H. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Age-Specific All-Cause Mortality During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Network Open 2024, 7: e2438918. PMID: 39392630, PMCID: PMC11581672, DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.38918.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCOVID-19 public health emergencyNon-HispanicPublic health emergencyOther Pacific IslanderExcess mortalityAlaska NativesUS populationExcess deathsRates of excess mortalityCross-sectional study analyzed dataYears of potential lifeMortality relative riskNon-Hispanic whitesCross-sectional studyPacific IslandersStudy analyzed dataAll-cause mortalityEthnic groupsMortality disparitiesMortality ratioTotal populationDeath certificatesEthnic disparitiesMain OutcomesDecedent age
2023
Characterisation of internal tremors and vibration symptoms
Massey D, Sawano M, Baker A, Güthe D, Güthe N, Shidlovsky S, Fisher L, Grady C, Caraballo C, Zhou T, Sharma R, Krumholz H. Characterisation of internal tremors and vibration symptoms. BMJ Open 2023, 13: e077389. PMID: 38154880, PMCID: PMC10759066, DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077389.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchPrevalence of covid-19 and long covid in collegiate student athletes from spring 2020 to fall 2021: a retrospective survey
Massey D, Saydah S, Adamson B, Lincoln A, Aukerman D, Berke E, Sikka R, Krumholz H. Prevalence of covid-19 and long covid in collegiate student athletes from spring 2020 to fall 2021: a retrospective survey. BMC Infectious Diseases 2023, 23: 876. PMID: 38093182, PMCID: PMC10717379, DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08801-z.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLong COVIDCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2 infectionPost-acute sequelaeSymptomatic COVID-19SARS-CoV-2Student athletesPost-COVID conditionsMental health consequencesHealthy athletesCollegiate Student-AthletesHealthy peopleRetrospective surveyMore weeksHealth consequencesPrevalenceConclusionsThis studyConvenience sampleFall 2020College athletesFurther studiesAthletesCOVIDSpring 2020Relevant time periodShort- and longer-term all-cause mortality among SARS-CoV-2- infected individuals and the pull-forward phenomenon in Qatar: a national cohort study
Chemaitelly H, Faust J, Krumholz H, Ayoub H, Tang P, Coyle P, Yassine H, Al Thani A, Al-Khatib H, Hasan M, Al-Kanaani Z, Al-Kuwari E, Jeremijenko A, Kaleeckal A, Latif A, Shaik R, Abdul-Rahim H, Nasrallah G, Al-Kuwari M, Butt A, Al-Romaihi H, Al-Thani M, Al-Khal A, Bertollini R, Abu-Raddad L. Short- and longer-term all-cause mortality among SARS-CoV-2- infected individuals and the pull-forward phenomenon in Qatar: a national cohort study. International Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2023, 136: 81-90. PMID: 37717648, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.09.005.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAdjusted hazard ratioPrimary infection cohortCause mortalityCohort studyPrimary infectionMortality incidencePrimary SARS-CoV-2 infectionSARS-CoV-2-infected individualsCox proportional hazards regression modelSARS-CoV-2 infectionProportional hazards regression modelsRetrospective cohort studySevere COVID-19Cause mortality riskNational cohort studyCOVID-19 mortalityInfection cohortHazard ratioUnvaccinated personsVaccination statusVaccinated personsMortality riskVulnerable personsAccelerated onsetCohortAtorvastatin versus Placebo in ICU Patients with COVID-19: Ninety-day Results of the INSPIRATION-S Trial
Talasaz A, Sadeghipour P, Bakhshandeh H, Sharif-Kashani B, Rashidi F, Beigmohammadi M, Moghadam K, Rezaian S, Dabbagh A, Sezavar S, Farrokhpour M, Abedini A, Aliannejad R, Riahi T, Yadollahzadeh M, Lookzadeh S, Rezaeifar P, Matin S, Tahamtan O, Mohammadi K, Zoghi E, Rahmani H, Hosseini S, Mousavian S, Abri H, Sadeghipour P, Baghizadeh E, Rafiee F, Jamalkhani S, Amin A, Mohebbi B, Parhizgar S, Soleimanzadeh M, Aghakouchakzadeh M, Eslami V, Payandemehr P, Khalili H, Talakoob H, Tojari T, Shafaghi S, Tabrizi S, Kakavand H, Kashefizadeh A, Najafi A, Jimenez D, Gupta A, Madhavan M, Sethi S, Parikh S, Monreal M, Hadavand N, Hajighasemi A, Ansarin K, Maleki M, Sadeghian S, Barco S, Siegerink B, Spatz E, Piazza G, Kirtane A, Tassell B, Lip G, Klok F, Goldhaber S, Stone G, Krumholz H, Bikdeli B. Atorvastatin versus Placebo in ICU Patients with COVID-19: Ninety-day Results of the INSPIRATION-S Trial. Thrombosis And Haemostasis 2023, 123: 723-733. PMID: 36944357, DOI: 10.1055/a-2059-4844.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsExtracorporeal membrane oxygenationArterial thrombosisMAIN OUTCOMEAtorvastatin 20Symptom onsetICU patientsFunctional statusIntensive care unit patientsCOVID-19Double-blind multicenterAdult ICU patientsCare unit patientsThrombo-inflammatory responseCoronavirus disease 2019Meaningful treatment effectPrespecified studyCause mortalityAtorvastatin useUnit patientsMembrane oxygenationFunctional outcomeDisease 2019Functional scalesPlaceboPatients
2022
Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis vs Anticoagulation in Patients With Acute Intermediate-High–risk Pulmonary Embolism
Sadeghipour P, Jenab Y, Moosavi J, Hosseini K, Mohebbi B, Hosseinsabet A, Chatterjee S, Pouraliakbar H, Shirani S, Shishehbor MH, Alizadehasl A, Farrashi M, Rezvani MA, Rafiee F, Jalali A, Rashedi S, Shafe O, Giri J, Monreal M, Jimenez D, Lang I, Maleki M, Goldhaber SZ, Krumholz HM, Piazza G, Bikdeli B. Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis vs Anticoagulation in Patients With Acute Intermediate-High–risk Pulmonary Embolism. JAMA Cardiology 2022, 7: 1189-1197. PMID: 36260302, PMCID: PMC9582964, DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2022.3591.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsConventional catheter-directed thrombolysisRV/LV ratioRisk pulmonary embolismCatheter-directed thrombolysisProportion of patientsPulmonary embolismLV ratioMajor bleedingPrimary outcomeRight ventricleClinical trialsIntermediate-high risk pulmonary embolismDefinitive clinical outcome trialsMain safety outcomeMajor gastrointestinal bleedingRV/LVClinical events committeeClinical outcome trialsLarge cardiovascular centresCause mortalityEfficacy outcomesGastrointestinal bleedingMonotherapy groupOutcome trialsSecondary outcomesAssociation of Initial SARS-CoV-2 Test Positivity With Patient-Reported Well-being 3 Months After a Symptomatic Illness
Wisk L, Gottlieb M, Spatz E, Yu H, Wang R, Slovis B, Saydah S, Plumb I, O’Laughlin K, Montoy J, McDonald S, Lin Z, Lin J, Koo K, Idris A, Huebinger R, Hill M, Gentile N, Chang A, Anderson J, Hota B, Venkatesh A, Weinstein R, Elmore J, Nichol G, Santangelo M, Ulrich A, Li S, Kinsman J, Krumholz H, Dorney J, Stephens K, Black K, Morse D, Morse S, Fernandes A, Sharma A, Stober T, Geyer R, Lyon V, Adams K, Willis M, Ruiz L, Park J, Malone K, Shughart H, Schaeffer K, Shughart L, Arab A, Grau D, Patel A, Watts P, Kelly M, Hunt A, Hannikainen P, Chalfin M, Cheng D, Miao J, Shutty C, Chavez S, Kane A, Marella P, Gallegos G, Martin K, L'Hommedieu M, Chandler C, Diaz Roldan K, Villegas N, Moreno R, Eguchi M, Rodriguez R, Kemball R, Chan V, Chavez C, Wong A, Hall A, Briggs-Hagen M. Association of Initial SARS-CoV-2 Test Positivity With Patient-Reported Well-being 3 Months After a Symptomatic Illness. JAMA Network Open 2022, 5: e2244486. PMID: 36454572, PMCID: PMC9716377, DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.44486.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCOVID-19 positive groupCOVID-19-negative groupSARS-CoV-2 infectionCOVID-19 testCOVID-19 resultsSymptomatic illnessSymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infectionNegative COVID-19 resultsSARS-CoV-2 statusSARS-CoV-2 test positivityPositive COVID-19 testSARS-CoV-2 testNegative COVID-19 testLongitudinal registry studyOutcomes Measurement Information SystemPatient-reported outcomesHealth care usePositive COVID-19 resultMultivariable regression analysisMeasurement Information SystemCOVID-19 testingNegative test resultsCohort studyRegistry studyPROMIS scoresUncoupling of all-cause excess mortality from COVID-19 cases in a highly vaccinated state
Faust JS, Renton B, Chen AJ, Du C, Liang C, Li SX, Lin Z, Krumholz HM. Uncoupling of all-cause excess mortality from COVID-19 cases in a highly vaccinated state. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2022, 22: 1419-1420. PMID: 36007530, PMCID: PMC9395168, DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00547-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchClinical Presentation and Short- and Long-term Outcomes in Patients With Isolated Distal Deep Vein Thrombosis vs Proximal Deep Vein Thrombosis in the RIETE Registry
Bikdeli B, Caraballo C, Trujillo-Santos J, Galanaud JP, di Micco P, Rosa V, Cusidó GV, Schellong S, Mellado M, del Valle Morales M, Gavín-Sebastián O, Mazzolai L, Krumholz HM, Monreal M, Prandoni P, Brenner B, Farge-Bancel D, Barba R, Bertoletti L, Tzoran I, Reis A, Bosevski M, Bounameaux H, Malý R, Verhamme P, Caprini J, Adarraga M, Agudo de Blas P, Aibar J, Amado C, Arcelus J, Ballaz A, Barbagelata C, Barrón M, Barrón-Andrés B, Blanco-Molina Á, Beddar Chaib F, Botella E, Buño-Ramilo B, Castro J, Chasco L, Criado J, de Ancos C, de Miguel J, del Toro J, Demelo-Rodríguez P, Díaz-Brasero A, Díaz-Pedroche M, Díaz-Peromingo J, Díaz-Simón R, Domínguez I, Dubois-Silva Á, Escribano J, Espósito F, Farfán-Sedano A, Fernández-Capitán C, Fernández-Reyes J, Fidalgo Á, Font C, Francisco I, Gabara C, Galeano-Valle F, García M, García-Bragado F, García de Herreros M, García de la Garza R, García-Díaz C, Gil-Díaz A, Giménez-Suau M, Gómez-Cuervo C, Grau E, Guirado L, Gutiérrez J, Hernández-Blasco L, Jara-Palomares L, Jaras M, Jiménez D, Jiménez R, Jiménez-Alfaro C, Jou I, Joya M, Lainez-Justo S, Lalueza A, Latorre-Díez A, Lobo J, López-Jiménez L, López-Miguel P, López-Núñez J, López-Reyes R, López-Sáez J, Lorenzo A, Madridano O, Maestre A, Marchena P, Martín del Pozo M, Martín-Martos F, Martínez-Urbistondo D, Mella C, Mercado M, Muñoz-Blanco A, Nieto J, Núñez-Fernández M, Olid-Velilla M, Otalora S, Otero R, Paredes-Ruiz D, Parra P, Parra V, Pedrajas J, Peris M, Porras J, Portillo J, Ruiz-Artacho P, Ruiz-Giménez N, Ruiz-Ruiz J, Ruiz-Sada P, Salgueiro G, Sánchez-Martínez R, Sánchez-Muñoz-Torrero J, Sancho T, Soler S, Suárez-Rodríguez B, Suriñach J, Tolosa C, Torres M, Torres-Sánchez A, Uresandi F, Valero B, Valle R, Varona J, Vázquez-Friol C, Vela L, Vela J, Villalobos A, Villares P, Zamora C, Ay C, Nopp S, Pabinger I, Engelen M, Vanassche T, Yoo H, Hirmerova J, Accassat S, Ait Abdallah N, Bura-Riviere A, Catella J, Couturaud F, Crichi B, Debourdeau P, Espitia O, Falvo N, Grange C, Helfer H, Lacut K, Le Mao R, Mahé I, Morange P, Moustafa F, Poenou G, Sarlon-Bartoli G, Suchon P, Quere I, Nikandish R, Braester A, Kenet G, Basaglia M, Bilora F, Bortoluzzi C, Brandolin B, Ciammaichella M, Corgna C, de Angelis A, Imbalzano E, Mastroiacovo D, Merla S, Pesavento R, Pomero F, Siniscalchi C, Tufano A, Visonà A, Vo Hong N, Zalunardo B, Kigitovica D, Rusa E, Skride A, Fonseca S, Martins-Duarte F, Meireles J. Clinical Presentation and Short- and Long-term Outcomes in Patients With Isolated Distal Deep Vein Thrombosis vs Proximal Deep Vein Thrombosis in the RIETE Registry. JAMA Cardiology 2022, 7: 857-865. PMID: 35830171, PMCID: PMC9280612, DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2022.1988.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDeep vein thrombosisDistal deep vein thrombosisProximal DVTLong-term outcomesPulmonary embolismVein thrombosisPostthrombotic syndromeCohort studyClinical presentationLower riskIsolated Distal Deep Vein ThrombosisProximal deep vein thrombosisEnfermedad TromboEmbólica (RIETE) registryLower comorbidity burdenUpper extremity DVTInternational cohort studyMultivariable adjusted analysesOptimal long-term managementRandomized clinical trialsAnalysis of patientsCOVID-19 infectionLong-term managementAsymptomatic DVTComorbidity burdenInfrapopliteal veinsExcess Mortality in Massachusetts During the Delta and Omicron Waves of COVID-19
Faust JS, Du C, Liang C, Mayes KD, Renton B, Panthagani K, Krumholz HM. Excess Mortality in Massachusetts During the Delta and Omicron Waves of COVID-19. JAMA 2022, 328: 74-76. PMID: 35594035, PMCID: PMC9257575, DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.8045.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchDurable functional limitation in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 admitted to intensive care and the effect of intermediate-dose vs standard-dose anticoagulation on functional outcomes
INVESTIGATORS I, Sadeghipour P, Talasaz A, Barco S, Bakhshandeh H, Rashidi F, Rafiee F, Rezaeifar P, Jamalkhani S, Matin S, Baghizadeh E, Tahamtan O, Sharif-Kashani B, Beigmohammadi M, Farrokhpour M, Sezavar S, Payandemehr P, Dabbagh A, Moghadam K, Jimenez D, Monreal M, Maleki M, Siegerink B, Spatz E, Piazza G, Parikh S, Kirtane A, Van Tassell B, Lip G, Goldhaber S, Klok F, Krumholz H, Bikdeli B. Durable functional limitation in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 admitted to intensive care and the effect of intermediate-dose vs standard-dose anticoagulation on functional outcomes. European Journal Of Internal Medicine 2022, 103: 76-83. PMID: 35879217, PMCID: PMC9212871, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2022.06.014.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnticoagulantsCOVID-19Critical CareFemaleHospitalizationHumansMaleMiddle AgedSARS-CoV-2ConceptsStandard-dose prophylactic anticoagulationPatient Health Questionnaire-2Proportion of patientsProphylactic anticoagulationIntermediate doseFunctional limitationsDepressive symptomsFunctional outcomeCOVID-19Intensive care unit hospitalizationCritically Ill PatientsMultiple organ failureSevere functional limitationsFunctional Status ScaleCoronavirus disease 2019Open labelExercise limitationAirway diseaseICU patientsOrgan failureIntensive careStatus ScaleClinical trialsGrade 3AnticoagulationCardiac Status Among Heart Failure Patients With Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators Before, During, and After COVID-19 Lockdown
Lu Y, Jones PW, Murugiah K, Caraballo C, Mahajan S, Massey D, Ahmed R, Bader E, Krumholz H. Cardiac Status Among Heart Failure Patients With Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators Before, During, and After COVID-19 Lockdown. Journal Of Cardiac Failure 2022, 28: 1372-1374. PMID: 35690314, PMCID: PMC9187866, DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.05.012.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsImplantable cardioverter defibrillatorHeart failure patientsCRT-D devicesCardiac statusFailure patientsHeart failureCardioverter defibrillatorCardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillatorAcute cardiac conditionsMedical care deliveryInpatient careCardiac conditionsPhysiologic markersInpatient servicesPatientsCardiac healthCare deliveryMarked restrictionImplanted ICDsMinneapolis/Saint PaulSex subgroupsDefibrillatorCOVID-19Telemedicine servicesCOVID-19 lockdownStudy protocol for the Innovative Support for Patients with SARS-COV-2 Infections Registry (INSPIRE): A longitudinal study of the medium and long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection
O’Laughlin K, Thompson M, Hota B, Gottlieb M, Plumb ID, Chang AM, Wisk LE, Hall AJ, Wang RC, Spatz ES, Stephens KA, Huebinger RM, McDonald SA, Venkatesh A, Gentile N, Slovis BH, Hill M, Saydah S, Idris AH, Rodriguez R, Krumholz HM, Elmore JG, Weinstein RA, Nichol G, . Study protocol for the Innovative Support for Patients with SARS-COV-2 Infections Registry (INSPIRE): A longitudinal study of the medium and long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLOS ONE 2022, 17: e0264260. PMID: 35239680, PMCID: PMC8893622, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264260.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSARS-CoV-2 infectionLong-term sequelaePatient-reported outcomesRelative riskAcute SARS-CoV-2 infectionSARS-CoV-2 negative participantsHealth system encountersPredictors of sequelaeHealth recordsInstitutional review board approvalLongitudinal studyDigital health recordsReview board approvalSARS-CoV-2Secure online platformClinical outcomesStudy protocolNegative participantsViral testsSimilar symptomatologyNew diagnosisBoard approvalSequelaeSelf-administered surveyInfectionChanges in Emergency Department Arrival Times for Acute Myocardial Infarction During the COVID-19 Pandemic Suggest Delays in Care Seeking
Janke AT, Gettel CJ, Haimovich A, Kocher KE, Krumholz HM, Venkatesh AK. Changes in Emergency Department Arrival Times for Acute Myocardial Infarction During the COVID-19 Pandemic Suggest Delays in Care Seeking. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality And Outcomes 2022, 15: e008402. PMID: 35105172, PMCID: PMC8833230, DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.121.008402.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchPhysical Activity Among Patients With Intracardiac Remote Monitoring Devices Before, During, and After COVID-19–Related Restrictions
Lu Y, Jones PW, Murugiah K, Caraballo C, Massey DS, Mahajan S, Ahmed R, Bader EM, Krumholz HM. Physical Activity Among Patients With Intracardiac Remote Monitoring Devices Before, During, and After COVID-19–Related Restrictions. Journal Of The American College Of Cardiology 2022, 79: 309-310. PMID: 35057917, PMCID: PMC8763290, DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.010.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchLeading Causes of Death Among Adults Aged 25 to 44 Years by Race and Ethnicity in Texas During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March to December 2020
Faust JS, Chen AJ, Tiako M, Du C, Li SX, Krumholz HM, Barnett ML. Leading Causes of Death Among Adults Aged 25 to 44 Years by Race and Ethnicity in Texas During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March to December 2020. JAMA Internal Medicine 2022, 182: 87-90. PMID: 34807250, PMCID: PMC8609460, DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6734.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2021
Investigating Lipid-Modulating Agents for Prevention or Treatment of COVID-19 JACC State-of-the-Art Review
Talasaz AH, Sadeghipour P, Aghakouchakzadeh M, Dreyfus I, Kakavand H, Ariannejad H, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Van Tassell BW, Jimenez D, Monreal M, Vaduganathan M, Fanikos J, Dixon DL, Piazza G, Parikh SA, Bhatt DL, Lip GYH, Stone GW, Krumholz HM, Libby P, Goldhaber SZ, Bikdeli B. Investigating Lipid-Modulating Agents for Prevention or Treatment of COVID-19 JACC State-of-the-Art Review. Journal Of The American College Of Cardiology 2021, 78: 1635-1654. PMID: 34649702, PMCID: PMC8504484, DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.08.021.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLipid-modulating agentsEndothelial activationLow high-density lipoprotein cholesterolCOVID-19High-density lipoprotein cholesterolLipid modulating agentsHigh triglyceride levelsMultiorgan manifestationsStatin trialsLipoprotein cholesterolSystemic inflammationTriglyceride levelsJACC StateWorse outcomesInflammatory responsePatient managementRCTsCoronavirus diseaseViral entrySystematic searchLipid raft disruptionTrialsPatientsRaft disruptionPreventionTracking Self-reported Symptoms and Medical Conditions on Social Media During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Infodemiological Study
Ding Q, Massey D, Huang C, Grady CB, Lu Y, Cohen A, Matzner P, Mahajan S, Caraballo C, Kumar N, Xue Y, Dreyer R, Roy B, Krumholz HM. Tracking Self-reported Symptoms and Medical Conditions on Social Media During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Infodemiological Study. JMIR Public Health And Surveillance 2021, 7: e29413. PMID: 34517338, PMCID: PMC8480398, DOI: 10.2196/29413.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchDisparities in Excess Mortality Associated with COVID-19 — United States, 2020
Rossen LM, Ahmad FB, Anderson RN, Branum AM, Du C, Krumholz HM, Li SX, Lin Z, Marshall A, Sutton PD, Faust JS. Disparities in Excess Mortality Associated with COVID-19 — United States, 2020. MMWR Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report 2021, 70: 1114-1119. PMID: 34411075, PMCID: PMC8375709, DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7033a2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMortality incidence ratesIncidence rateExcess mortalityAge groupsHighest excess mortality ratesExcess Mortality AssociatedGreater excess mortalityExcess mortality ratesAI/AN populationsNon-Hispanic American IndianNon-Hispanic blacksNational Vital Statistics SystemCOVID-19 pandemicPublic health messagingNon-Hispanic white populationRace/ethnicityVital Statistics SystemMortality AssociatedLack of adjustmentMortality rateExcess deathsAN populationsEthnic groupsHealth messagingHispanic persons